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FICHA CATALOGRFICA ELABORADA PELA

BIBLIOTECA DA REA DE ENGENHARIA - BAE - UNICAMP

F391r

Fernandes, Cristiane Maria Alves Pissarra

Reduo de perdas tcnicas em redes primrias de
distribuio de energia eltrica / Cristiane Maria Alves
Pissarra Fernandes. --Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2003.
Orientador: Christiano Lyra Filho.
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de
Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eltrica e de
Computao.
1. Sistemas de energia eltrica. 2. Sistemas de energia
eltrica - Distribuio. 3. Energia eltrica - Distribuio.
4. Otimizao combinatria. I. Lyra Filho, Christiano.
II.Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de
Engenharia Eltrica e de Computao. III. Ttulo.



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AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH FOR CAPACITOR PLACEMENT IN

DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

ALEXANDRE MENDES, PAULO M. FRANA, CHRISTIANO LYRA,

CRISTIANE PISSARRA AND CELSO CAVELUCCI

Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas

Faculdade de Engenharia Eltrica e de Computao - UNICAMP
C.P. 6101 - 13083-970 Campinas SP - Brazil
E-mails: {smendes, franca, christi, pissarra}@densis.fee.unicamp.br

THOTH Consultoria
R. Prof. Dr. Edgard Atra 644 - 13105-666 Campinas SP - Brazil
E-mail: celso@toth.com.br
Abstract The Capacitor Placement Problem consists of finding places to install capacitor banks in an electrical
distribution network aiming to reduce losses due to the compensation of the reactive component of power flow.
This problem can be formulated as a non-linear mixed-integer optimization model and its solution has represented
a challenge for many optimization methods in the past decades. This paper proposes a new method, based on
evolutionary algorithms, capable of solving large network instances that appear in real-world settings. Our
evolutionary approach makes use of a memetic algorithm that employs an hierarchical organization of the
population in overlapping clusters leading to special selection and reproduction schemes. Computational tests were
executed with a real distribution network. Tests include a sensitivity analysis of the algorithm to the optimizations
critical parameters such as the energy cost, the maximum budget available to acquire and install the capacitors, and
the capital recovery term of the investment.
Keywords Genetic algorithms, capacitor placement, memetic algorithms, electrical distribution systems.

Introduction
Electric distribution networks can be represented as an
acyclic graph where the source nodes are substations which
supply energy consumed by customers located at the sink
nodes. To every sink node it is associated a forecast
demand calculated for a specific year in the future. Energy
is transported by conductors known as feeders and the
edges of the graph are named as feeder sections. Capacitors
are widely used in such networks as a means of reducing
reactive losses due to the inductive reactive portion of the
line loading. There are other beneficial effects from the
application of capacitors such as power factor correction,
power flow control and
improvement of stability.
However, the extent of these benefits greatly depends on
the way capacitors are located at the feeders' network and
also their sizes. Mathematically, the capacitor placement
problem - CPP - can be formulated as a non-linear mixed
integer optimization problem where the objective function
consists of minimizing the power losses and investment

costs. The main constraints comprise load constraints at

each bus, and operational constraints as voltage profile and
current magnitudes at each node and each feeder section
during varying loading levels. The non-linear character is
only due to the losses in the objective function while
integrality must be enforced because of the binary
variables necessary to model the places, the quantities and
the sizes of the capacitors to be installed. For details about
the mathematical model, the reader may refer to Baran and
Wu (1989a,b).
It is well known that the CPP is a hard
combinatorial optimization problem, especially because
real distribution networks are commonly very large and the
benefits of installing capacitors in one part of the network
are propagated to other parts. Hence, effective location
studies should be conducted taking into consideration the
whole distribution system.
In the past decades, many optimization methods
have been proposed for solving the CPP. A literature
survey describing the main capacitor allocation techniques

can be found in Ng et al. (2000). Among various

approaches, the metaheuristics play a relevant role, since
exact optimization methods are not suitable for tackling
real world instances. Focusing only on metaheuristic
methods, the article of Chiang et al. (1995) proposes a
Simulated Annealing approach. Tabu Search is also a
possible technique capable of dealing with large instances
(Huang et al., 1996; Gallego et al., 2001). However, the
most used technique is based on the evolutionary approach
(Sundhararajan e Pahwa, 1994; Miu et al., 1997; Ghose et
al., 1999; Levitin et al., 2000).
This article presents a new approach based on a
genetic algorithm (GA) for solving the PCC. Its main
contributions are the use of a memetic type of GA (Corne
et al., 1999), where a local search phase is added to the
GA, and in the use of an hierarchical organization of the
population in overlapping clusters leading to special
selection and reproduction schemes. The proposal also
includes some practical considerations such as yearly
budget restrictions which limit the amount of investment in
new capacitor acquisitions. The method is capable of
performing capacitor placement studies in large
distribution systems, finding near-optimal solutions in a
short running time.

A memetic algorithm approach

In this section, the implementation of the memetic
algorithm (MA) is discussed. MAs are population-based
methods that can be taken as an extension of genetic
algorithms (GA). The main difference between a GA and
the MA implemented in this paper is that the later includes
a local search procedure, applied on all new individuals
created during the evolutionary process. Basically, an MA
makes a population of solutions to evolve through the
application of recombination, mutation and natural
selection operators. The fitter individuals shall survive
longer, thus perpetuating their genetic information. After
several generations, we expect the population to be
composed of high-quality individuals, which represent
good solutions for the CPP. Next, a simplified pseudo-code
of the implemented MA is shown:
a. Create the initial population.
b. Select individuals for recombination.
c. Recombine the selected individuals, creating new ones
through crossover mechanisms.
d. Mutate the new individuals.
e. Apply a local search operator on the new individuals.
f. Insert the new individuals into the population, replacing
the worse ones. Go back to step b.
Before describing these steps, the representation of
individuals utilized in the MA is illustrated. The
representation chosen for the CPP is a two-part
chromosome. The alleles of the first part can only assume

binary values, coding the candidate locations status (the

sections of the feeder). If the allele in position i equals 1, it
means a capacitor should be placed in the i-th feeder
section, otherwise not. The second part is composed of
integer values, indexing the capacitor size. Both parts of
the chromosome have n positions, where n is the number of
sections of the feeder. In Figure 1, we show an example of
solution for a feeder with six sections.
[ 0 1 1 0 0 1 /
sections

3 5 2 1 2 4 ]
capacitor sizes

Figure 1: Chromosome coding.

Table 1: Capacitor data

Index

Size in
kVAr

1
2
3
4
5
6

150
300
450
600
900
1200

Cost in
dollars
(US$)
1,498
1,604
1,620
1,823
2,550
2,955

Analyzing the Figure 1 and the Table 1, the sections 2, 3

and 6 will receive capacitors with sizes 900, 300 and 600
kVar, respectively, and the total cost would be
US$6.196,61. The other sections will not receive any
capacitor because their correspondent alleles in the first
part of the chromosome is set to zero. In such cases, the
numbers in the second part of the chromosome should be
ignored when calculating the cost and the electric power
loss correspondent to this solution. Now, the MA pseudocode will be described.
Creating the initial population
Initially, we will describe a particular feature of the
population utilized in this work: the hierarchical structure.
Our previous experience in solving combinatorial
optimization problems through genetic algorithms shows
that the use of hierarchically structured populations leads
to performance improvements over non-structured
population approaches. The hierarchy follows a ternary
tree, as shown in Figure 2. One can see the structure as a
set of 4-individual clusters; each one composed of a leader
and three supporter individuals. In each cluster, the leader
is the fittest one. This hierarchy makes the individuals at
the upper levels be fitter, in general, than the ones in the
lower parts of the tree. As a consequence, the best solution
is always placed at the upper cluster, at the root of the
population tree. Extensive computational tests proved that
the use of a complete three-level tree with 13 individuals is
the best choice. This value might seem too low when
compared to other evolutionary approaches where non-

structured populations of hundreds of individuals are

usually utilized. Nevertheless, the use of the hierarchy
allows a major reduction of the number of individuals
without loss of performance.
Leader
Cluster
Supporters
Figure 2: Hierarchically structured population.

The initial population is created according to the following

scheme: about 20% of the sections initially should receive
a capacitor and their sizes vary in the range [150, 1200]
kVar, with a major concentration between 300 and 600
kVar.
Selection of individuals for recombination
In the selection of individuals for recombination, firstly we
randomly select a leader following a uniform distribution.
The next step is to choose which one of the three
supporters will take part in the recombination. This choice
is also equally at random. Following this selection strategy,
any pair of parents will belong to the same cluster. That
makes the population act similarly to a multiple population
approach with a high migration rate. Most likely, this is the
cause of the algorithms superior performance when
compared to non-structured populations. Finally, it is worth
mentioning that there is no restriction to the number of
times a given individual takes part in a crossover in the
same generation.
Recombination
After the parents were selected following the criterion
described before, they are utilized as input parameters in
the recombination operator. The recombination returns a
new individual the offspring.

Parent A

0 1 0 1 1 0

3 2 1 1 4 2

Parent B

1 1 1 1 0 1

5 1 5 3 3 2

Offspring

1 1 0 1 0 1

4 1 3 2 4 2

Figure 3: Recombination operator.

Since the chromosome is composed of two distinct parts,

they should be treated separately during the recombination
process. There are, in fact, two recombination strategies:
one for the chromosomes binary part and another for the
integer part. In the binary part, we adopted the Uniform

Crossover (UX), where the offsprings allele is determined

by randomly choosing the value present in one of the
parents. If the parents share the same allele in a given
position, the offspring will inherit this value. If the values
are distinct, the offspring might inherit values zero or one,
with the same probability. In the integer part, we calculate
the average of the values found in the parents. That is, the
values in the same position of the parents are added and
divided by two. This will be the value inherited by the
offspring. If the sum is odd, the division results in a noninteger value which is rounded up or down, at random.
Figure 3 illustrates the recombination operator. In the
first part of the chromosome, the offspring's positions 1
and 3 inherit the value 1, while the other positions are
decided at random. In the second part, the values is
calculated as averages, rounded up or down if necessary. In
position 5, for instance, the parents values are 4 and 3.
The average of 3.5 was rounded up by a random decision.
As one can note, the most important characteristic of
this operator is the maintenance of the common features of
the parents. Conflicting features are resolved randomly, in
the binary part, and through an averaging procedure, in the
integer part.
The crossover rate was decided after several tests
with many values, ranging from 0.5 up to 2. At the end we
decided for the creation of 20 individuals per generation,
corresponding to a crossover rate of 1.5. This value might
seem exaggerated, but as we utilize a very strict insertion
policy, many of those 20 new individuals are discarded,
balancing the algorithms dynamic. The insertion policy
will be described later.
Mutation
The mutation operator aims to add diversity to the
population of individuals. Similarly to the crossover, the
mutation is divided into two parts. The first one modifies
the binary portion of the chromosome by choosing a
position of the individual at random and changing the
alleles value (bit-swap). The second part acts on the
integer values by adding or subtracting an unity from its
value. The choice to add or subtract is also decided at
random. Mutation is applied to 10% of the offspring. In
general, higher mutation rates should be avoided because
they add noise to the evolutionary process, eliminating
good features already present at the chromosomes.
Local search optimization
After the tests, we are positive to say that the local search
is a crucial step in the algorithm. The pure GA, without
local search, performs much worse than the MA. Next, we
describe three local search policies utilized in this work.

a) Add/Drop local search

Fitness function

This local search acts only at the first part of the

chromosome, i.e., trying to improve capacitor location.
Each position of the chromosome is sequentially changed
to its opposite value, and then it is verified if the fitness has
improved. If a specific location already has a capacitor, the
local search tests the possibility of dropping that capacitor
(Drop). Analogously, it tries to put capacitors at locations
without any (Add). In the case of deterioration of the
solution, the position returns to the original value and the
local search proceeds to the next one.

The fitness function quantifies the quality of the individual.

Therefore, it shall keep a close relation with the objective
function of the problem.
The first factor to be observed is the cost of the power
losses, which takes into account the maximum voltage
deviation observed in the distribution networks nodes for
a given solution. The calculation of the power losses
requires the execution of a load flow algorithm (Baran and
Wu, 1989a). The power loss before and after the
installation of capacitors are calculated and the energy gain
(gain) is summed up and then expressed as an annual gain
(AnnualGain). For this, it is utilized the following
transformation:

b) Capacitors size local search

This local search adjusts the sizes of the capacitors already
present in the solution, trying to find the best size for each
location. The sizes immediately above and under the
present capacitors size are tested. For instance, if there is a
600 kVar capacitor installed in a given position, the
procedure tries the capacitors with sizes 450 and 900 kVar,
looking for any improvement. Such tries are executed,
similarly as in the Add/Drop procedure, in one capacitor at
a time.
c) Swap local search
This scheme removes a capacitor from a position, installing
it in another one. That preserves the number of capacitors,
being a complementary local search to the Add/Drop
scheme, which changes the number of installed capacitors.
Insertion of new individuals
Each new individual created has two chances of being
inserted. It may replace one of its parents the leader of
the cluster and the supporter depending on whether or not
it is better than them. If the new individual is worse than
both parents, it is discarded. This is a very elitist insertion
policy but, together with a good mutation scheme, it allows
the maintenance of diversity for longer, concurrently with a
faster populations convergence rate.
Once all new individuals were created, and inserted
or discarded, the algorithm starts the population structure
update. As the ternary tree must maintain the hierarchy
between leaders and supporters, we verify if any individual
became better than the leader of its cluster. In this case,
they swap places. Another feature commonly adopted in
MAs is the elitism, which forces the presence of the
incumbent solution in the population. In our
implementation, this feature comes naturally from the
population hierarchy, together with the policy of inserting
the offspring only if it improves the populations average
fitness.

AnnualGain = 8.75 x MWhCost x gain,

where MWhCost is the cost, in dollars, of the MWh at the
energy market. The value 8.75 is a constant that transforms
kW into MWh per year. This constant represents the
number of hours in a year, divided by 1,000, since gain is
given in kW and the energy cost in US$/MWh.
Proceeding with the calculus of the fitness of the
solution, the annual gain is subtracted from the cost
corresponding to the capacitor acquisitions, which is
calculated as the sum of the costs of all equipment to be
installed. This value is also transformed into an equivalent
annual cost (AnnualCost). For this it is necessary to define
a capital recovery period (k) for the equipment and an
interest rate (i). The recovery period corresponds to the life
for computing the equipment depreciation. To do so, we
utilize the classical engineering economy transformation
that, given the initial investment of the equipment
(CapCost), calculates the annual payment necessary to
recover the capital cost in k years with an interest rate i.
Therefore the annualized cost is:
AnnualCost = (i CapCost) / (1 - (1/(1 + i)k))
We also included an option to restrict the annual budget
available for investment in capacitor installation, since that
in real situations, budget constraints are usual. This
constraint is controlled in the fitness function by the
equation:
DevA = (max [0, AnnualCost Budget])2,
where Budget is the maximum annual budget available to
install the capacitors. The square penalization had an
excellent behavior, creating feasible individuals in the
MAs first generations.
Finally there is also an option to limit the number of
installed capacitors. This constraint comes from
operational restrictions related to the maintenance team.
The equation to control the maximum number of capacitors
is:

DevB = (max [0, NumberCap - MaxNumberCap])2,

where MaxNumberCap is the maximum number of
capacitors to be installed in the distribution network and
NumberCap is the number of capacitors present in the
solution. Finally, the fitness of the individual is then
calculated as:
fitness = AnnualGain - AnnualCost- DevA - DevB

Computational Tests

Maximum budget sensitivity analysis

This section presents some numerical results obtained from

computational experiments performed with the proposed
method. In order to demonstrate the potentialities of the
method in dealing with large real-world networks, we have
chosen a medium-sized city as a case study.
Table 2: Distribution network main characteristics

Number of nodes (sections)

Number of feeders
Initial power losses

network. In this case, their cost is more than compensated

by the savings that result from the power loss reduction.
When the energy price reaches US$ 125, the method
suggests the installation of 46 capacitors, a very large
amount, even for a medium-sized city. The inclusion in the
algorithm of a constraint limiting the number of capacitors
avoids this kind of outcome. Solutions with too many
capacitors may create operational difficulties, since they
would substantially increase the maintenance cost, not
included as a cost component in our model.

2,274
3
663.62 kW

The parameters were set as follows: energy price = US$

41/MWh; unlimited maximum number of capacitors;
annual budget ranging between US$ 2,083 and U$ 12,500;
the capital recovery period was set to five years.
Table 4: Maximum budget variation analysis.

Annual
budget
2,083
4,166
8,333
12,500

Total capacity
(# of capacitors)
2,100 (4)
4,800 (8)
7,200 (18)
10,800 (21)

Losses
in kW
627
603
577
564

Annual profit
11,112
17,726
22,886
25,969

The parameters included in the sensitivity analysis are

energy price, annual budget and capital recovery time. The
next tables will present the following information:
Total capacity: Sum of the sizes of the capacitors
installed. The number of capacitors is shown in
parenthesis.
Losses in kW: Corresponds to the technical losses
after the installation of the capacitors. This value
should be compared to the initial power losses in
Table 2.
Annual profit: The total annual gain in losses
obtained after the installation of the capacitors, minus
the investment costs.

Table 4 shows that the algorithm adapts itself to the budget

variation. As the budget is increased, more capacitors are
installed and the profit improves. Note that, with an energy
price around U$ 41/MWh, the profit ranges from 2 to 5
times the initial capital invested a expressive rate of
return. This intervals boundaries are proportional to the
MWh price. If the energy is more expensive, the profit
becomes even larger.

Energy price sensitivity analysis

The parameters were set as follows: the energy price is U$

41/MWh; unlimited maximum number of capacitors;
unlimited annual budget; capital recovery period ranges
between 1 and 10 years.

The aim is to observe the behavior of the annual profit

when one varies the price of energy. The parameters were
set as follows: energy price (US$/MWh) from U$ 21 up to
U$ 125; unlimited maximum number of capacitors;
unlimited annual budget; capital recovery period of five
years.
Table 3: Energy price sensitivity analysis

Energy
price
21
41
83
125

Total capacity
(# of capacitors)
6,450 (15)
10,800 (21)
14,850 (41)
17,100 (46)

Losses in
kW
585
564
553
550

Annual profit
7,097
25,856
61,683
102,729

Table 3 shows that as the energy price increases, it

becomes advantageous to install more capacitors in the

Capital recovery period sensitivity analysis.

Table 5: Sensitivity analysis of the capital recovery period

Period in
years
1
3
5
10

Total capacity
(# of capacitors)
3,450 (7)
9,000 (15)
10,800 (21)
13,800 (38)

Losses
in kW
603
569
564
555

Annual profit
8,484
22,128
25,856
28,498

The capital recovery period is strongly reflected on the

capacitors costs. Since the annualized capacitor cost is
reduced when the capital recovery period becomes large,
the algorithm suggests to acquire more equipment in this
situation. For shorter periods, fewer capacitors are
installed.

Conclusions
This article proposes a new methodology based on genetic
algorithms to deal with the capacitor placement problem in
radial distribution electric networks. Our evolutionary
approach makes use of a memetic algorithm that employs
an hierarchical organization of the population in
overlapping clusters leading to special selection and
reproduction schemes. Computational tests performed in a
large real-world instance have demonstrated that the
method is a powerful and fast tool for helping planners to
find out the best places to install capacitors. The tests
include a sensitivity analysis for some critical planning
parameters as the energy cost, the available annual budget
and the capital recovery period.
The results show that the new approach is able to
provide expressive annual cost savings even in presence of
different parameters settings. The method is stable,
smoothly adapting itself to the different parameters, as they
were changed.

Acknowledgments
This research was partially supported by Companhia
Paulista de Fora e Luz (CPFL), FAPESP and CNPq.

References
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X V _ AJHELGG pU > >} V W

}^W}^GWA@_3M IK_MAX

}^IYJ u E XnEHG u X} V W

M e

VV

XF`E BX

E{CFEM e Q > U `PnELW }aJ V ; ]X} }a_MAX V `}z]I}a_B_ ; GEHC^E V E }aG X_ u `
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wKIEFHFH ? EIE H A KlH {A H ? E ? E DFKDFEGD d 6 >
6 Q > K b>@? ?w? KDFEIX ? K
? IED I]DFE A`? ? TH A DFPIB' D A lK HhG ?  IE ? DGDFEI
D > IEI ? T``S_HVKRn] | GEH_3BX }^ @ ;
V @B_ E{ MXWYE V }^@EE | V E A }K>

e

u XF@]E

GAXCFE

Q >mnXFGC Vi JD}Y}^J{_X
YG}aJLEL`E V _ V WA@_3 IK_MAX V

@ < @B_]EL`@jIK@M V$ E V E
_3AJ}^G X_ u `@ D A KFHhG  IGiHOED IE ?l DFKTow A DF K O
^Ye >

G}^`XnJL} V V >dM e RQ >K_3`}^GKGAXF@B@ BELWYIKJH_3 X V X W @B_MM IK_3 X V[V EH_zX V @ r 7$wKIE{IG A H ? E
? E ?l DFKcTob A DF d dFa 6 On>

>

XF@B\}^`

>N} V W

\>p} V W} I V }

J u IY@]E
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PX V

E V

}

>KM e

V < >

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FQ >

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GAIR\E

U JD}aWYEL` AJ I > X \EHGAG

DG A KlHhG ?l FD K H A KlH {A H ? ETob A DFpEHOEDDFKlHOE J }D ; AGG ~ XnX V

RQ >

}a@]@}
;

XF` ;

X V }aGAE F >a\> >l} V W[ < ]} R >nMqO FRQ >Y DM GI ? D > FD KXIBDF1K3DMD > KlHO*I KFHJIBDH A KlH { H#GI ?
DDFEDFKeHJI]D D A KlHhGMI >@? K HOE A I IGI ? DG ? E A K ? DD GMI > I GFH Ay? K3D }^@B_]E{H@
_ u EL@A@ d}aJLIYGA}^W}^WYE
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||
? \U >
;
;

P p >p} V W ~ }^@BI >M e O Q > UV E
}^G X_ u

ELEHWYE{B @ r $$wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E ?l F
D KcTob A DF

XF@B\}^`

X^GAG} V W j >

AJ u

>cM e

Q >4

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RQ
=eL 6

X ?_ u E BELJLX VKM I ]}a_ X V

XI >A I A H ? E HOE'I AJ KI IE

eL

e >

K A H vGFHJI Tob A DF

3 IK_MAX

X W A@_

u E

V  C^E{B@M_ <

} V{ ]EH@]@H>

> >} V W \u V > >MPO O Q > @B_3 In_3AX V ELEHWYE{E V E < JHX V @]EBCa}a_MAX V < IY@M Vi
?  FD K
IE=pEDFKe^Tow A DF R  ^ >
u ELIMA@_3JL@ I { < }]XR}^J u DG A KlHhGMI >@l
IKWYWYGAEH@B_]X Vo > ~ B XR}^WK\}a_E Q >K} V W \u } V W }^@BE V }] } VYU >pM e RQ > Q ELJHX VKM I }a_MAX V }aG X_ u `
`P V A `P }l_3A X V GAXF@B@]EH@ V ] }^WA }^GzEHGAEHJH_3A JWA @_3 IK_MA X V @ < @B_]EL` DG A KlHhG l?  DFKTob A DF
Xk
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IY} Vii

Q > Q EL}^JH_MCFEPdXzE{bXK_MA`P }l_3AX

 ?l DFKTob A DF MPO Q
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VR <

M_ u

E V E
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7$wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E

}^@B`X V p > ~ > }aGAG @B_]IY@ 7>

3M ; In_3AX

X W A@_

@ < @B_]EL`2GAX^@]@]EH@

eQ > U

= V A `P }a_3X
6 e 66 >

`XW ELW_]ELJ uYV AIYE X j`

DG A KFHhG ?l FD KTow A DF  D wDMIK3Gi[

6 RQ > 
D A? K[ l?  K ? KIHOE o X uYV W AGAE < ; EH X V >

} Vii >a} V W ~ }^GAWAJ V Q >YM e RQ >@K_MA`}^GRELGELJH_MMJ\W@B_3 In_3AX V @ < @_EL`@B_J u ]EHJLX VKi I}l_3AX
} V W{JD}Y}^J{_X
JHX V _3BXFG r $7wKMIE{IG A H ? E ? E l
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E V @]E V >o} V W

>=} V WpEHE >&M e

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l
?  DFK D HONDFK

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I Vi

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X p >\M e

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M ^Q=e

F e

V B ELJHX VKM I}a_MAX V }^G XM_ u ` Xk}aIK_XF`} ;

}B_M J}^G V _]ELGG E V _
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$wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E
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E
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A` > X >Y} V W I Vii > >=M e RQ > U B _3 J{A}^G V ELI]}^G ; V EH_zX V }a@]ELW EHELWYE]EHJLX VKi I} ;
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2wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E ?l DFK D HONDFK
MF
RQ=e eFF >
V Y}a_3AJ V >
L>
> >7} V W EHJLJ u >M e 6 RQ >%K_MA`P }a_3X V4 < @A`IYGA}a_EHW} VYV EL}^G Vii
TGFHhDFEGD
d oRne R >
}  }a` XA @]E c > Q > > Q > E]G} V W > K}^G}a`}
>
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F Q >
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U?V E
A `PY
GAEH`E V _}a_MA X V r 7$wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E ?l DFK D HONDFK[ peDRF eDFYe >
pELE

Q > | >=} V W ~ ] XX V @ = >=7>&M e 66 Q > U `E
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WA@_3 IK_MAX V JHX V _3BXFG r $
7wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E ?l DFK D HONDFK
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te O O e O X >

V `} VU >} V W \u E{B _ V XC >MqO FQ > K_MA`}^GJD}z}^J{_X

}^GAGXnJL}a_3X V V
W A@_3M IK_MAX V @ < @B_]EL`@
IY@ Vi } E V E
_3J}^G XM_ u `4} V Wm} }^@B_\E V E < GAXF@B@\JHXF`
;
YIK_}a_3X V _ELJ uKV A IYE r $7wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E ?l DFK D HONDFK
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pEHC _ 
V

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>

}^G < I LuYV < U > u E V

> >=M e 6 Q > UV EH-}BXR}^J u XzWA@_3 IK_MAX

r $$wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E ?l FD K D HONDFK  M O Qpe O 6 e e O 6 >

>

>Y} V W

\u V

{BELJHX

V ELEHWYE

VKM I }a_ AX V

6
e

I >?M e 6 Q >pXF@B@`P V `= }a_MAX V ELELWKE{]@ XK_3`}aG_ < X V dX\E

WYELGC^E{ < r $$wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E l
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pIYE V E{ E{ >=M e 6 RQ > HOEDMIKIE ? E HOEDMIK  K ? KIHOE Q ED}aW Vi
WKWA @BX V W EL@]GE < >
UbKU

AI 
> > pELE d>\} V W

6 Q > ? E A KlH { H#GI ? I ? IED I]DFE A`? XI

?BABDFC EGFHJI Y7u _ u EH@M@ o}^JLIKGAW}^WKEcWYE | V E VYu }MA}

< } z
>M e

K ? GI ? DXpEDFKeHJI DFTH A DFPIBD

G EH _3AJL} || ? \U
>

} o > > U >o} V W }DC^ELGAGIYJLJ o >NMqO FQ > Q ELWKI,J^U }^ XW}^@dE{BW}^@EL`0@MA@_EH`}^@\WYE

WA@_3 I J^U }^
X[WKEE V E{ }[EHG EH _MMJD} EIH ?b rBr]r ? EK3D ?k KIBFH DFHOK ? D Ay? *I A HhGMI >

JD} V X n > @} V JDU } n >n} V W }C^ELGGAIYJHJ{ Y >=MqO O Q > A KI A DM HJIB9pN ? A HON{ > IKI A H
HwIGI ? ? ? E A K ? DD  DMI A HON ? PG ? T I ? EI HJXIXD
D DFPIEXIB DFNBIE A I]DFE A`? ?
A IX ? ? ? E-@DGFHO]DFE A`? D r EHhGMIGI ? D 'F? KXIwDFE  D Ay? ? ? HhGMIB Q EHG}a_ X MX EH J V JLX
Q e ; X V _M] XFGEcWYE Q EL}a_3CFXF@H>

< } o
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< } Y
>

Q > @] } V JDU } F > <  } R > R  @]@}zM} >^} V W }DCFEHGAGAIKJLJ{ >KMPO O Q > Q EHJLX VnM I]} J^U }^ X?WYE
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EIH b
? TDFHO
E I KlH ? 'IGFH ? EI D H A KlH { H#GI ? D'EDFKeHJI= D A KFHhGMIPT r >

} VKu }^
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{E ]`X^_B_

BE  } >} V W ~ BXR}^WK\}a_E Q > >M e Q > U u ELIA@_3AJJHX V @_3]In_3C^E

`E
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M O QY 6 6 >

> | >

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} ? >} V W }DCFEHGAGIYJLJ j >MPO O Q > UjV EHC^XFGAIK_MAX ;

V } < }B XR}^J u XJL}}^J_]XYG}^JHEL`E V _
V WA@_3 IK_MAX VV E
_\X V @  K ? GDDMHOEB ?y wAHOK
r E A DFKlEI A H ? EI  r T ToB >@? FH ? E pEHOEDDFKlHOE ?y r E A D O HDFE A Tob A DF }l_I]}^G\} V W
U _3 J{ }aG V _EHGAG E V JLE < @B_]EL`@ } V }a_MAX V @M U Q }^G} } }z V >

E V WYEL@ U > ]} V JL} ? > < } ?

> j A@B@}

E V WYEL@ U > < ]}

> @]@]}

M]} > ]} V JLU } >} V W }DCFELGGAIYJHJ{ >MPO neQ > 'F? KXIwDF
E@H vGMIXXIXI r E A I IGI ? DX I > IGFH A`? KDD  DG ? EDv KMIG? DG ? e D A HON ? D  DM GI ? D
 DFKMXIB I F? KIGI ? XI  D A`? ? ? HJI Q ELG}l_ X AX EH J V JLX Q
W_3CFX Ke >
; U

V >MEHWY@ Q M e Q > TDMIK3Gi ;? KI  HOE@HOPI ?  > FD KMI A HOET > IE@E@HOEwK3DD

? EDv KI A H ?
E HOEIE-K IE ?l FD K H A lK H {A H ? ETob A DF XFGP> ] XJLEHELW Vi @?X 
}^` AW E T >

E ]G 
V dU >} V W

~ }aJ

I > n\u } Vii >} V W }]G Vi >dM e FQ > }}^J_X KG}^JHEL`E V _E BE{YGA}^JLEH`E V _
} V WJLX V _M]XFG
V GA} E ; @BJD}^GEWA@_3 IK_MAX V @ < @B_]EL`@ < } } ; }^@BELW_\X ; @B_} E}^G XM_ u ` r $72wKIE{IG
A H ? E ? E ?l DFKTow A DF M RQ=eFe eFeF >

_} }D\} >} V W @ u u }} >M e O Q > `PYGEL`E V _}a_MAX V X E V E
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}^G XM_ u ` XkWA@_3M IK_MAX V @ < @B_]EL`@GXF@]@k`= V A`IK`]ELJHX VKM I}a_MAX V r $$wKIE{IG A H ? E
? E ?l DFKcTob A DF M ^RQ
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R R >

} }

EL}

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VKi I }l_ AX V

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D lK H A HhGL r E A D O HDFE A T DMIK3GiT A KI A DhHhD ; ?

K ? > A FD K  K ? DFT ? NwHOE
UkU WYWA@BX V ; W EH@]GAE < >

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3
M FRQ=eF 6

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E?GXF@]@BEL@

F Q > A@_3M IK_MAX VV EH_zX V

r $$wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E ?l DFK D HONDFK
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RQ > IYG_3 ; X BEHJH_3CFE ELE ;

WYE{] EHJLX VnM I] }a_3 X V5 < W @B_MM IK_3 X V `} V } EL`E V _@ < @_EL` r $$0wKIE{IG A H ? E ? E ?l DFK
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X }sW @B_

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u } V

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K}

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GAXF@B@ ]ELWKIYJH_ AX =
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Q >

ELJHX VKM I }a_ AX V

KeQ >^EHELWYEBELJHX VKM I }a_MAX V } V WJL}}^J_X=@]E
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@_EH`@ DG A KlHhG l
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X W A@_

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V ]}^WA}^G_ < }]}^`EH_E } V W%dE{ X]`} V JHE

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RQ >

V  }^WA}^G_ < }z}^`EH_]E{ } V W%dE{ X]`} V JHE

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