The Atomic Construct

(a discussion)

Excitedly awaiting experimental results from CERN, the LHC (Large Hadron
Collider) programme, one is again returning to question the early models of the
atomic structure. The actual arrangement of electrons, protons, neutrons and other
particulates that are yet to be discovered, making up an atom, remains open to
speculation. Little conclusive evidence exists that will allow a definitive atomic
construct to be put forward but the electron relationship to the nuclear aggregate
remains open to speculation. Experimental evidence is awaited that will refute or
consolidate the concepts being put forward here for discussion.

The existing visualisation of the relationship between the electron and the nuclear
proton is suggested to need improvement in as much, that the current model of orbits
in which electrons are said to circumscribe the atom needs updating. The Bhor model
of atomic structure has served science well but with modern experimental and
analytical methodology, available information is suggesting that the atomic construct
needs remodelling. It was always difficult to visualise the mayhem that must exist in
the standard orbital theory.

For example. If electrons were bonded to the proton in the nucleus, the bond between
the electron and the proton would need to break and reform with another proton as the
electron for example, found itself on the other side of the atom or, when the n-electron
from the neutron jumps to the nearby proton. The charge of the proton nearest to the
electron would be stronger and therefore exercise a more powerful effect on the
electrons on that side of the atom. There would be a great deal of energy expended in
the plasticity of the nucleus as the energy requirements varied from one side of the
nucleus to the other. In complex large atomic constructs, the frictional factors created
by the constant reconstruction of bonds between the protons and electrons would
require a great deal of rearrangement of sub-nuclear entities.

A student project in effect proposed that the electrons do not in practice, circumscribe
the nucleus but are rather fixed in a space volume above the proton which is
positioned directly below the electron at right angles to the electron position,
occupying the shortest distance between the electron and the proton. What this model
proposed was an arrangement where the bond between the electron and the proton
was fixed at a distance that was optimum for the given energy state in which the atom
finds itself and the potential energy of the electron was fixed within resonance limits
related to the principal quantum numbers. The electron resonates within a given
volume directly above the proton and the potential energy varies depending on the
energy in the environment. At absolute temperatures the resonance volume of the
electron would be minimal and the volume occupied by the electron would be smaller
than at room temperature.

The electron volume would be responsive and move about space depending on energy
fluctuations in its locality so that the position of the electron relating to the proton
varies, to be anywhere in space above the proton, specified by the potential energy of
the Bohr orbital. In mathematical terms the state is specified by the Schrodinger
Equation, in a wave function time dependant quantity that is best described by the

1
Balmer- Rydberg equation. Mathematical treatments for the position of the electron
above the protonated nucleus, work best for simple atoms.

Hydrogen Volume about which

Atomic No 1 electron resonates

Proton electron bond

Fig 1

The electron is free to move about the periphery of the volume above the proton. The
potential energy of the electron varies within narrow parameters, specified by orbital
theory and stays within the “Principal Quantum Number” potential energy range. The
electron has a relative atomic mass of 0.00054858amu (atomic mass units) and a
charge of (-)1.

What is the electron? This is a mystical entity that cannot be pin pointed at any one
moment but is measured to have a charge of -1, an electric field, a measurable mass,
and travels at the speed of light.

The basic arrangement specified in Fig 1, expands to form more complex atoms by
adding protons, neutron and electrons to the complex. This compression of
particulates into a confined volume requires enormous amounts of energy and occurs
in high energy situations such as the sun, supernovae, relativistic jets and other high
energy situations such as black holes. The aggregation of particles into the atomic
volume requires that protons and neutrons are forced into the containment
environment of the nucleus, at an extreme expenditure of energy.

Atoms are energy depositories. See: Thermodynamic Stability in a Confined Volume,

http://www.galaxyzooforum.org/index.php?topic=270874.msg543767#msg543767

The nucleus of an atom manifests the property of a “strong force” that holds all
nuclear contents within the volume of the nucleus. The nature of the strong force is
not as yet understood but the limits of its strength may be related to the number of
neutrons within the nucleus. Gluons are said to be the main influence related to the
strong force. No multiple proton aggregation can exist without the presence of
neutrons and in Fig 2, it can be seen that 2 neutrons are required to create a stable
nucleus of the Helium atom. In the further example of the larger atom Beryllium, 5
neutrons are required to form a stable nucleus.

2
What is being considered here is the possibility that the n-electron trapped within the
volume of the neutron, also electrically balances the positive charge of the adjacent
proton. The neutron has a positron, a positively (+ve) charged electron, whose charge
is balanced by an n-electron but the n-electron of this neutron, is also thought to
balance the charge of the positron in the adjacent proton. This apparent sharing of n-
electrons is well understood in chemistry and is common in chemical bonding! It is
suggested that that the n-electron of the neutron, resonates between the neutron’s
positron and the proton’s positive charge. It is suggested that the neutron is constantly
reducing to a proton and then reforming back to a neutron, by sharing an n-electron.

It is put forward that the electrical charges are in a state of flux. This highly dynamic
electron exchange which is said to be going on in the nucleus, is thought to stabilize
the baryons and perhaps even be the bases of the strong nuclear force. For example,
when a neutron is in a free state ie not subject to other electrical influences, it is seen
to decay in about 11 seconds. The neutron when contained in the nucleus, is thought
to be in a dynamic state of electrical flux, losing and gaining (–ve) charge, to in effect,
exhibit electrical properties.

Moving electrons constitute an electric current, which in turn, generates

electromagnetic fields. The nuclei of atoms are therefore sites of electric currents and
electromagnetic fields.

In this discussion the strong force then becomes the interaction between the n-
electrons and positrons in the nuclear construct. It is a much stronger force than the
weak force, which is said to be related to the electric and magnetic spin vectors
associated with fermion energy.

Helium
Atomic No 2
Atomic Mass 4

P
N N
P

Fig 2

The structure of the helium atom consists of two protons, two electrons in the n=1
potential energy level and two neutrons. The atomic mass of Helium, in atomic mass
units therefore, is 4.002602amu.

In physical terms, electrons are identical to anti-electrons (positrons) but these

particles have a positive charge. Same charge particles would occupy positions in
space that are as far away as possible from each other, within the occupied potential
energy level. The electrons in the Helium atom occupy a position in space that is at

3
the opposite ends of the atom in the n=1 potential energy level. For the same reasons
the positron charge would be forced as far away as possible from the other positively
charged particle in the nucleus. Charged baryons would occupy the furthest points
away from each other in the nucleus and as they are bonded to an electron orbiting in
space above the nucleus, he best geometric arrangement for the positively charged
nuclear particle, would be at the shortest distance between the nucleus and the
electron. The electron/positron bond would therefore be arranged along the same co-
ordinates and that would mean that the proton was arranged in the nucleus along
specified fixed co-ordinates, giving baryons a fixed position within the nucleus at any
given time.

There is construct in the atomic particulate assembly.

The electron and positron would drag each other about the atomic volume their
positions being dependent on prevailing energy conditions. The bonded proton moves
with the electron, maintaining the shortest distance between the two charged particles,
and maintaining its relationship to the electron along the same co-ordinate.

In the more complex atoms in Periodic Table the arrangement is maintained because
of physical conditions keeping the relationship between the positively charged proton
and electron, fixed along the same co-ordinate. This arrangement provides a structural
bases for the nuclear arrangement extending to very large complex atoms eg 238U92
Uranium.

Beryllium is the 4th member of the Periodic Table, occupying a position in the 2nd
Period in Group IIA. This position classifies the element, the periodicity relating the
atom to its chemical properties. In a proposed classification see below, atoms are
classified according to the energy conditions in which they are compacted when
formed. Out there in the Universe, atoms are aggregated according to prevailing
energy conditions. The larger the atomic composition the greater the amount of energy
needed to aggregate the atomic contents and the more energy atomic constructs
contain. See: Limitless energy from Nucleons,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/24594638/Total-Nucleonic-Energy-Periodic-Table

Taking a closer look at the nuclear distribution of the positively charged protons it
follows that each proton will occupy a position that is the shortest distance from the
negatively charged electron. That specifies the location of the positron in the nucleus,
positioning itself along the same co-ordinates bonding the electron to the positron. To
expand this concept a drawing is enclosed to demonstrate the position of the positron
of the proton, on the same co-ordinate forming the bond with the electron: See Fig 3.

4
 Berylium
Atomic No 4
5 neutrons needed
Atomic mass 9
to stabalize nuclear
structure

Fig 3

The position arrangement of baryons within the nucleus being held together by the
nuclear strong force would seem to be determined by the electronic field distribution
which is in a state of high dynamic flux, always adjusting its position to attain the
optimum energy state. Fig 4 demonstrates an expanded drawing demonstrating the co-
ordinate nature of the positron alignment in the proton.

Nucleus of Berylium
4 Protons

P
Nucleus

P P

Fig 4

Beryllium has an atomic mass of 9.012182amu.

The closer the charged particles the greater the force exerted by the charges but this
charge drops off rapidly as the distance between the charged particles increases.
Bearing in mind that the electric charge exercises its force in a mathematical
relationship that is reflected by the reciprocal value of distance between the charged
entities, to the power of 4. The electric charge extends to infinity and must, like
gravity, exercise an effect on all other charged particles in the universe. The Universe
then, is an electrogravitational energy construct. No doubt, other energy terms
contribute to this formation.

The Millennium Project simulation, of the mass energy distribution in the Universe,
exemplifies how the mass energy aggregates along the strongest fields. Since this
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arrangement in space has no name and given that my work suggests gravity to be
propagational, in addition to the electromagnetic fields that are generated by the
flowing plasma, I have for convenience, called the mass energy distribution in the
universe, “The Electro-Gravimetric Net”.

Fig 5

Babic’s Electro-Gravimetric Net

The bright areas are galaxies

The extremely complex and poorly understood arrangement of the nuclear

components must never the less be reflected in the position of the charged particles
embodied in the positive and negative entities, specifying the fundamental
characteristics of the baryons

None of the currently modelled subatomic physical constructs has been proven
experimentally so, much of what is currently being worked on is speculative or a
response to mathematical modelling. Mathematicians see the subatomic world in
difficult to grasp models. To give an example: Quote: And every physical change of a
charged particle constitutes a modulation imposed upon its virtual photonic activity
creating its electromagnetic field. These modulations are simply coherently collected
to breach the threshold of the virtual (third) orthoframe, passing into the second
orthoframe, then breaching the threshold of that frame, and passing into the first
orthoframe, which is the frame of the electromagnetic field. The electric field is
coupled by the dual closure mechanism to the gravitational field, and also to the mass.
The entire mechanism constitutes the coupling of the virtual state reality to observable
state reality, and the electromagnetic field plays a prominent part in this coupling. End
of Quote.

For none mathematically skilled trying to understand the nature of the fields generated
by a plasma particle as it traverses space can be more easily understood by working
with the energy fluctuations as the charged entity spins about some axis. For example,
a mathematical treatise describing the electrons in wave mechanical terms is said to
give better representation of the entity. This way of describing an electron provides a
better way for the mathematicians and physicists to understand the electron but wave
mechanics distance enthusiasts who can’t grasp the mathematical concepts but have to
think of an electron in terms of a spinning mass.

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When the electron moves about in space time the wave mechanics describe well its
behaviour and this applies particularly accurately in simple atomic constructs.
But a plasma particle as it moves generates a field. It is the nature of this field
induction that is of particular interest because all moving plasma particles generate
fields as they traverse space. Any charged region establishes a regular field
conformation as it moves about some given point and it is the magnitude of the energy
of the field that presents itself at any given instant that demonstrates the maximum
and minimum energy levels represented by the sinusoidal characteristic. The
sinusoidal maximum and minimum energy distribution on a time axis is well
represented by the sinusoidal wave distribution of energy and that is why wave
mechanics represent so well, the behaviour of an electron in mathematical terms.

To further develop this aspect of the discussion, a field has a maximum and a
minimum energy value and as the plasma particle spins and moves along a given axis
there is a time when there is an alignment of the field that present its minimum energy
value. The particle continues to spin and an instant later presents the field at its
maximum strength and as it continues to spin it again presents the minimum field
strength. The entity continues to spin to the opposite characteristic of the field
dynamic in the spin cycle.

The energy fluctuations from minimum field strength to maximum, and againt to the
minimum strength value in this half cycle describes what can be termed as the
“positive” phase of the sinusoidal wave motion. As the particle continues traversing
space-time along the given axis spinning as it progresses the minimum energy
presentation is the start of the “negative” phase of the sinusoidal wave and as the
spinning continues to present the maximum field strength it reaches the through of the
sinusoidal wave to again drop off in energy levels as the plasma particle continues to
spin on in its path along the axis. The negative aspect of the field presented here
represents field lines going in the opposite direction to the field of the positive phase
of this spin.

The variance in field strength as the particle rotates describes the sinusoidal wave so
useful to the mathematicians and this is suggested to be the reason why wave
mechanics are so useful in describing the electron. There is any number of plasma
particles that would usefully be quantified by such wave mechanical treatment
provided they spin as they move through space.

This phenomenon of electrical charge exchange may explain why electrons resonate
within the potential energy bands of the principal potential energy levels and why an
electron’s position can never be precisely pin pointed. If the postulated electric charge
is moving from say neutron to the proton, there must be a change in bond formation
between the positive baryon and the electron. That too, will reflect on the electron
position in space. Extremely complex, highly dynamic electrical field flux exists
which no currently available scientific methodology can accurately pin point.

How is it that the charged particles ie the positron and the electron, do not collapse
into each other given that their charges are attracted? Well, the puzzle relates to some
already well established evidence for the non-compatibility of fundamental particles
ie the fundamental entities relating to the positron and the electron are proposed to be
irreconcilable under any condition in the universe.

7
An unexpected phenomenon is seen when an electron is fired directly at the proton.
The electron in all cases, veers away from the positively charged proton as it
approaches the nuclear volume. This is thought to be due to the incompatibility of the
electric and magnetic forces exerted by fundamental constructs. Only when enough
energy is used to accelerate the electron towards the proton does the electron penetrate
the forces encasing the nucleus, to interact with the proton and change it into a
neutron. See Fig 5.

Accelerating an electron
towards the positively charged proton
results in the electron being deflected

Only when enough energy is provided

does the negatively charged electron
P penetrate the strong nuclear field
to interact and form a neutron

Fig 6

The repulsion seen at the nuclear boundary is also seen when the matter antimatter
reaction occurs. In this case the electromagnetic forces are stronger than the repulsive
forces that seem to exist in all fundamental entities and the matter antimatter particles
are brought into close enough proximity to allow a reaction which annihilates the
mass of the two entities and transforms the particles into pure energy, in the simplest
terms, two gamma rays.

The resultant observation is that the two gamma rays are seen to escape the reactive
space. in directly the opposite directions. This is taken to mean that the gamma rays
are repulsed and move in opposite directions to roughly traverse space along the180
degree line.

The new construct of n-electron, positron and the rest of the baryon composition does
not emit an energy burst seen in the matter antimatter annihilation. The
electron/positron interaction does not occur and the two entities remain separate in the
neutron, presumably, occupying some potential energy level within the baryon,
resonating about that potential energy level which is contained by the baryonic field.

Many mathematical treatments of sub atomic structure exist and it is extremely

difficult to make sense of the mathematics in terms of ordinary language but here
quoted, is a translation that is for most part graspable.

Electric Fields.

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Quote: According to the present theory of physics, the electric field is due to the
continual emission and reabsorption of virtual photons. Let us examine that concept
just a little further, because there are some interesting conclusions we can make if we
are not afraid to take the final conceptual step to the bottom line implications.

First, each ordinary (observable) photon in the universe consists of a little piece
(quantum) of nonobservable action. The units of action are energy times time,
or MVIT (mass x length x length/time). The quantum of action in the photon is not
separated into a separate piece of time and a separate piece of energy. And also, the
quantum of action is a fixed, constant size or magnitude, given by Planck's
constant h as h = 6. 626 x 10` Joule-second

All this says is that an ordinary photon has a certain size that is quite fixed, and it is
made of the substance "action" which is totally non perceivable and non-observable.
Only changes in action are perceivable, observable, or detectable, never fundamental
action itself. So physics already prescribes a universe made out of action, and that
universe has no length, no time, no energy, no space, no concrete existence. Yet from
it can be taken - by differentiation (which is simply separation) - any length, any time,
any energy.

However, only a single quantum at a time changes or is separated. Quanta do not

superpose. A single quantum can be split or fissioned into, say, a piece of energy and a
piece of time.

We can get as large or as small a piece of energy (i.e., change in energy) as we wish
simply by adjusting the piece of time accordingly. The same type of separation is
possible for momentum and length. The fragments of the action quantum (say, a piece
of energy and a piece of time) must then be stuck back together again (i.e., fused back
into an action quantum) to get rid of them, and this particular part of the process has
essentially been ignored by physicists. Anyhow, getting rid of the fragments (which
gave us a piece of comparative physical change - energy versus time or
momentum versus length) causes the just-completed physical change to vanish.

So at its most fundamental level, the entire universe is continually being created and
then destroyed in sequence. The continual creation of a tiny piece of time and then the
destruction of the piece of time makes us experience reality or change as if we were a
pointer moving along a time line.

We cannot see time because it is continually being destroyed by the change process,
the very process of physical detection or observation itself.

Now if we invoke another kind of change, a virtual change, such that its size is always
smaller than the actual quantum's size, then this kind of change cannot be detected,
even theoretically. The concept of a virtual change is one such that the quantity of
action that was changed was deliberately made smaller than the size required to throw
the switch of detectable or observable change.

So if we have a virtual photon, it is simply a piece of action whose magnitude is

always less than h. Here again, we can still get any amount of energy change we
desire, merely by adjusting the size of the piece of time associated with that energy.
This then means that the virtual photon is not big enough to breach the threshold of
quantum change, and so cannot be observed or detected.
9
And here is the interesting bottom line ignored by most physicists and almost all the
pragmatic scientists who run the orthodox establishments. The totally unobservable,
undetectable virtual photons being emitted and absorbed are conceived as creating the
electric field at the same time as observable physical change (ordinary quantum
change) occurs. And the electric field, of course, can cause or induce change of
sufficient magnitude to breach the quantum threshold and result in observable change.

The bottom line is this: the virtual state can be collated and collected to sufficient
magnitude to breach the quantum threshold and induce ordinary observable physical
change. The electromagnetic field already does precisely this!

And if reality can behave this way, as the physicists show, then let us simply accept
that and apply it!

Note that we have now resolved the problem of negative time. The fusion process
replaces the little positive piece of time that was formed in the fission process. A
continual stream of such replacements constitutes a continual stream of sub- tractions
of positive time. Hence this represents a negative time operational channel.

Many of the equations of physics, e.g., Maxwell's equations of the electromagnetic

field, should be reexamined with a view to this negative time operation. Dirac
calculated such an entity, an electron traveling backwards in time, and noted that it
would appear as a positively charged electron traveling forward in time. He thus
predicted the positron which was later found in laboratory experiments. But of even
more fundamental importance is that every piece of charged matter in the universe has
such an opposite twin - the well known antimatter concept. So anti-matter protons,
neutrons, molecules, and physical structures exist. Indeed, this physical reality that we
normally perceive has its antimatter twin which we are also unraveling backwards as
we go.

But here again the bottom line is far reaching: it means that we can coherently collect
the virtual state to produce matter or its anti- matter, which after all are nothing but
macroscopic assemblages of quantum changes, and we can thus get free energy,
materialization and dematerialization, teleportation, and antigravity by means of
special modifications and developments of electromagnetic circuits.

Each photon carries a small piece of time. And the entire virtual state reality is
hanging onto that small piece of time as a modulation. That is where the probabilities
are riding, in terms of the ordinary monocular interpretation of quantum mechanics,
all of these probabilities, and all possibilities, are concretely real and occupy
orthogonal universes. Since they all share the same single time dimension, there is a
time bridge or time channel connecting the universes. Each move or change in one of
them crosstalks a tiny bit into each of the others. Since it is the photon which carries
them, then each photon contains all possibilities and virtual states modulated upon
itself.

Photon interaction thus involves the communication of these possibilities and virtual
states to the object with which the interaction occurs. End of Quote.

It follows therefore that the quanta of energy that is fixed in size is non perceivable,
non observable but is a piece of action in space time. It is not the action but the
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change of action that is the detectable phenomenon. This perturbation in space time is
a non superimposible phenomenon but is a fundamental entity, on which the entire
universe is structured. It is the characteristics of this unit of energy that is the bases of
all we observe in the universe and the fields it generates as it moves through space
time, are the critical components of aggregated mass. The spins of the photon occurs
in at least four spatial dimensions, generating properties which when aggregated in
subatomic particles, manifest the characteristics of the sub atomic fields that hold the
energy within the nuclear construct.

The fields holding the subatomic particles within the nuclear envelope is the object of
the study in this discussion because it is the nature of this containment and its
characteristics that needs to be understood. The disassembly of aggregated subatomic
masses to release energy from nucleons will depend on science finding a way to
overcome or weaken the fields containing the subatomic particles in their construct.

The answer may already be staring us in the face because when matter antimatter
particulates interact it is observed that a huge amount of energy is released from such
interaction and the end product is basically, the release of two gamma rays. See Fig 6.
Interestingly, these released units of energy are observed to escape the collision
environment in directly the opposite directions, at extreme velocity.

Photon from matter
(Irreconcilable with
antimatter photon
under any conditions
in the univers e)
Matter-Antimatter interact
to annihilate each other
and release a gamma ray each
Photon from antimatter
(mir or image
of that from matter)
Electromagnetic burst
of energy released

Fig 7

The explanation for this observation may lie in the way these fundamental particulates
are constructed and it may be the geometry of the electromagnetic vectors that is the
crucial elementary factor preventing the universe from destroying itself.

11
 Fig 8

A graphical representation is put forward for discussion, as an example of how the

electric and magnetic components of the energy time perturbations are assembled to
make then totally irreconcilable, under any conditions in the universe. Even when
photons are engulfed in the black hole environment, it is the structural difference that
prevents them from destroying each other. See Fig 8, a graphical model demonstrating
a mirror image construct which demonstrates an example of irreconcilable electric and
magnetic vectors, preferably, when the photon is structured in a closed loop
arrangement.

The closed loop construct of the fundamental energy entity the photon is very
attractive but there is a huge problem with this model because in a closed loop the
perturbation should demonstrate a dipole which has to date never been detected. For
example the recently scientifically confirmed mirror image nature of matter antimatter
elements provides a clear way forward when discussing how such elemental
particulates are able to aggregate mass within their field parameters and how the
positive and negative charges being more powerful than the repulsive forces of the
generated fields, interact to release energy during the matter antimatter annihilations.

What is causing the problem is the forces at play when closed loop arrangements are
considered, namely the electromagnetic fields forced into a closed loop arrangement.
When the open ended energy waves generally used to represent photons are forced
into a closed loop arrangement the fields within the loop are forced into close
proximity to act on each other and therefore the available energy constricts the filed
into a small volume within the loop whereas the energy fields on the outer periphery
expand to occupy a much larger volume. This lob sided field configuration means that
there is a strong field and a weak field region in the construct of the closed looped

12
perturbation. That would provide dipole properties. None have ever been detected but
see Fig 8A and Fig 8B.

The toroidal configuration makes sense because as the energy entity spins the electric
and the magnetic vectors should induce a toroidal state which should be independent
of the forces at play as the particle spins in space. Exiting discoveries are awaited
from research on these fundamental particulates

Fig 8B
Proposed field distortion in the closed loop system
manifesting a strong and weak field dipoles

The mechanism by which energy is compacted into atoms, out there in the vastness of
the universe, is one of brute force and trying to make atoms here on earth has been
achieved in fusion experiments. The energy costs of forcing two atoms of hydrogen to
combine into one atom of helium is very considerable.

2
D1 + 3
T1 → 4
He2 + 1
n0 + 17.2MeV↑

13
In the quest for limitless energy, a viable way of releasing energy trapped in atoms
needs to be identified and one way of doing this is to weaken the fields encasing
energy within sub atomic particles.

For a better understanding of the fields that encase nuclear contents, it will be useful
to consider the makeup of subatomic particles and their relationships, as they are
thought at university physics classes. As a basic introduction to the contents of nuclear
baryons it is useful to understand that not all elements in the subatomic structure have
as yet been identified nor are the functions and components of sub atomic particles
clearly understood but for example, a proton is said to be made up of 3 quarks, two
are said to be up and the other one down. In the Neutron, there are also 3 quarks, two
of which are down and the other one is up. The up, down classification, simply refers
to energy levels which these entities manifest.

To put this graphically:

The force “ ” that holds the quarks within the baryon volume is said to be the
“Gluon”.

Fig 9 Fig 10

The above apparently minor difference between the proton and the neutron, of having
quarks in the up or down position, is crucial to the make up of atoms. For example, no
complex atom can exist without neutrons because these baryons stabilise the
positively charged protons. It is thought that this stabilisation mechanism involves the
n-electron that is contained by the neutron, traversing across to the proton, to convert
it to a neutron.

The original baryon that has donated the n-electron becomes a proton so that there is a
constant exchange of n-electrons that holds the nuclear baryons within the nucleus.
The position of the n-electron determines the energy level of quarks which adopt an
up or down position within the fermions (mass carrying entities). In its simplest form,
the movement of the n-electron can be summarised with equations:

no → p+ + e- + Ve-
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In electron capture by the proton:

p+ + e- → no + Ve
p = proton, n = neutron, e- electron, Ve = neutrino, Ve- = antineutrino

In the first equation the n-electron moves from the neutron to the receiving quark, the
proton, the quark capturing the n-electron becomes more energetic and flips to the
down position and the baryon become a neutron. This simple gain of an n-electron,
completely changes the nature and properties of this fermion. Presumably the electron
positioned above the nucleus in the principal quantum energy levels, which was
attached to that proton, must switch its attachment to the newly formed proton in the
nucleus. The complexity of this switching of bond formation with electrons in space
above the nucleus, makes it very difficult to grasp how the Bhor Model of electron
orbits functions and its usefulness needs to be upgraded.

The instantaneous n-electron exchange in the nucleus is hard to quantify and not only
because the exchange does not equate on energy terms. There is clearly much work to
be done on the sub-nuclear mechanics but the shift of the n-electron from one baryon
to another, provides a means for science to manipulate nuclear contents via
electrochemistry. The contents of the nucleus are held together by well understood
electron sharing dynamics well specified in chemistry .

No nucleus can remain stable if the neutron numbers are not balancing the repelling
characteristics resulting from the proton’s +ve charge. Neutrons play a vital role in
stabilising nuclear contents. The possibility of removing the n-electron from the
neutron and thus increasing the number of protons in relation to the number of
neutrons, would cause a field instability, that will result in fission of the nucleus. If
the ration of neutrons to protons is not close to the optimum, the nucleus is seen to
decay in one way or another and energy is released by restructuring towards the
optimum proton to neutron ratio.

Electrochemistry mechanisms would seem to provide a means to release enormous

amounts of energy, from any element in the Periodic Table.

The problem for science is that information that will allow science to provide answers
to the mechanisms by which the sub-nuclear construct is stabilised is only just
becoming available with date from the LHC. No doubt, as the next generation
machines become functional, the answers will emerge but the nature of the sub-
nuclear mechanics remains open to discussion. For example, other models of the sub-
nuclear exists and one such, which makes sense to me is the M.T.Cashe’s Model.

This Iranian nuclear physicist has put forward a new model of a subatomic composite
that is substantially more striking that the current models of nuclear makeup. The ups,
downs, pinks, yellows, greens, fat, thin, pretty, ugly nomenclature used for sub-atomic
components taught in the science curricula is confusing and so clumsy, that I have
avoided even trying to understand it.

Kashe’s model is wonderful. Instead of the up quarks, down quarks etc he uses
meaningful dynamic energy concept nomenclature that seems obvious and above all,
he incorporates dark matter into his sub baryonic aggregation. The basic concept

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Kashe has put forward is one where similar magnetic fields are entangled, to form an
“Integrated Dynamic Energy System”.

Similar magnetic fields forming an “Integrated Dynamic Energy System”.

We have seen earlier in this discussion that energy is forced into aggregated sub-
atomic constructs in high energy environments such as the super nova, relativistic jets,
suns etc to be compressed into a small volume, and aggregate into the “Initial
Fundamental Plasma Constructs” eg a Neutron. See pictures:

“Initial Fundamental Plasma Constructs

Kashe’s model is saying that for example the neutron is an aggregated dynamic
energy state that is composed of matter, antimatter and dark matter. This fits well with
the idea that dark matter is an endothermic basic energy construct that is used to make
up the energy content of the nuclear mass. And that fits very nicely with the concept
that the universe’s garbage disposal facility i.e. the black hole, attritions mass into fine
particles and somewhere in that environment pure energy is released and that energy
is recombined again into the “Initial Stable Entanglement” that needs further energy
to form quarks etc. Total recycling of mass energy occurs in the black hole
environment.

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Once it is learned how to release energy contained in sub baryonic components, there
will be available to humanity, limitless amounts of energy, so that explorers will be
able to travel the universe and use up any bit of rock to release baryonic energy to fuel
space ships. I also agree that once the baryonic construct is broken down to its
elements then there will be no dangerous radiation, emitted from nuclear reactions.
All released energy will be useable in the energy consumption reactors so that nothing
remains but pure depleted energy.

High energy content of mass would be processed in energy reactors to release energy
that is used to power various systems and changed into lower energy forms. Energy
can neither be created nor destroyed, but is simply modified by whatever process it
powers. This “depleted” energy is expelled back into space where it is eventually
changed back into the high energy state. Perfect form of recycling the Nikola Tesla
Zero Point Energy no doubt plays a part in.

Great days are ahead for humanity as we learn how to manipulate the energy stored in
the subatomic constructs.

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