A.

INTRODUCTION
1. Background In daily life, we can feel the various things surrounding us. There are many things that we can know only with feel its existence, like heat from the fire, the cold water in the morning and bedazzle light. The sensitivity to feel that thing is not the matter that can occur off hand, but involve a number of processes and complex mechanism in the body. There are various things like heat, touch, and the other which in the next we called as stimulation, by all means cause the response from our body. Response can be in various appropriate with the stimulus. The process of accept and response the stimulus is a process which have regulated by a special system inside of our body. This system we called nerve system. Basically, stimulus is the change of external and internal environment which can cause the impulse. Stimulus can be in mechanic-shape, chemical, temperature, light, and electric. Generally, the mechanical stimulus is change of pressure like dilate of intestine because gas, sound waves press, the press of blood pressure to baroreceptor. Generally, the receptor has special characteristic so its interpretation also special. But there are also some places which can accept the other stimulus. Generally the stimulus can cause trace if the intensity of that stimulus is increase. Based on that explanation about, so its important to do this practicum about nerve system where in this practicum we will make some stimulus to some senses of human. In this practicum we can watch directly how the response that caused by each senses with the various stimulus. 2. Purpose a. To know reflects of pupil toward the amount of light. b. To know the someones sensitivity of auditory c. To know the someones sensitivity of diffuser and sense of taste d. To know the sensitivity of sensation of human B. PREVIEW OF LITERATURE Nerve is the fibres which connected the organs of the body with central nerve system (brain and spinal cord) and between the parts of nerve system with the others. Nerve carries the impulse from and to the brain of central nerve. Nerve is the part of peripheral nerve system. Afferent nerve carries sensory signal to the central nerve system, meanwhile the efferent nerve carries the signal from central nerve system to the muscles and glands. Signal also called impulse of nerve or axon potential (Anonymous a, 2011). There are two ways of delivery of information in live creature. First is in chemical substance or in more specific with mediation of hormone which secreted by endocrine glands. Generally, the hormones distribute in the circulatory system and cause the response in receptor in the whole body. Generally, controlled by hormone is used to controlling a slow process like metabolism. In unicellular organisms, delivery of information in chemical substance must be important is controlling system and in microorganism the fast response can get from this way. Second is using electrical signal which accompanied by mediation of nerve system. The second way is go together with the fast response (Wulangi, 1993). Basically, stimulus is the change of external and internal environment which can cause the impulse. Stimulus can be in mechanic-shape, chemical, temperature, light, and electric. Generally, the mechanical stimulus is change of pressure like dilate of intestine because gas, sound waves press, the press of blood pressure to bar receptor to the wall of blood vessel. Chemical stimulus is chemical substation as acid solution or alkali solution

which contact with skin or mucosa membrane, salt solution which contact with free nerve point, and gases which stimulate the olfactory cell and food substation which stimulate the hilt of taste sense. Temperature stimulation is the change of air temperature which can stimulate the receptor in the skin (Wulangi, 1993). According to Anonymous b (2011), human needs information as stimulate from around environment to life well. In order to stimulate which come from outside of body can catch so we need the particular of body organs called five senses. Those five senses are eyes, nose, ear, skin and tongue. Each normal people have five senses which function to catch the stimulus so we can give the appropriate response with our need. The divided into group of senses, so there are three groups of senses, that: 1. Chemoreceptor Chemoreceptor is sense organ which perceives the chemical substance that diffuser (nose) and taste sense (tongue). 2. Mechanoreceptor Mechanoreceptor is sense organ which perceives the stimulus of gravity, sound strain and pressure that feel sense (skin) and auditory sense (ear). 3. Photoreceptor Photoreceptor is sense organ which perceives the stimulus of light like sight sense (eye).

C. OBSERVATION METHOD
1. Tools and materials a. Tools 1) Ruler 2) Flashlight 3) Watch 4) Eye closer 5) Pointed pencil b. Materials 1) Apprentice 2) Eucalyptus oil 3) Perfumes (in various brands) 4) Garlic 5) Onion 6) Apple 7) Orange 8) Potato 9) Carrot 10) Pepper 11) Coffee 12) Salt 13) Ketchup 14) Sugar 2. Work Procedures Activity I (Reflect of Pupil) a. Measured and recorded your friends pupil with put the ruler beneath one of his eyes. b. Then measured his pupil when he in dark place and when irradiated by flashlight, and recorded the size change of pupil.

c. Asked your friend seen the far thing then watched someones face (near place) then recorded the size change of pupil. d. Compared the result. Activity II (Sensitivity of Someones Auditory) a. Put the watch for 10 cm from your friends ear b. Brought near the watch slowly until your friend can hear the clock ticking. c. Measured the distance between the watch and your friends ear and did it with your other friends. Activity III (Olfaction and Gustatory sense) a. Asked your friend smelled the eucalyptus oil and perfumes in various brands. b. Then closed the bottle and waited for 5 minutes and asked your friend mentioned the name of materials that used. c. Recorded the result then repeated to your other friends. d. Sliced the garlic, onion, apple, orange, potato, and carrot into small pieces and prepared the coffee, pepper, salt, ketchup, and sugar. e. Closed your friends eye until nose but not too tight. f. Dabbed that material to his/her tongue and asked he/she the name of materials g. Repeated the c step until the material is complete. h. Recorded the result. i. Repeated the f, g, and h step to your other friends. Activity IV (Sensitivity of Touch) a. Asked your friend to sit then closed his eyes, let one of his arm on the table. b. Stick his arm with two pointed pencils and asked him if he felt one point or two. c. If he felt two points so minimize the distance of pointed pencil, meanwhile if he felt one point so maximized the distance of pointed pencil. d. Determined the far point and near point and recorded the result. e. The repeated the c and d step in various place in body surface, like: 1) Dorsal forearm 2) Ventral forearm 3) Dorsal upper arm 4) Ventral upper arm 5) Ventral palm 6) Dorsal palm 7) Left finger point 8) Right finger point 9) Forehead 10) Cheek 11) Lips 12) Point of tongue 13) Ventral neck 14) Nape of neck

D. OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSSION

1. Observation result Activity I (Refleks Pupil)
Dark place 5 mm Bright place 4 mm Look the far place 5 mm Watch the someones face 3 mm

Activity II (Pendengaran) Name Distance 4 cm Ipang 4 cm Rissa Activity III (Indera Penciuman dan Pengecapan) Smooth Middle Sting Material Minyak gosok Minyak telon Lovely Casablanca Pucelle
Material Garlic Name Ati Wawan Dilla Sari Dian Rissa Onion Apple Orange Potato Carrot Cinnamon Pepper Coffee Salt Ketchup Sugar -

Activity IV (Indera Peraba)

Aktifitas Titik Nama Ipang D J 3.6 0.3 3.4 0.3 2.0 0.4 1.9 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 1 0.2 2.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.4 3 0.2 3 0.3 3.9 0.3 4.4 0.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

J: Jauh D: Dekat 1: Lengan bawah dorsal 2: Lengan atas dorsal 3: Telapak tangan dorsal 4: Telapak tangan ventral 5: Ujung jari kiri 6: Ujung jari kanan

7: Dahi 8: Pipi 9: Bibir 10: Ujung lidah 11: Leher ventral 12: Tengkuk 13: Lengan bawah ventral 14: Lengan atas ventral

2. Discussion Activity I (Reflect of Pupil) In this experiment we will observe reflect of pupil when get stimulus. The stimulus is light in different intensity and sees the thing in far and near distance to see the reaction of pupil. The observation result showed that pupil of apprentice become smaller from 8 mm become 4 mm when give the light and bigger in the dark place become 5 mm. It is related with pupils function as the light regulator which enters to the eyes. Pupil become smaller

in the bright place to delimitate the light which enters to the eye, meanwhile if at the dark place the pupil become bigger to take the light as much as possible. When test the reaction of pupil toward far and near object, seen that pupil become smaller if see the object in near place become 3 mm and when see the far object the pupil become bigger become 5 mm. It because the light spectrum which reflected by object in certain focus is different. Closer the focus distance of object so the reflected light is bigger, it caused the pupil accommodate minimally to delimitate the light which enters to the eyes. Meanwhile object in farther focus distance reflected the light is less so need the maximal accommodate, it cause the pupil become bigger. According to theory, in the eyes there is iris in circular-shape which functions as diaphragm in front of the lens. Free edges of iris formed pupil as radian in the middle. Iris layered by pigment which cause the colours of eyes are various. With the contraction capability of iris, pupil becomes wide and tightens. In dark place and at the night pupil becomes wide and in bright place pupil tightens. Activity II (Sensitivity of Someones Auditory) In this experiment we observe the sensitivity of auditory of apprentice. Observation did by give the sound source (watch) then settle the distance with that sound source until minimal limit when the apprentice can hear that sound source. From observation result we know that farther the apprentice from sound source so the sound which hear by apprentice is smaller. It cause that sensitivity of ear to catch the frequency of sound vibration from sound source will decrease in the line with increase the distance of sound source from apprentice. According to theory, sound wave which enters to outer ear is vibrating the eardrum. This vibration will continue by hear bone to oval window. Vibration of cochlea structure in oval window continued to spleen fluid in the vestibule duct. That vibration will stir the basher membrane which will stir the fluid in tympani duct. This movement cause the membrane in oval window become wide. Vibration with certain frequency will stir the basiler membrane which stirs the hair cell up and down. When the hair cells touch tectorial membrane can cause impulse. Vibration of tectorial membrane and basilar membrane will push the sensory cell in korti organ then produce impulse which sends to auditory centre in the brain through auditory nerve. Activity III (Olfaction and Gustatory sense) In this experiment we observe the sensitivity olfaction and gustatory sense of apprentice. Observation did by dab the material to the apprentices tongue and asked them to mention the name of the material. From observation result we know that the capability of each apprentice when taste the materials is different of each other. Its because the sensitivity of tongue to catch the taste of material is different too but also it cause by the nose of apprentice is close. It is shown that olfaction is really close with gustatory sense. According to theory, olfaction and gustatory sense is classified into chemo sensation. The complex process from smell and taste start when molecules released by substance surrounded us which stimulation the special nerve cells in nose, mouth or oesophagus. These cells send the message to the brain, where the fragrance and taste identified. Olfactory cells stimulated by fragrance around us. These nerve cells placed in small patch from a tissue inside of nose, and they connected directly with brain. Olfaction occur because molecules evaporation and enter to the nose duct and touch olfactory membrane. Human has + 10000 receptors in hair-shape. If air molecules enter, so these

cells send the nerve impulse. Gustatory cells react to food and drink which mixed with saliva and they are grouped in papillae from mouth and oesophagus. That surface of cells send information of taste to nerve fibre then will continue to the brain. Activity IV (Sensitivity of Touch) In this experiment we use two point pencils and stick in the surface of skin at the some part of body with certain distance and ploddingly one of pencil approach the other pencil until the apprentice just fell the one point. Base on observation result shown that some surfaces of human skin there are sensitive parts, like palm of hand, finger, lips and cheek. It because there are many point of nerve so very sensitive to the stimulus especially touches. It is proven when that parts is stick, he still feel two points. According to theory, touch sense which cause by stimulate in point of nerve in the skin is different depend on point of nerve which stimulated. In the skin there are certain places that grope places; some sensitive to cold, heat and pain. Finger skin is more sensitive to grope than arm skin, because in finger skin found many point of grope nerve per millimetre square beside that the distance of the point of nerves is smaller. E. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 1. Conclusion a. Pupil become smaller in the bright place to delimitate the light which enters to the eye, meanwhile if at the dark place the pupil become bigger to take the light as much as possible. Closer the focus distance of object so the reflected light is bigger, it caused the pupil accommodate minimally to delimitate the light which enters to the eyes. Meanwhile object in farther focus distance reflected the light is less so need the maximal accommodate, it cause the pupil become bigger. b. Farther the ear from sound source so the sound which hear by ear is smaller. It cause that sensitivity of ear to catch the frequency of sound vibration from sound source will decrease in the line with increase the distance of sound source from apprentice. c. Olfaction and gustatory sense is classified into chemo sensation. Olfactory cells stimulated by fragrance around us. Olfaction occur because molecules evaporation and enter to the nose duct and touch olfactory membrane. Gustatory cells react to food and drink which mixed with saliva and they are grouped in papillae from mouth and oesophagus. d. There are some surfaces of human skin that are sensitive parts, like palm of hand, finger, lips and cheek. It because there are many point of nerve so very sensitive to the stimulus especially touches. 2. Suggestion a. Assistant must be on time when attend in practicum and must lead the apprentice when the practicum goes on. b. The tools in the laboratory must be complete in order the practicum can goes on good. c. Apprentice must be on time and more carefully when does observation.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

Anonymous a. 2011. Saraf. www.wikipedia.org. Accessed on June 08th 2011 Anonymous b. 2011. 5 Alat Indera Manusia. www.organisasi.org. Accessed on June 08th 2011 Wulangi, Kartolo S. 1993. Prinsip-prinsip Fisiologi Hewan. DEPDIKBUD: Jakarta