Measurement of Power (Wattmeter)

Power in DC circuit:
P = VI (watt)
Both V and I are measured by Voltmeter and Ammeter respectively Ammeter and Voltmeter require Power for this operation
Two connection can be used Figure & expressions

Power indicated by instrument = Power consumed in load + Power loss in instrument

For true value, a correction must be applied for power loss in instrument
N Normally, the power loss in instrument is very small ll h l i i i ll

However, when the output is very limited

the Ammeter and Voltmeter may unnecessarily load the circuit
causing serious error

The wattmeter is used

For power measurement o powe e su e e To gives direct indication of power Accuracy is also increased

Power in AC circuit:
In case of AC, the instantaneous power varies continuously
but we are interested in its average value over a cycle.
because the average power multiplied by time period gives the transfer of energy over th t period that i d

Mathematical expression

Finally, we will get, y g P = (VmIm/2)Cos = VICos

V and I are rms values Cos is the power factor of the load

The factor Cos indicates toward the use of Wattmeter for measurement of power in AC circuit instead of Ammeter and Voltmeter
Since Ammeter and Voltmeter never involve power factor

Electrodynamometer Wattmeter
Similar to the design and construction of Electrodynamometer (EDM) Ammeter and Voltmeter
The fixed coils are connected in series with the load and so carry the current in the circuit
The fixed coil form the Current Coil or simply CC of wattmeter e ed co o t e Cu e t Co o s p y o watt ete

The moving coil is connected across the voltage, therefore carries a current proportional to the voltage
The moving coil is called the Voltage or Pressure Coil or PC of wattmeter A high resistance is connected in series with the moving coil to limit the current to a small value

Construction: The moving coil is mounted on a pivoted spindle

and is governed by the fixed coil

Spring control is used for the movement Both fixed and moving coils are air cored Since the current of moving coil is carried by the instrument spring
It is limited to avoid the appreciable heating of spring Current is limited to 100A

The voltage rating is limited to 600V

since most of the power is absorbed by the series resistance and since, considerable heat is generated

For higher voltage, the PC circuit is designed for 110V and a P.T. i used to step-down the voltage is d d h l

 The theory of EDM Wattmeter (mathematical expression for deflection) is explained on the board Uniform shape of scale of EDM Wattmeter
i.e., uniform over the range where dM/d is constant.

Errors due to PC Capacitance:

In addition to the inductance Mainly d e Mainl due to the inter-turn capacitance of the series resistance inter t rn Effect is opposite to that produced by inductance
Thus, Wattmeter reads high on lagging power factor of load

Errors due to Mutual Inductance between CC & PC of WM:

Quite low at power frequencies
But increases as the frequency increases

Error caused because of Connection:

There are two alternate methods of connecting a wattmeter
1. The PC is connected on the supply side
Figure

2. The CC is connected on the supply side

Figure

If I is small, the voltage drop in CC is small

So, connection 1 introduces very small error

If I is large, Ip is very small and thus the power loss in PC is very less
Therefore, connection 2 is preferable

Eddy Current Errors: y

Eddy currents are induced in the solid metal parts by alternating magnetic field of CC These currents produce a field of their own and alter the magnitude and phase of CC field and causes error.

Stray Magnetic Field Error: The EDM Wattmeter has a relatively weak operating field
therefore affected by stray magnetic field resulting in serious error therefore, Hence, these instruments should be shielded against this effect