Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ThemostrecentMLA formattingcanbefoundintheseventh editionoftheMLAmanual. APA TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation (APA)providesamethodforsource documentationthatisusedismost socialsciencecourses.Thesocial sciencesplaceemphasisonthedatea workwascreated,somostAPAcitation involvesrecordingthedateofa particularworkinthephysicaltext.The dateisusuallyplacedimmediatelyafter theauthorsnameintheReferences pageattheendofanessay.Themost recentAPAformattingcanbefoundin thesixtheditionoftheAPAmanual. BookcitationsinAPAgenerallyrequire authorname,publicationyear,work title,publicationcity,andpublisher.
1 CMS TheChicagoManualofStyle(CMS)providesa methodforsourcedocumentationthatisused inmosthistorycourses.Historyplacesmuch emphasisonsourceorigins,sofootnotesand endnotesareusedtodemonstrateonpage whereaparticularpieceofinformationwas derivedfrom.InCMS,anumberisassignedto aparticularfactinthetext,andafootnoteor endnotewillappearatthebottomofthepage linkingthesourcetothetext.Themostrecent CMSformattingcanbefoundinthesixteenth editionoftheCMSmanual. BookcitationsinCMSstylegenerallyrequire theauthorname,worktitle,publicationcity, publisher,andpublicationyear.
CitingBooks
BookcitationsinMLAgenerallyrequire theauthorname,worktitle, publicationcity,publisher,year published,andanindicationofthe publicationmedium,suchasprint. Generalbook Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivores Pollan,M.(2006).Theomnivores format Dilemma.NewYork:Penguin dilemma.NewYork,NY:Penguin Group,2006.Print. Group. Singleauthor Pollan,Michael. Pollan,M.(2006). Twoorthree Bell,JamesK.,andAdrianA.Cohn. Bell,C.,&CohnA.(1968). authors Morethan Kernis,Michael.etal. Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R., threeauthors Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.S. (1993). Morethan Kernis,Michael.etal. Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R., sevenauthors Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J. SLastAuthorsName(1993). Corporate/ AmericanPsychiatricAssociation. AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.
Kernis,MichaelandOthers,
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.
ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Organization author Unknown author Twoormore worksbythe sameauthor Twoormore worksbythe sameauthor inthesame year. Authorwith aneditor Authorwitha translator Editorwithno author Workinan anthology (2005). OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas. Nochangetonameformat,change notedbytitle. Nochangetonameformat,change notedbytitle. Oxfordessentialworldatlas.(2001). Slechty,P.C.(1997). Slechty,P.C.(2001). Slechty,P.C.(1997a). Slechty,P.C.(1997b). Poston,T.(2000).Adraftofhistory K.A.Hauke,(Ed.). Laplace,P.S.(1951).Aphilosophical essayonprobabilities.(F.W. Truscott&F.L.Emory,Trans.). Duncan,G.J.,&BrooksGunn,J.(Eds.). (1997).Consequencesofgrowing uppoor. Harris,Muriel.(2000).Talktome: Engagingreluctantwriters.InBen Rafoth(Ed.),Atutorsguide: Helpingwritersonetoone(pp.24 34).Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann. OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas. Nochangetonameformat.
Nochangetonameformat.
Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Ed. KathleenA.Hauke. Laplace,P.S.APhilosophicalEssayon Probabilities.Trans.F.W.Truscott andF.L.Emory. ConsequencesofGrowingUpPoor. Eds.G.J.DuncanandJ.Brooks Gunn. Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging ReluctantWriters."ATutor's Guide:HelpingWritersOneto One.Ed.BenRafoth.Portsmouth, NH:Heinemann,2000.2434. Print. Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D. Drugman.TheBatteredChild.5th ed. DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas.Ed. P.Wiener.4Vols.
ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Encyclopedia/ Dictionary Posner,Rebecca.Romance Languages.TheEncyclopedia Britannica:Macropedia.15thed. 1987.Print. Duncan,HughDalziel.Introduction. PermanenceandChange:An AnatomyofPurpose. Posner,R.(1987).RomanceLanguages. InTheencyclopediaBritannica: macropedia(15thed.). Duncan,H.D.Introduction.InK.Burke, PermanenceandChange:An AnatomyofPurpose(xiiixliv). UnitedStates:TheBobbsMerrill Company,Inc. InAPAperiodicalcitation,authorsare namedbytheirlastnamefollowedby initials;thepublicationyeargoes betweenparentheses,andisfollowed byaperiod.Thetitleofthearticleis writteninsentencecase,inwhichonly thefirstwordandpropernounsare capitalized.Theperiodicaltitleiswritten intitlecase,andisfollowedbythe volumenumber,which,withthetitle,is alsoitalicizedorunderlined. Poniewozik,J.(2000,November).TV makesatooclosecall.Time,20, 7071. Bagchi,A.(1996).Conflicting nationalisms:Thevoiceofthe subalterninMahaswetaDevis BashaiTudu.TulsaStudiesin WomensLiterature(15.1)4150. Krugman,A.(2007,May21).Fearof eating.NewYorkTimes,pp.A1. Ofminesandmen(2003,Oct24). [Editorial]TheWallStreetJournal
Magazine
Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaToo CloseCall."Time20Nov.2000:70 71.Print. Bagchi,Alaknanda."Conflicting Nationalisms:TheVoiceofthe SubalterninMahaswetaDevi's BashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesin Women'sLiterature15.1(1996): 4150.Print. Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating." NewYorkTimes21May2007.A1. Print. "OfMinesandMen."Editorial.Wall StreetJournaleast.ed.24Oct.
ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart 2003:A14.Print. Hamer,John.Letter.American JournalismReviewDec.2006/Jan. 2007:7.Print. Seitz,MattZoller."LifeintheSprawling Suburbs,IfYouCanReallyCallIt Living."Rev.ofRadiantCity,dir. GaryBurnsandJimBrown.New YorkTimes30May2007lateed.: E1.Print. MLAguidelinesformostonlinesources weredevelopedundertheassumption thatcontentcanbefindonlineaslong asinformation,suchasauthorandtitle, wereincluded.ThereforeMLAdoesnot requireaURLlisting.MLAcitationof onlinesourcesdoes,however,askfora publisherorsponsorofthewebpage. Authorsforwebsitesareoften corporations,orgovernments(Hacker). east,p.A14. Hamer,J.(2006/2007, December/January).[Lettertothe editor].AmericanJournalism Review,7. Seitz,M.Z.(2007,May30).Lifeinthe sprawlingsuburbs,ifyoucanreally callitliving[Reviewofthefilm RadiantCity,directedbyGary BurnsandJimBrown].NewYork Times,lateed.:E1.
Lettertothe editor
Bookorfilm review
OnlineSources
General format
Entire Website
Pagefrom Website
InAPAcitation,onlinesourcesoften includewhatareknownasDOIs,or digitalobjectidentifiers.IfaDOIis available,itisusedinplaceofaURL.The DOIisaserialnumberthatidentifiesthe sourceregardlessofURLchanges,andit canoftenbefoundonthefirstpageof anonlinesource.BeyondtheDOI,APA generallycitesauthor,date,pagetitle, sitetitle,availablepagenumbers,anda URLorDOI. Author.TitleofSite.Sponsor,Date Author.(Year[usen.d.ifnotgiven]). Created(usen.d.ifnotgiven).Medium. Articleorpagetitle.LargerPublication Dateaccessed. Title,volumeorissuenumber.Retrieved fromhttp://urladdress UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards. Agency.(2004,July).Drinkingwater EPA,8July2004.Web.24Jan. standards.RetrievedfromUSEPA 2006 websitehttp://water.epa.gov/drink Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThird Shiva,V.(2006,February).Bioethics:A WorldIssue.Nativeweb. thirdworldissue.Nativeweb.
Author.DocumentTitle.URLorDOI.
ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Retrievedfrom http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/l egal/shiva.html MediaGiants.Frontline:The Mediagiants.(2001).Frontline:The MerchantsofCool.PBSOnline, MerchantsofCool.Retrievedfrom 2001.Web.7Feb.2006. PBSOnline http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fr ontline/shows/cool/giants/ Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharles Goya,F.(1800).ThefamilyofCharlesIV. IV.1800.MuseoNacionaldel MuseoNationaldelPrado. Prado,Madrid.MuseoNationaldel Retrievedfrom Prado.Web.22May2006. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ hd/goya/hd_goya.htm Milton,John.ParadiseLost:BookI. Poetryfoundation.org.Poetry Foundation,2008.Web.14Dec. 2008. Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.The EducationofHenryAdams.By Adams.Boston:Houghton,1918. N.pag.Bartleby.com:GreatBooks Online.Web.8Jan2007. Milton,J.(1667).Paradiselost:BookI. PoetryFoundation.Retrievedfrom http://www.poetryfoundation.org/ archive/poem.html?id=174002 Adams,H.(1918).Diplomacy.The educationofhenryadams. Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline. Retrievedfrom http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.ht ml Bent,H.(2007).Professionalizationof thePh.D.degree.College CompositionandCommunication, 58.4,0145. Bernstein,M.(2002).10tipsonwriting thelivingweb.AListApart:For PeopleWhoMakeWebsites. Retrievedfrom http://www.alistapart.com/articles Nativeweb,n.d.Web.22Feb. 2006.
5 http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi va.html. MediaGiants.Frontline:TheMerchantsof Cool. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline /shows/cool/giants. Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharlesIV. MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid,1800. Painting. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goya/ hd_goya.htm Milton,John.ParadiseLost.CityandDateof OriginalPublication. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/ poem.html?id=174002 Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.TheEducationof HenryAdams.Reprintofthe1918edition, Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline. http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html
Onlinebook
Portionofan onlinebook
Articleinan Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationof onlinejournal thePh.D.Degree.College CompositionandCommunication 58.4(2007):0145.Web.5Dec. 2008. Articleinan Bernstein,Mark."10TipsonWriting online theLivingWeb."AListApart:For magazine/ PeopleWhoMakeWebsites.AList newspaper ApartMag.,16Aug.2002.Web.4 May2009.
Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationofthe Ph.D.Degree.CollegeCompositionand Communication58,no.4(2007):0145. AccessedDecember5,2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286. Bernstein,M.10TipsonWritingtheLiving Web.AListApartMagazine.August16, 2002. http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv ing
ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout. WashingtonPost,10Jan.2007. Web.19Jan.2007. /writeliving Mayer,C.(2007,January10).The checkout.[Weblogpost].Retrieved from http://blog.washingtonpost.com/th echeckout/ Writersname.(Dateofpost).Subjectof post.[Weblogcomment].Retrieved from:URLorDOI
Entireblog
Responseina blog
CDROM
MultimediaSources
Videoorfilm
Editor,screenname,author,or compilername(ifavailable).Posting Title.NameofSite.Versionnumber(if available).Nameof institution/organizationaffiliatedwith thesite(sponsororpublisher).Medium ofpublication.Dateofaccess. Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage DictionaryoftheEnglish Language.4thed.Boston; Houghton,2000.CDROM. Kunka,Andrew."Re:Modernist Literature."Messagetothe author.15Nov.2000.Email. MLAformatformultimediasources requiresamediumdescriptionatthe endofthecitation.Film,DVD,Radio, Web,Performance,andother descriptionsshouldbeusedtoindicate thetypeofmultimediathatisbeing referenced. AnInconvenientTruth.Dir.David Guggenheim.Narr.AlGore. Paramount,2006.DVD.
BlogName;EntryTitle,blogentryby WritersName,Dateofpost.
Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage DictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed. Boston;Houghton,2000.CDROM. Citedinnotesonly. 1.AndrewKunka,emailmessageto author,November15,2000. WhencitinganinternetsourceinCMSformat, includeasmuchinformationasisavailable regardingauthor,sitetitle,sitesponsor,and anyavailableURL.Anaccessdateisnot neededinCMSformatting.
Podcast/ YouTube
Guggenheim,D.(Director),&Bender,L. (Producer).(2006).Aninconvenient truth[DVD].UnitedStates: ParamountHomeEntertainment. Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfile Murphy,B.(2008,September19).Tips Piece.Project:Report.YouTube,7 foragoodprofilepiece. Sept.2008.Web.19Sept.2008. [YouTube].Project:Report.
ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Retrievedfrom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =cuA2VcdqB9k/ Teplin,L.A.,McClelland,G.M.,Abram, K.M.,&Washburn,J.J.(2005). Earlyviolentdeathindelinquent youth:aprospectivelongitudinal study.[Presentation].Paper presentedattheAnnualMeetingof theAmericanPsychologyLaw Society.LaJolla,CA. Brizee,A.,&Tardiff,E.(2010,April7). Fourmaincomponentsforeffective outlines.PurdueOnlineWriting Lab.Retrievedfrom http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ resource/544/01/ ContinentalCongress.(17741789). Journalsofthecontinental congress.Washington,DC.1904 1937. Choi,M.(2008).Contestingimaginaries indeathritualsduringthenorthern songdynasty(Doctoral dissertation).Availablefrom ProQuestdatabase.(AAT3300426). cdqB9k/
Lecture/ Teplin,LindaA.et.al.EarlyViolent Publicaddress DeathinDelinquentYouth:A ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy. AnnualMeetingoftheAmerican PsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla, California.March,2005. Presentation. OtherSources ThePurdue OWL Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.Four MainComponentsforEffective Outlines.PurdueOnlineWriting Lab.PurdueUniversity,7April, 2010.Web.20Dec.2010. ContinentalCongress.Journalsofthe ContinentalCongress,17741789. WashingtonDC.19041937. Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginaries inDeathRitualsduringthe NorthernSongDynasty.Diss. UniversityofChicago,2008.Web. ContestingImaginariesinDeath RitualsduringtheNorthernSong Dynasty. Likemostsourcedocumentation systems,MLAusesintextcitationsto givereadersinformation,anddirect
Teplin,LindaA.,GaryM.McClelland,KarenM. Abram,andJasonJ.Washburn.Early ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.Paper presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla, CA,March2005. Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.FourMain ComponentsforEffectiveOutlines.Purdue OnlineWritingLab.PurdueUniversity. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resourc e/544/01/ ContinentalCongress,Journalsofthe ContinentalCongress,17741789,Editedby WorthingtonC.Fordetal.34vols. Washington,DC,190437. Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginariesin DeathRitualsduringtheNorthernSong Dynasty.PhDdiss.,UniversityofChicago, 2008.ProQuest(AAT3300426).
Government publication
Dissertation
InTextCitations CitingBooks
ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart readerstothemorespecificWorks Citedpageshouldareaderwantto pursueasourcefurther.Generally,MLA intextcitationrequiresanauthor name,andapagenumberwherethe informationbeingcitedcanbefound. Thiscanbeformattedinavarietyof ways. Authornamed PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto inasignal thisphenomenonasacumulative phrase collaborationofevidence(49). generallyprovidedparenthetically whenevertheauthorsnameisgiven whilepagenumbersalwaysappearat theendofthesentence.Thedateis importantinsocialsciencebecauseit helpsdemonstratetherelevance (newness)oftheworkbeingcited.
8 bibliographypage;instead,endnotesand footnotesworktostrengthenadocuments credibilitybyprovidingspecificsource informationatthebottomofthepage,orina separatenotessectionforreaderstoreview. FootnotesinCMSstylegenerallyincludethe authorname,thepublicationtitle,publication dateandpublisherinformation(ifbeingcited forthefirsttime),aswellasapagenumber. PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration ofevidence.12
Unknown author
(Matchnumber(12)toendnoteatthebottom ofthepage) 12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961),49. Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12 12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961),49. Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12 12.WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles: UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49. Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12
12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,
ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
9 (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961). PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis thisphenomenonasacumulative phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration collaborationofevidence(World ofevidence,12whichhehintstowardin Hypotheses,1961,p.49),whichhehints earlierworkaswell.13 towardinearlierworkaswell (Emergence,1926,p.241). 12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses, (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961),49. 13.StephenC.Pepper,Emergence,The JournalofPhilosophy23,no.9(1926). RoseandWeiser(2010)notethe ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeisernoteinGoing importanceofredefiningexpectations Publictheimportanceofredefining forfacultywork(p.3). expectationsforfacultywork.6 6.ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeiser,Going Public,(Utah:UniversityPress,2010). In1990,Anderson,Best,Black,Hurst, Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon Miller,andMillerproducedastudythat undergraduateperspectivesofacademic focusedspecificallyonundergraduate writingfoundavarietyofapproaches.2 perspectivesofacademicwriting,and foundavarietyofapproachesinplace 2.WorthAndersonandOthers,Cross (p.11). CurricularUnderlife:ACollaborativeReport onWayswithAcademicWords,College CompositionandCommunication41,no.1. Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificant Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleof roleofprayerasacopingmechanism prayerasacopingmechanismforhealth.9 forhealth(AmericanPsychological Association,2011,p.67). 9.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation, NationalTrendsinPrayerUseasaCoping MechanismforHealthConcerns:Changes from2002to2007,PsychologyofReligion
Twoorthree authors
Fourormore authors
Corporate author
10
Anentire work
ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa fascinationwithsauntering.
ThoreausWalking(1862) demonstratesafascinationwith sauntering. Citethespecificworkonly,notthe anthologyoritseditor. Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis capturedbyHurstonscandid autobiography,FromDustTracksona Road(1942). Citeasiftextdocumentusingrelease date. TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin
Workinan anthology
MultimediaSources Videoorfilm
Useendnoteonly,doesnotappearin bibliography. 1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica: Macropedia,15thed.,s.v.Romance Languages. 10.PhillipP.Weiner,Dictionaryofthe HistoryofIdeas,6vols,(CharlesScribnerand Sons,2004). Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnoted theimportanceofreligioninconceiving nature.22 22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862; RalphWaldoEmerson,Nature,1836. ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa fascinationwithsauntering.22 22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862. 19.ZoraNealeHurston,FromDustTracks onaRoad,inTheNortonBookofAmerican Autobiography,ed.JayParini(NewYork: Norton,1999),336.
ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish. Podcast/ YouTube Usevideoauthor/podcastnameand giventitle. Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet Money. Lecture/ Theproblemofviolentdeathamong Publicaddress delinquentyouthswascarefully documentedbyTeplinetal.inan addressdeliveredin2005attheAnnual MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology LawSociety. contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish (1993). Usevideo/podcastauthorname,if known,title,andpostingdate. Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet Money(2011). Theproblemofviolentdeathamong delinquentyouthswascarefully documentedbyTeplinetal.inan addressdeliveredattheAnnual MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology LawSociety(2005).
11
Ifunpublishedlectureoraddress,citein writingonly. PresidentObamanotedduringanaddresson August1,2011that Ifpublished,followingthisexample: 41.LindaA.TeplinandOthers,Early ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy,Paper presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla, CA,March2005. KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee(2011) KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeenotethat, writeintheOnlineWritingLabat ResearchbasedwritinginAmerican PurdueUniversitythat,Research institutions,botheducationalandcorporate, basedwritinginAmericaninstitutions, isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularly botheducationalandcorporate,isfilled beginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhow withrulesthatwriters,particularly tofollow.23 beginners,aren'tawareofordon't
12 23.KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee,Avoiding Plagiarism,PurdueOnlineWritingLab, PurdueUniversity, http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/ 589/01/ 27.PennsylvaniaDepartmentof ConservationandNaturalResources,Bureau ofForestryPublications:Coleoptera: Buprestidae:AgrilusplanipennisFairmaire, 2011.
Government publication