International Journal of Applied

Mathematics & Statistical Sciences(IJAMSS)

ISSN: 2319-3972
Vol.1, Issue 2 Nov 2012 27-36
© IASET

TIME TO FAILURE AND RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF SERIES

SERIES PARALLEL COMPLEX
SYSTEMMODELS WITH REPAIR
1
SINGH, 2C.K.GOEL & 3BALJEETKOUR
DHANPAL SINGH
1
Assistant Professor in Mathematics, Keshavmahavidyalaya (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
2
Professor of Mathematics, Amity University,Noida (UP), India
3
Research Scholar,
ar, Department of Mathematics, CCS University, Meerut, India

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the authors deal with the reliability and time to failure of a complex system model. This complex
system contains two subsystem A and B, Where system Acontains N units in series and system B contains M units in
parallel. Failure of any one unit of A gives failure of subsystem A, hence the whole system fails but failure of one unit of
B does not fail the whole system. We have assumed 22-out-of-n-general policy for B. It iss assumed that all the failures
follow exponential time distribution whereas the repairs follow general time distribution.

KEYWORDS: Markovianprocess,, Supplementary Variable Technique, Laplace Transforms, Steady State Behavior,
Exponential Time Distribution

INTRODUCTION

In the present paper we study acomplex system modeland obtain various reliability characteristics which are of
interests to system designers and operation managers. We obtain these characteristics by using supplementary variable
techniques. In our system, we have taken a general model transit system under head of line repair policy. The system
contains two subsystems A and B. where system A contains N units in series and system B contains M units in parallel. By
virtue of arrangements of units
ts in the system, failure of any one unit of A results in the failure of the whole subsystem A
and thereby breaking down the whole system, whereas the failure of any one unit of B does not result in the failure of the
subsystem B and so the system continuee to function. We have assumed 2-out-of-n-general
2 general policy for B i.e. if any 2 units in
B fail then we find the degraded state and i9f more than 2 unit fail, it results in the failure of whole system. Hence system
will fail if either any 1 of the units in A fails or if 3 or more units of B fail. The repair carried out only when the system
breaks down and each repair makes the system as good as it was in original condition. All the failure time distributions are
taken to be negative exponential while the repair
repair time distributions are general. The transistor diagram of the system model
is shown in figure 1.1.

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Initially, all components of the system are good.

2. The reliability of each components of the system is known in advance. In one state ,only one change can take
place.

3. The state of each components of the system is either good or bad.

4. The state of all components is independent. The failure times of all components are Statistical independent.

5. After repair the system works as good as new.

28 Dhanpal Singh, C.K.Goel & Baljeetkour

NOTATIONS AND STATES OF THE SYSTEMS

PNm ( t ) PNm −1 ( t ) : Probability that the system is in working state at time t when m/m-1 units of sub
system B are in working state, respectively.

m−2
PN (t) : probability that the system is in degraded state at time t due to failure of 2 units of
subsystem B.

th
ui : failure rate of i unit of subsystem A.

th
Vj: failure rate of j unit of subsystem B.

N m m −1 m−2
U= ∑u i , V1 = ∑ Vj , V2= ∑ Vj , V3 = ∑ Vj
i =1 J =1 j =1 j =1

α i (x) : Repair rate of i

th
subsystem, h i : Human error rate of failure.

∑
j = 1
V j

P m
(z) P mN−1 ( z )
N

h1 Ch (z)
h2
N

∑
N
ui PH(z,t) ∑u i

i =1
ai ( x) i =1

P im (x, z) P im−1 ( y, z ) m
b1 ( y ) ∑
j = 1
V j

h3
b2 ( y )

P im−2 ( y, z) N
P m −2
N (t )
B

∑u
i =1
i A
''
''
M

∑
j = 1
V j
'' '' '' '' . . . ''
N Units ''
b3 ( y )
m−3
P N (y, z) M Units

Figure 1.0: Transition Diagram

MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF THE MODEL

Simple probabilistic considerations and limiting procedure yields the following set of difference-differential
equations for the stochastic process which is continuous in time and discrete in space.
Time to Failure and Reliability Analysis of Series Parallel Complex Systemmodels with Repair 29

Basic Equations

N ∞ ∞ ∞
 d 
 dz + u + v 1 + h 1  PN (z) =
m
∑ ∫ Pi (x,z)a i (x)dx +
i =1 0
m m −3
∫0 PN (y,z)b 3 (y)dy + ∫0 PN (z, t)c h (z)dz
. (1)
.

 d  m −1 ……………………………. (2)
 d z + u + v 2 + h 2  P N ( z ) = v 1 P N ( z )
m

 ∂ ∂  m ……………………………. (3)
 ∂ x + ∂ z + a i ( x )  p i ( x , z ) = 0

 ∂ ∂  m −1 …………………………… .(4)
 ∂y + ∂z + b1 ( y )  p i ( y , z ) = 0
 

 d  P m − 2 (z) = 2PNm −1 (z)

 d z + u + v 3 + h 3  N
………………………… (5)

 ∂ ∂  m−2
 ∂ y + ∂ z + b 2 ( y )  Pi (y, z) = 0 ……………………………… (6)
 
 ∂ ∂  m −3 ……………………………… (7)
 ∂ y + ∂ z + b 3 ( y )  PN ( y , z ) = 0
 

 ∂ ∂ 
 ∂ z + ∂ z + c n ( z )  P H ( z , z ) = 0
……………………………… (8)

Boundary Conditions
∞ ∞
m −1 m −2
P m (0 , z ) = u P m ( z ) +
i N ∫ Pi ( y , z ) b 1 ( y )d y +
0
∫P
0
i ( y , z ) b 2 ( y )d y ……. (9)

P im − 1 ( 0 , z ) = u P Nm − 1 ( z ) ……. (10)

P im − 2 ( 0 , z ) = u P Nm − 2 ( z ) …… (11)

P im − 3 ( 0 , z ) = v 3 P Nm − 2 ( z ) ……. (12)

PN (0, z) = h1PNm (z) + h 2 PNm−1 (z) + h 3 PNm−2 (z) ……… (13)

Initial Condition: It is assumed that the system initially starts from

P Nm ( 0 ) = 1 ,otherwise zero. ……. (14)

SOLUTION OF THE MODEL

Taking Laplace Transform of the equations (1) through (13) and then, on solving them subjected to (14), we obtain:
N ∞ ∞
[s + u + v 1 + h 1 ]P N (s ) = 1 + ∑∫
m m m −3

i =1
0
P i ( x , s )a i ( x )d x + ∫ 0
P N ( y, s)b 3 ( y )dy
∞
+ ∫ P N ( z , s )c h ( z )d z ……. (15)
0

m −1
[s + u + v 2 + h 2 ] P N
m
(s) = v1 P N (s) …… (16)
30 Dhanpal Singh, C.K.Goel & Baljeetkour

 ∂  m
 ∂ x + s + a i (x )  P i (x, s) = 0
……. (17)

 ∂  m −1
 ∂ y + s + b1 ( y )  P ( y, s) = 0 ……. (18)
i
 

[s + u + v3 + h3 ] P mN−2(s) = v2 P mN−1(s) …… (19)

 ∂  m −2
 ∂y + s + b 2 ( y) P ( y,s) = 0 ……. (20)
i
 

 ∂  m −3
 ∂y + s + b 3 ( y)  P (y,s) = 0 ……. (21)
i
 

 ∂ 
 ∂ z + s + c h ( z )  P (z, s) = 0 ……. (22)
N

∞ ∞
m −1 m−2
P im (0,s) = u P mN (s) + ∫ 0
P i ( ∂ ,s)b 1 (y)dy + ∫ 0
P i ( ∂ ,s)b 2 (y)dy …… (23)

m −1 m −1
P i (0, s) = u P N (s ) ……. (24)

m −2 m −2
P i (0,s) = u P N (s ) ……. (25)

m −3 m −2
P i (0, s) = v 3 P N (s ) ……. (26)

PH (0,s) = h1 P mN (s) + h 2 P mN−1(s) + h 3 P mN −2 (s) …….(27)

Now from equations (16) &(18-22) we get

m −1 v 1 P mN ( s ) ……. (28)
P (s ) =
s + u + v2 + h2
N

m −1 u v 1 P mN (s ) …… (29)
P (s ) = D 1 (s )
s + u + v2 + h2
i

m −2 v 1 v 2 P mN ( s ) …… (30)
P (s ) =
(s + u + v 2 + h 2 )(s + u + v 3 + h 3 )
N

m −2 u v 1 v 2 P mN (s)
P (s) = D 2 (s) ……. (31)
(s + u + v 2 + h 2 )(s + u + v 3 + h 3 )
N

m −3 v 1 v 2 v 3 P mN (s ) …… (32)
P (s ) = D 3 (s )
(s + u + v 2 + h 2 ) (s + u + v 3 + h 3 )
N

 v1  h3v2 
P N (s) = P mN (s)  h 1 + h 2 +   D h (s) (33)
 s + u + v2 + h2  s + u + v3 + h 3 

Also from equation (17), we get

Time to Failure and Reliability Analysis of Series Parallel Complex Systemmodels with Repair 31

 v1  v 2 S 2 (s) 
P im (s) = u P mN (s) 1 +  S1 (s) +   D i (s)
...... (34)
 s + u + v2 + h2  s + u + v 3 + h 3  

1
Finally, P m
N (s ) = ……. (35)
A (s )

where

 v1 v 2 S2 (s) 
A (s) = s + u + v1 + h 1 − u 1 + {S1 (s) + ……. (35a)
 s + u + v2 + h 2 s + u + v 3 + h 3 

v1v 2 v3 S3 (s)  v1  h 2 v2 
Si (s) −  h1 + h 2 +  Sh (s) …. (36)
(s + u + v 2 + h 2 ) (s + u + v3 + h 3 )  s + u + v2 + h 2  s + u + v3 + h 3  

Now, Let

v1 v2
B(s) = & C (s) = Then
(s + u + v 2 + h 2 ) (s + u + v 3 + h 3 )

Finally, we may obtain

1
P m
N (s ) = …… (37)
A (s )

m −1 B (s )
P N (s ) = ……. (38)
A (s )

m −1 u B (s)
P i (s) = D 1 (s ) …… (39)
A (s )

m−2 B (s ) C (s )
P N (s ) = …… (40)
A (s )

m −2 u B (s ) C (s ) ……. (41)
P i (s ) = D 2 (s )
A (s )

m −3 v 3 B (s )C (s)
P N (s) = D 3 (s ) …… (42)
A (s )

1
P H (s ) =  h 1 + B (s ) {h 2 + h 3 C (s ) } D h (s ) …… (43)
A (s ) 

P im (s ) =
u 
A (s ) 
{  }
1 + B (s) S 1 (s ) + S 2 (s )C (s )  D i (s ) …… .(44)

Where

A (s ) = s + u + v1 + h 1 − u
 { }
1 + B ( s ) S 1 ( s ) + S 2 ( s ) C ( s ) 


Si (s) − v3B(s)C(s)S3 (s) − h1 + B(s){h 2 + h 3C(s)} Sh (s) ……. (45)

32 Dhanpal Singh, C.K.Goel & Baljeetkour

SOME PARTICULAR CASES

µ i for
Now if we consider the situation where repair follows exponential time distribution , then putting S i (s) =
s + µi
all i and s in equations (37) gives.

1
P mN (s ) = ……. (46)
E (s )

m −1 B (s )
P N (s ) = …… (47)
E (s )

m −1 u B (s ) 1
P (s ) = . …… (48)
E (s ) s + b 1
i

B(s).C(s)
P mN − 2 (s) = ……. (49)
E(s)

m−2 uB (s)C (s) 1

P (s) = . …… (50)
s + b2
i
E (s)

m −3 u 3 B(s)C (s) 1
P (s) = . ……. (51)
s + b3
N
E (s)

1 1
P N (s) =  h 1 + B(s) {h 2 + h 3 C (s)} ……. (52)
E (s) s + Ch

u   b1 b c (s )   1
P m
(s ) = 1 + B (s )  + 2  ……. (53)
 s + b1 s + b 2   s + ai
i
E (s ) 

Where

  b1 b c (s )   a i b3
E (s ) = s + u + v 1 + h 1 − u 1 + B (s )  + 2  − v 3 B (s ) c (s )
  s + b1 s + b2  s + ai s + b3
ch
 h1 + B(s) {h 2 + h 3 c(s)} ……. (54)
s + ch
ERGODIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE SYSTEMS
By making use of Abel’s Lemma lim P (s ) = lim P ( t ) = P (say)(Provided the limit on right exists) , we have the
S→ 0 t→ ∞

following time independent state probabilities from equations (37) through (44).

1 ……. (55)
P m
=
A ′( 0 )
N

m −1 1 v1
P = . ……. (56)
A ′( 0 ) u + v2 + h2
N
Time to Failure and Reliability Analysis of Series Parallel Complex Systemmodels with Repair 33

m −1 u v1
P = . .m 1 ……. (57)
i
′
A (0) u + v2 + h2

m −2 1 v1 v 2
P = . …… (58)
A ′(0) (u + v 2 + h 2 )(u + v 2 + h 3 )
N

u v1 v 2
P im − 2 = . m2 ……. (59)
A ′(0) (u + v 2 + h 2 )(u + v 2 + h 3 )

1 v1 v 2 v 3
P mN − 3 = . m3 …… (60)
A ′(0) (u + v 2 + h 2 )(u + v 3 + h 3 )

1  v1  v 2h 3 
PN = h1 + h 2 +  m h ……. (61)
A ′(0 )  u + v2 + h2  u + v3 + h3 

u  v1  v2 
P m
= 1 + 1 +  m i ……. (62)
A ′(0)  u + v2 + h 2  u + v3 + h 3 
i

d 
where A ′(0) =  A (s)  & m k = − S ′ k (0 ) ∀ k = 1 , 2 , 3 , h , i
 ds  s=0
ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTICS

(A) The reliability of the system R(t) in terms of its Laplace transformation is

R (s ) = L.T[R ( t )]

This can be obtained by assuming the failed states as absorbing i.e. repair rate to be zero.

1
R (s) = P mN (s) + P m −1
N (s) + P m −2
N (s) = [1 + B (s) + B (s).C (s) ] …… (63)
E (s)
on taking inverse Laplace Transform, one may get reliability of the system.

 v1 
R ( t) = 1 + + v1v 2 D  Exp.{− (h 1 + v 1 + u )z }
 h 2 + v 2 − h 1 − v1 

 v1 
+  v1v 2 E + Exp.{− (h 2 + v 2 + u )z}
 h 2 + v 2 − h 1 − u 1 

+v1v2F Exp.{−(h3 + v3 + u)z} …… (64)

Where

1
D = …… (65)
( h 2 + v 2 − h 1 − v 1 )( h 3 + v 3 − h 1 − v 1 )

1
E = − …… (66)
(h 2 + v 2 − h 1 − v 1 )(h 3 + v 3 − h 2 − v 2 )
34 Dhanpal Singh, C.K.Goel & Baljeetkour

and

1
F = …… (67)
(h 3 + v 3 − h 1 − v 1 )(h 3 + v 3 − h 2 − v 2 )
(B) The mean time to system failure is

MTSF = lim R(s)

S→0

MTSF = 1 + v1 
+ v1v 2 D 
1
 h 2 + u 2 − h 1 − v1
  u + h 1 + v1

 v1  1 v1 v 2 F
+  v 2 v1 E +  + …… (68)
 h 2 + v 2 − h 1 − v1  u + h 2 + v 2 u + h3 + v3

Where D, E and F are mentioned in earlier equations. (65), (66) and (67) respectively.

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION
Let us consider the following values depending upon the significance of the components as h1 =
0.01,h2=0.03,h3=0.05,v1=0.002,v2=0.004, v3 = 0.006, u = 0.05 and t = 0, 1, 2, 3…..then we get

1
D = = 1033.05785
(0.022)(0.044)

1
E = = − 2 0 6 6 .1 1 5 7 0 2 4
(0 .0 2 2 )(0 .0 2 2 )

1
and F = = 10 33 .0 57 85
(0 .04 4 )(0 .02 2)
Using these values in relation (64) and (63) we get

R(t) =(1.0991735)e-0.062t + (−0.10743801)e−0.084t + (0.0082644)e−0.106t …. …… (69)

The mean time to system failure with respect to u (failure rate of units of components of the system) is

M T S F = lim R * (S)
s→ 0

1 1
∴ M T S F = (1 .0 9 9 1 7 3 5). + ( − 0 .1 0 7 4 3 8 0 1).
u + h 1 + v1 u + h 2 + v2

1
+ (0 .0 0 8 2 6 4 4 )
u + h1 + v 2

1.00991735 0.10743801 0.0082644

= − + …… (70)
0.012 + u 0.034 + u 0.056 + u
Now for t = 0,1, 2, 3….. in equation (69), the reliability is shown in Figure 2.0
Time to Failure and Reliability Analysis of Series Parallel Complex Systemmodels with Repair 35

1.2

1
R(t) 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
t →20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Figure 2.0
Now for u = 0, 1, 2, …..in Equation (70). The MTSF is shown in figure 3.0

1
0.8
MTSF

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 MTSF
u→ 14 16 18 20

Figure 3.0

CONCLUSIONS
tion of R(t) as shown in figure 2.0,It is concluded that as time increases the reliability(R(t))
From the graph illustration
of the system decreases rapidly and from the figure 3.0.
3.0

It is concluded that as the failure rate(u) increases,the value of MTSF decreases very smoothly and profit
decreases whereas the values of u increases. So increment of any failure rate gives the smoothly decrement in the value of
MTSF and profit function.
36 Dhanpal Singh, C.K.Goel & Baljeetkour

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Microelectron. Reliab., 36, 279-282.
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3. Chung, W.K. (1991) : “Reliability analysis of a series system with repair”, Microelectron. Reliab., 31, 363-365.
4. Dhanpal Singh,C.K. Goel and Ram Kishan, “Stochastic analysis of a two non- identical unit cold standby system
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