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INTRODUCTION When forces are applied to a body (solid, liquid or gas), internal forces are set up in the body and it deforms and/or moves. The object of our study here is to understand how the applied load relates to these internal forces and deformation/motion of the body. Why do we need to know these things? Let us take an example. Let us say you are asked to design an antenna for a space application. You are required to design the antenna to a specific shape so that a satellite can communicate with earth from the outer edges of the solar system. So you take special care and produce (after spending millions of dollars) a beautiful antenna which has on earth the exact shape that it should have in space. Then you send it up into space and it does not work! The satellite's messages are being beamed to the Oort cloud instead of to Houston. What have you done wrong? You have forgotten a very simple thing --gravity! A body on earth is always subject to the earth's gravitational attraction. The antenna was perfectly shaped under earth's gravitational force, but in space (or on any other planet) when it is under either zero-g or someother-g, it has quite a different shape! So what happens next? You are fired, of course... Anyway, there are other less esoteric reasons for us to understand the mechanics of deformable bodies and I am sure you can think of hundreds of them. Figure 1 lists a few examples. So, granting that we are embarked on an important mission of discovery and all that, how exactly are we going to characterize the internal forces and deformation of a body? Continum Assumption: When external forces are applied to a solid body, the atoms or molecules in the body may move apart a little bit from each other. The reason the atoms hopefully do not completely come apart (if the load is sufficiently small) is because they resist the applied external forces by developing internal forces until equilibrium is achieved. If the internal forces cannot resist the external forces, the body breaks or fractures. Though internal forces are due to the atoms or molecules inside a body, it is too complex to study mechanical deformation from the atomistic point of view (even though some people make a living doing so). Therefore, we will now adopt the first of our many approximations, namely the so-called continuum assumption. Under this assumption we can forget about the details of the atomic structure of the solid, and instead treat the solid (equivalently, a fluid) as if it were one continuous thing, whatever that means. In essence, our theory will hold only for length scales which are much larger than atomic distances.

(nrml stres) (mechanics) The stress component at a point in a structure which is perpendicular to the reference plane.

Type your answer stress; the force applied perunit surface area of the body that produce or tends to produce deformation in a body is called stress if a force F to a area A of a body then stress=force/area or o=f/a where o (stigma) denotes stress.obviously, the SI unit of stree is newton pper square meter(Nm2). strain; the fractonal deformation resulting from astree is called strain

shiri stres) (mechanics) A stress in which the material on one side of a surface pushes on the material on the other side of the surface with a force which is parallel to the surface. Also known as shear stress; tangential stress. (beri preshr) (mechanics) Load on a bearing surface divided by its area. Also known as bearing stress.

(d'fr-m'shn, df'r-) n. 1. a. The act or process of deforming. b. The condition of being deformed. 2. An alteration of form for the worse. 3. Physics. a. An alteration of shape, as by pressure or stress. b. The shape that results from such an alteration.

(tr'shn) n. 1. a. The act of twisting or turning. b. The condition of being twisted or turned. 2. The stress or deformation caused when one end of an object is twisted in one direction and the other end is held motionless or twisted in the opposite direction. a tangential stress applies to a circular shape, such as a hoop, and is a tensile or compressive stress, not shear stress

A body is refered to be in equilibrium when the forces acting on it cancel each other out, that is, the body has no resultant force. because F=ma , it can also be stated that a body is in equilibrium when there is no acceleration or deceleration in any direction. Therefore, if a body is moving at a steady speed, although it IS moving, it is still at equilibrium. We normally do not think of a moving object as one in equilibrium but that is because in an actual situation, air drag would cause an object to be in equilibrium with 0 velocity.