2009 International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology

Control Strategy and Simulation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Power Generator

Zhihui,Ren, Zhongdong, Yin, Wei Bao

North China Electric Power University Beijing, China Email :rzh@ncepu.edu.cn
AbstractThis paper focuses on normal operation control of permanent magnet synchronous wind power generator system. It presents the system model theory and the operation control strategy under all the detailed information, such as reference direction of variables. Then a simulation for the normal operation of PMSG system is carried out in PSCAD with the desired results obtained. Keywords- wind power ; control strategy; permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)

The complete PMSG system includes a variable speed wind turbine, a PMSG, and converters, either in the form of three-phase diode rectifier circuit with boost chopper circuit, and PWM inverter circuit, or a back to back double PWM circuit. Here the latter one is adopted for analysis. A. Wind Turbine For grid integration study, the wind turbine output power extracted from the wind is typically described in such a way: (1) Where w is wind speed, is air density, R, the radius of the turbine blade, Cp, the power coefficient, which is a function of the tip speed ratio and the blade pitch angle . (2) Where m is the rotor angular speed. (3)

I.

INTRODUCTION

With a background of energy crisis and environment problem, wind power generation has been increasing so rapidly. For grid-connected wind power generator systems, more and more attention is attracted to realize its behaving like a conventional power plant. Besides, concerning about high efficiency, variable speed wind turbine generators undoubtedly hold the edge. Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) are currently used as mainstream variable speed wind turbine generators.[1] Now related studies mostly focus on control strategies of wind turbine generator systems under normal operation or upon grid-fault (LVRT). Comparatively, an insufficient analysis on PMSG is done. However, PMSG is more reliable and could save lots of the cost on maintenance.[2] in this paper, models for different parts of a PMSG system and the related control strategy are given, with detailed illumination of relationship between variables, as well as clear regulation of variable reference direction. With such theory basis, a model of the PMSG system is built in PSCAD and a desirable simulation result is obtained. II. PMSG SYSTEM

(4) From equations above it can be seen that under different VW there will be a opt to generate a CPopt, thus the maximum power. Here is a clear illumination about the process under a growing wind speed: When rotor speed m is lower than the rated value N: m is controlled to follow the changing VW to keep aopt, so the maximum power output can be always obtained during changing wind speed. It is in this stage that the Maximum Power Point TrackingMPPTcontrol is realized. And the rotor speed is variable while the pitch angle is kept constant. When m reaches N: m is controlled at N so that and CP wont keep at optimal value any more. But owing to the increasing VW, Pw is still growing until its rated value PwN.
[3]

Figure 1. Schematic of the PMSG system This work was supported in part by National Mega-projects of Science and Technology for the 11th Five-year Plan (2008BAA14B05) 2007BAA12B03.

978-0-7695-3819-8/09 $26.00 2009 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ICEET.2009.144

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This stage features a constant rotor speed and unchanged pitch angle. When Pw reaches PwN: The output power Pw should be controlled at PwN though increasing the pitch angle. The rotor still runs at N. The variable pitch angle control just works in this stage.

D. Grid-Connection Representation In the dq reference frame, the grid voltage vector is oriented to the d axis so that the q axis component is zero. In figure 1 the reference direction of current is regulated. And the resistance is neglected while the total inductance of the connection link is xt. Then we get voltage equations in dq frame as below [5-6]: (12) (13) Where Ltd and Ltq are the corresponding d and q axis inductances of connection inductance xt. III. CONTROL STRATEGY

B. Generator

A. Generator- Side Converter

Figure 2. PMSG in the dq reference frame

The voltage Ug of a PMSG in the q-leading dq reference frame is given as below[3]: (5) (6) Notice that e is different from m due to the pole pairs.e is the electrical rotational speed, f , the peak flux of permanent magnets, Ld and Lq are respectively the total inductance of d and q axis. igd and igq are d-q components of the generator current ig shown in figure 1. Suppose an ideal condition that Ld equals Lq, the electromagnetic torque Te is given by[4]: (7) Where np is the number of pole pairs. Suppose f keeps constant, Te will be proportional to igq. C. DC Link According to Figure 1, DC link voltage ud is given as below: (8) Neglecting converter losses, power flows in such a balance: (9) (10) ucd ,ucq ,icd ,icd respectively correspond to inverter voltage uc and current ic shown in Figure 1. From these 3 equations above, we can get such relation as below: (11)

Based on what mentioned in .B, such control strategy is adopted:

Figure 3. Generator-side converter control system

As is shown in Figure 3, the reference value of the d component igd* is set to zero and the q component is used to control the rotor speed through PI method, for igq is proportional to Te .e* is provided by the wind speed power characteristics data of wind turbine, which is just the MPPT process. After the transformation from dq to abc frame, the modulation voltage ugabc* is got to produce the PWM pulses for the converter. B. Grid- Side Converter Based on what is mentioned in .C - .D, such control strategy is adopted for grid-side converter:

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Here the wind turbine is not considered. Instead, the input torque Te is directly set at 1.0.p.u. For the same reason, e* is directly defined at 1.0 .p.u. According to the control strategy discussed in part , the reference rotor speed e* should be defined by wind speed-power output characteristics of wind turbine, that is, the MPPT process. For the DC link, the voltage reference is set to its rated value 1.3kV. Some related simulation parameters adopted in the model are shown in the tables below:
Figure 4. Generator-side converter control system

The reference value of q axis component icq* is set to zero to make sure of zero reactive power exchange between the inverter and the grid. Look back at (11).The dc link voltage ud has a linear relationship with the d component of inverter d axis voltage ucd: (14) Where ma is the voltage modulation ratio of the PWM inverter. By substituting icq =0 and (14) into (11), the dynamic equation of the dc link voltage ud can be defined as: (15) Thus ud can be kept at constant through providing the reference value of the d axis component of ic. with a PI method. IV. SIMULATION

TABLE I. parameters Rated generator power,PN Rated Rotor speed, N Total resistance, R Total resistance, L Rated torque, TeN TABLE II. Grid voltage Dc link capacitor, C Rated DC link voltage, UdN Connection inductance PWM carrier frenquency,f

PMSG PARAMETERS

unit MW p.u H p.u.

value 2.0 1.0 0.1 0.001 1.0

CONVERTER PARAMETERS

kV uF kV H kHz

0.69 8000 1.3 0.1 2

A. Simulation Model According to the equations and strategy depicted above, a corresponding model of PMSG system is built in PSCAD environment..

B. Simulation Results In this simulation, what we concern most are listed as below: Under given rated torque, whether the rotor speed e could follow its reference e*; The DC link voltage whether to be kept at 1.3 kV; Stable real power input to grid; Reactive power input to grid whether to be zero.

As is shown in the figures below, we can see that desirable results are obtained after the simulation. V. CONCLUSION This paper presents the complete stable operation strategy for a PMSG system in detail. Especially, all the reference direction of variables, as well as relationship between them are indicated, which are very important to the control scheme. Then a simulation is carried out in PSCAD and the results satisfy all the required targets. But for convenience the simulation model doesnt take the wind turbine into consideration, neither touching related hot point, such as the Low voltage ride-through
Figure 5. Total configuration of control system

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ability, i.e., LVRT. So further study and research is needed and already under way.

(a) rotor speed (p.u.)

ud-ud* 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.0 ud ud*

(d) Real and reactive power (p.u.) REFERENCES

[1] WANG Feng-xiang. HOU Qing-ming. BO Jiang-long, Study on control system of low speed PM generator directly driven by wind turbine, Proceedings of International Conference on Electrical Machinesand Systems, 2005, 2( 9):27- 29. CHINCHILLA M, ARNALTES S, BURGOS J C. Control of permanent-magnet generators applied to variable-speed windenergy systems connected to the grid, IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion, 2006, 21 (1) :130-135 . Tomonobu Senjyu, Atsushi Yona, Toshihisa Funabashi Operation Strategies for Stability of Gearless Wind, Power and Energy Society General Meeting- Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE, 20-24 July 2008 Page(s):1 7. Bharanikumar, R.; Kandasamy, V, Prabha Maheswari, M., Nirmal Kumar, Steady State Analysis of Wind Turbine Driven PM Generator with Power Converters, Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, 2008. ICETET08. First International Conference on 16-18 July 2008 Page(s): 922-926 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ICETET.2008.135 Monica Chinchilla, Santiago Arnaltes,Juan Carlos Burgos, Control of Permanent-Magnet Generators Applied to VariableSpeed Wind-Energy Systems connected to theGrid, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol 21, no1, March 2006, pp.130-135. S.M, Muyeen, R Takahashi,. T Murata,. Tamura, J. Tamura, M. H. Ali, Transient stability analysis of permanent magnet variable speed synchronous wind generator, Electrical Machines and Systems, 2007. ICEMS. International Conference on8-11 Oct. 2007 Page(s):288 293.

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(b)DC Link voltage (kV)

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(c) Grid-side converter dq axis current (p.u.)

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