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The empire of the Mexican (or Aztecs as the Spanish called them) fell to Hernan Cortez and his conquistadors in 1521. Just a couple of, short years later the Aztec temples were obliterated and valuable records such as for instance friar Bernardino de Sahagun's codices, (a twelve volume encyclopedia of Aztec life and culture) secreted and gathering dust.

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It was in 1790, when widespread interest in Mexico's pre-Hispanic past was awakened due to an amazing artifact that was uncovered during the renovation of "El Zocalo," Mexico city's central plaza. It had been a huge disk of carved basalt, three feet thick and 12 feet in diameter, weighing some 24 metric tons. The Mexican Aztec free calendar is known as a veritable monument to Mexican artwork and science. The monolith remained at the Zocalo, for viewing in the base of the Metropolitan Cathedral. About 100 years later it was transferred to Mexico's National Museum of Anthropology, where it still stands as the Museum's centerpiece. This intricately carved hieroglyphs was labeled the Mexican Aztec free calendar Stone. In present thought, the Stone of the Fifth Sun is called a more apt moniker. Scholars have long debated the rock's meaning and function and remain puzzled over its mysteries. Today most concur that it contains a graphical portrayal of the Mexica cosmos.

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The outer rim of the stone shows two fire serpents assembly fave to handle at the low extreme. Their tails are joined at the top with the image for the ritual date 13-Reed, considered to represent the creation possibly corresponding to 1011A.D. The middle of the stone reveals the sun god Tonatuih. His tongue in the form of a sacrificial flint knife, protrudes from between his bared teeth, while in each claw-like hand, he grasps a humane heart. The god is surrounded by four glyphs symbolizing the cataclysms that finished every one of the previous solar eras. As per Mexican belief, earth's first inhabitants were devoured by jaguars. The death of the next sun brought destruction by great winds. The third period ended with fiery rain, as the fourth sun was extinguished by huge floods.

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These symbols, with the image of Tonatuih, are neatly contained in the abstract motif for motion called ollin. It is surmised that the Mexican Aztec free calendar reveals the predicted date of destruction for 'El Quinto Sol' during a 4-Ollin cycle. The Mexicas tried to sustain their age, forestalling disaster by sating the gods with myriad rituals and sacrifices, including a constant diet of human blood.

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The formula by which both free calendars were combined meant that nobody date will be repeated for some time of 18,980 days. Therefore, the the last day of a solar cycle and the last day of a sacred cycle coincided just once every 52 years. It was with this auspicious time that 'El Quinto Sol' was regarded in greatest threat of extinction. An efficient New Fire ceremony would assure the reappearance of the orb and continuing survival of human culture.