1-1

0T1

MT. R,

fl

Eliz-abeth-l' Rb. C. i'Jarcjues a-,nd jarmee Hi. -William 5 Jr.

GRANT NITAG3-328o DECEMBER11 1986

199112

097

NASA Contractor Report 4034

Ultrasonic Determination of the Elastic Constants of the Stiffness Matrix for Unidirectional Fiberglass Epoxy Composites

Elizabeth R. C. Marques and James H. Williams, Jr. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts
Accesion For NTIS CRA&I

DTIC

TAB

0
El

Unannounced Justification Prepared for

Lewis Research 'Distribution

Center under Grant NAG3-328

.............. By ...... .........

Availability Codes Avail and/or Dist Special

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1986

NASA

A-)

, i

SUMMARY The composite elastic are constants of a fiberglass epoxy determined by measuring the phase unidirectional velocities of

longitudinal

and shear stress waves

.

via the through transmission into the composite

ultrasonic technique

The waves introduced

specimens were generated by piezoceramic lengths and the

transducers.

Geometric

times required to travel those lengths were used The model of the transversely to relate the velocities and

to calculate the phase velocities. isotropic medium was adopted

elastic constants.

iii

INTRODUCTION Filamentary modern aircraft, composites spacecraft, have proved their usefulness in

land and water vehicles,

and many

other structural applications. One their of the special characteristics of these elastic change essential performance. behavior, that is, materials their is

anisotropic which is of

elastic of and such for

properties properties evaluation represented conventional

with orientation. both for optimal

Knowledge design are

Elastic

properties

usually by

by a set of

constants which can be measurements in in

determined

stress-strain

different

loading

configurations (as,

for instance,

standard tensile tests) or

by ultrasonic methods. Ultrasonic technique waves in in a testing is a nondestructive evaluation of (NDE) stress

which the

propagation characteristics . The to such the wave

material are determined may then be related

transmission as the

characteristics elastic

factors

properties methods

of the material or have been

presence of used for

flaws. the

Ultrasonic

extensively

determination of velocities of stress waves,

the stiffness matrix, presence [1-6]. as they One are of of fiber voids, fraction,

elastic constants of
degree of and of fiber damping

orientation, parameters methods, suitability The values of

and attenuation advantages

the main

ultrasonic is . their

essentially of "in

nondestructive, service"

for the evaluation

components

purpose of this work is the

to establish the waves of

experimental a specific

velocities of ultrasonic
1

composite continuous the values

laminate and of

of fiberglass

epoxy

in

which the fibers velocities, matrix both for of

are

unidirectional. elastic Such constants parameters standards for

From the measured of the stiffness used

are

determined. purposes performance or

can

then be the NDE

design the

as

evaluation

of components.

TRANSVERSELY In

ISOTROPIC COMPOSITE composite materials, the presence of a

filamentary

distinctive Unidirectional cylindrical material.

fiber orientation gives rise to elastic fiber composites consist of a in

anisotropy. set of

parallel

fibers embedded If the

an otherwise homogeneous materials are

matrix the

constituent

isotropic,

resulting composite

will be classified as transversely isotropic,

or hexagonally symmetric. A prepreg form a transversely isotropic material can be formed from

sheets of continuous unidirectional is shown in

parallel fibers that are

layered to of this

composite Fig.1.

[7].

schematic

configuration model is in

When the transversely isotropic

adopted,

the fibers are assumed to be randomly arranged

the xy plane. To characterize materials, [8] the five mechanical behavior independent elastic of transversely constants are

isotropic required

BASIC PRINCIPLES The isotropic velocities through the elastic properties are of a filamentary by measuring waves transversely the phase

composite of

evaluated

longitudinal and material

shear plane with

propagating to the

at various angles

respect

fiber direction. Depending on the direction the propagating wave, cosines chosen for the normal of elastic equations [9]. For

the equations yielding the five can be obtained. These

constants in have been a cartesian with the

terms of velocities

derived for transversely coordinate system x,

isotropic materials y and z in which z

coincides material, stiffness 1. The

the fiber direction in relations and between

the transversely isotropic constants summarized of in the Table

the elastic

matrix

phase of waves

velocities are in any by its

propagation of a wave is the x, y,

direction or polarization direction direction (for example cosines with respect to defines for the x which SH ; x-z

represented

and z directions

(1,0,0)

direction). propagation denotes and SV

P denotes an imposed longitudinal wave, and polarization directions are

coincident; in the y axis in the

an imposed shear wave with polarization

denotes imposed shear wave with polarizaton

plane. The constants C11, direct measurement in the of C33, the C44 and C66 can be determined of appropriate x,y and for z. a by

velocities directions be

waves The wave x

propagating remaining propagating

principal C
,

constant,

can

determined

along an intermediate

direction

between the axes

and

(Table

1 shows the equations

for

some

intermediate z axis.) C66 as

directions, The as

defined by their angles with respect to the C12 can be calculated from C and

constant C

=C 2C 12 11- 2C6 6 The model adopted describes the composite as homogeneous, density is assumed to be constant. The model is valid

so for the

the

stress waves having wavelengths that are large compared with thickness shown of the prepreg sheets. waves have can be Previous studies [10,111 by reflection if

have the the be

that

scattered

wavelengths lamina present or in

dimensions comparable to the thickness of Effects of dispersion be a may

the fiber diamater. such cases,

and a better model ought

layered

medium model instead of the homogeneous model. For elastic the homogeneous model, the correspondence between the of

constants of the stiffness matrix and the magnitudes shear moduli,

extensional moduli, in Table 2. For

and Poisson's ratios are shown

composites with symmetries other than

hexagonal, but in

the these

procedure of measuring velocities can also be used,

cases a different set and number of independent elastic constants must be determined axes (if . It would be possible by to determine the

symmetry

any ) of any specimen

making

sufficient

measurements. work and

This would involve a large amount of experimental some prior

analysis which could be greatly reduced if

information is

known about the symmetries of the material.

EXPERIMENTAL

PROCEDURES

Procedures and Equipment The technique measurement measurements were made by the through transmission the

using specimens of different lengths for each of directions. A schematic

of the measuring system is

shown

in

Fig.2 .

The system consisted of for generating model

a pulsed

oscillator a low (0.1

waves IV/ waves

(Arenberg model PG-652)

sinusoidal waves , broadband

frequency inductor (Aremberg

to 3.0 MHz) with Bar), with model that transducers flat (AET

LFT-500 ),two

model FC-500) of -85

for longitudinal dB (relative for shear to

approximately two

sensitivity (Panametrics
,

transducers

model V154)

nominal 455) ,

resonance of 2.25 MHz auxiliary attenuators

an oscilloscope
,

(Tektronix fixture

and a

pneumatic

provides constant pressure Couplants of

between transducers

and specimen

interfaces. interface shear tests The voltage signal

AET SC-6 and Panametrics and specimens for

SWC were used at longitudinal and

transducers

respectively. transmitting signal transducer is excited with a to onto tone peak); burst this

of amplitude

100 Volts (peak (assumed plane)

imposes a stress wave

the specimen. captured by

After travelling through the specimen, the receiving The through transducer and displayed measurements of

the signal is

on the oscilloscope. ultrasonic may be waves in by the many

velocity

transmission

configuration

affected interface the

parameters, the

including the transducer-specimen properties and thickness of

pressure, the

mechanical

couplant,

alignment

between

the

specimen

and

the

transducer,

the

nonparallelism of the faces of the specimen and the inherent time delay of the electrical system. To avoid these effects, the

following steps were taken: a) The specimen was very carefully centered on the face. b) all The the interface pressure was maintained at 4.2 Bar tests. This value is slightly above the during transducer

saturation

pressure c)

[5] and guaran.tees a stable output. within established tolerance

The specimens were machined

levels for parallelism between faces . d) To evaluate the velocity ,the time shift between the same A

individual cycle of the input and ouput signals was typical example of the input and ouput signals is A few leading cycles were not used because of In order system, If

measured.

shown in their

Fig.3.

transient the

nature.

to cancel the inherent time delay due to otherwise identical specimens the of

electrical

different

lengths were used.

time shifts for specimens of lengths

Li are t,, respectively,

the phase velocity v can be expressed as

L1)/(t2 t1)

Iv = (L2 -

The 0.28, range

tests

were conducted at different

input

frequencies: frequency of the

0.50

,1.0,
on on

1.5 the

and 2.0 MHz

The selected operation of

depended and

frequency range of

transducers measured.

the purpose of application

the

values

Specimens The
fiber

material used was 3M Scotchply 1002,

E ) in a 165 0 C in a (329 heated [12] Initially x 279.4 mm
.
0

continuous
matrix. (100

glass
The psi)

(type

F)

curing at

epoxy

composite according

was

cured

press The a

0.69 MN/im2 resin (I in) was ),

3M specifications

resulting mm

content thick fabricated. plate

was 36 percent by weight. with After were dimensions removing 355.6mm

25.4

(14in

xl2in) 10 mm The

the edges

(approximately diamond

the specimens positions of the (z)

cut from the plate with respect in Fig .4 to

with a

saw.

specimens are shown

the longitudinal

axis

of the plate

The
experience faces. sides. The

cross-sectional
[5,13], smaller

dimensions
than

were,

based
of the

on

previous

the diameter square with

transducers (0.5 in)

All

cross-sections

were

12.7 mm

length to

to

be

traversed (1.06in). original to the plate

by These

the waves, dimensions

ranged were

from

5mm (0.191n) by

29.6 mm of the respect

limited of the . final be

the geometry with

and the positions axis of

specimens Attention surfaces measured of

longitudinal

the plate of the

was given rather a than

to the to the for

degree

of parallelism , since the

dimensions

last The better

could

posteriori

the velocity the length)

calculations. was maintained

degree than

parallelism

(along (.O005in) the with 45 , 600,

.013 mm Since directions (00, 300,

on all

specimens. are to the at least to be measured in 5 different the (2 plate

velocities respect 900),

longitudinal 10

axis of specimens

specimens

per

direction) to

would be required to make all for possible errors and

the measurements variations in

. the

However, material,

allow

three

specimens of different lengths were used for each

of the directions.

RESULTS

The times thickness frequency shows used. in level in that of for

measured material

for

the waves found

to travel to be

through independent

certain of the

were

each of the is were

investigated

directions. in

This finding range

the material speeds and

nondispersive calculated

the frequency the

The wave

from

time measurements The confidence are shown

each direction,

the results is

were averaged. The results

of time measurements Table The 3. largest longitudinal in values waves, the xz in

95 percent.

for P

the velocities , followed and by

occurred the shear by the

for waves

the with

imposed polarization

plane,

SV,

finally SH. the

shear waves

with polarization For along media also the

the y direction, of comparison, were

purpose

values

of

velocities layered 3 shows and

the principal theory the [14]

directions and are also differences values.

also calculated in Table the 3.

from Table

shown

percentage theory

between

experimental

layered

media

From the experimental constants expressions 1850 results shown Poisson's measurements as the directions in kg/m3 for of in the Table stiffness 1.

values

of the were

velocities calculated for data stiffness elastic the [12].

the elastic using density The matrix moduli that the was final are and the (such

matrix The value

used

according the elastic 4

to manufacturer's constants of the

Table ratios

with the shown in

corresponding Table 5.

Observe

along

nonprincipal 300, 450 10 and

directions 60

of propagation with respect to z

are

supposed

to give values of velocities that of the same constant C13

can be used for (see Table 1).

the The for

calculation

apparently excessive

number of measurements ones (x,

was done because y and z),

directions other than the principal in that the time measurements

the error fact the

can be large.

This is

due to the

the directions of plane waves originally imposed onto are modified errors in by a deviation effect The final [15], value

material

possibly of the

introducing

measured times.

constant of C 13
450, In

was

obtained for

by

averaging the individual values the nonprincipal directions

calculated
600)

each of

(300,

measured. whenever the same elastic constant of the

general,

stiffness

matrix

could be calculated from

measurements

along

different directions, the values obtained

the final value was obtained by for that constant in each

averaging individual

direction.

Ii

CONCLUSIONS The
epoxy

measured phase velocities indicate that the

is nondispersive

fiberglass
between

material tested

for frequencies

0.28 and 2.0 MHz. The comparison of the experimental results with the results values the and

of layered media theory show reasonable agreement for the of velocities of longitudinal between waves. some of For the shear

waves,

percentage

differences

experimental

theoretical values is The elastic values constants of

large. the velocities were used to matrix, elastic calculate the

of the stiffness

moduli and the are

Poisson's ratios for the fiberglass epoxy. elastically properties compatible. the For the

The values found of elastic

compatibility Vz

Poisson's ratios

V xy and

must obey the

following condition [16]

-1
V zx where

xy ( x /E Z)1/2
moduli of the composite

(2)

E x and E z are the extensional z directions, respectively.

in

the x and

12

REFERENCES

[1]

M.F. Markham, "Measurements of the Elastic Constants of Fibre Composites by Ultrasonics" , Composites, Vol. 1, No.3, March 1970, pp. 145-149. G.D. Dean, and J.F.Lockett, "Determination of the Mechanical of Fiber Composites by Ultrasonic Techniques", Properties Analysis of the Test Methods for High Modulus Fibers and Composites, ASTM STP 521, American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1973, pp. 326-345.

[2]

[3]

G.D. Dean , Ultrasonics National

using Composites Fibre of "Characterization Design, Testing and ", Composites- Standards, Proceedings, Laboratory Conference Physics

Middlesex, [4]

England,

April 1954,

pp.126-130

Stichcomb, and W.W. Kriz, R.D. Fibers and Isotropic Transversely No. 2, Experimental Mechanics, Vol.19, J.H. Williams Jr., H.N. Hashemi, and

"Elastic Moduli of Composites", Their Feb. 1979, pp 41-49. S.S. Lee, "Ultrasonic

[5]

Attenuation Composite", No.2, 1980,

Graphite/Epoxy in AS/3501-6 and Velocity Vol.1, of Nondestructive Evaluation, Journal pp.137-148.

[6]

J.G.

Elliot,"An

Investigation

of Ultrasonic

Geometry Methods

applied Reports,

to Carbon Fibre NDT 164, 1973.

Composite

Materials",

Harwell

[7]

"Stiffness Rosen, B.W. Composites , Vol.4, No.1,

of Fibre Jan. 1973,

Composite pp.16-25.

Materials",

[8]

in Elastic Wave Propagation Payton, R.G. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Isotropic Media,
1983.

Transversely The Hague,

[9]

Musgrave, M.J.R. Francisco, 1970.

Crystal

Acoustics,

Holden

Day,

San

13

[10] T.R. Touchert, and A.N. Guzelsu, "An Experimental Study of Dispersion of Stress Wave in a Fiber-Reiforced Composite', Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol.39, Oct.1972, pp.98-102. [11] H.J. Sutherland, "Dispersion of Acoustical Waves by Reinforced Viscoelastic Material", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol.157, No.4, April 1975, pp.870-875. "Scotchply - Reinforced Plastic Technical Data - Type 1002", 3M Company, Minnesota, May 1, 1969.

[12]

[13] B. Doll, "Input-Output Characterization of Ultrasonic Transducers-Uniaxial Graphite Fiber Composite System M.Sc.Thesis , Department of Mechanical Engineering M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, Jan.1981. [14] J.E. White and F.A. Angona, "Elastic Wave Velocities Laminated Media", Journal of the Acoustical Society America, Vol. 27, No.2, March 1955, pp. 310,317. in of

[15] E.R.C.Marques , J.H. Williams,Jr. and S.S.Lee, "Stress Waves in Transversely Isotropic Media: The Homogeneous Problem", Department of Mechanical Engineering", M.I.T., Cambridge,MA, (In press). [16] R.M. Christensen, Mechanics of Composite Willey and Sons, New York, 1979. Materials, John

14

00 p-I~~~~~f
A
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A _ _ _ _ W 2_ _ _

*~~~~~U

~ ~~~
MA AK4

Av A1 W A W A W

I . C4

A4 A 17 ra

W4

A4

A1

At

A.

A A l A A N .A . A N E

A A A

A A A A A A1

A A A A A A

A A A AI A

A C l N N

t A A A

O~~~ ~
A A 3

A A A AU

A f

~
ca A

IACA;

0.

Ao 53

A1

A1 14

A.ca

A- 3

A6 =

Aac

A1 A A At It A Qj a A A AI A A1 Ato A

A~~~~1 A A A A A1 A1 AZ

~~

A A A A;

N A1 A A2

1A A A

A W A;t l AA1N N

A A A

~
: W

A A A : A 1A

AI A1 Ac A1 A1 A At A A A At A A A A1 1 A1 A A W A W A At A At -

A -

A A A

A1 A

AN A

~
N A M M

~
A AN A A A U

A A

A AaA M . A
W

A A A A

A 0 Aa A:

A0 A0 A

A A0 A A A

A A A

U M A-

AU A A -

A A

A A 0 M A A

aU A A

U A-

A a

A A

A A

AN

A*

A4

A5

TABLE

Relations

between

Elastic

Constants,

Elastic

Moduli and Poisson's Isotropic Medium.

Ratios

for

Transversely

C E --(C - C ) (C C 3+ C E
11 12 11 33

12

C3

_Cl 2 ) 2
3

lC33"c

_Cl 2 )
3

E
I

Y
z

=E

1133

Cc

+ C1

233

2 2) 13

(C

11

+ C)

12

2)
Sxy = (C 1 2 C3 3 Vyx= xy

( C
11

_
Cl -C1 3 3

2)

C1 3 )

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vxz=

C13 /

11Cl C12) +

Vzy = =z =-

VZX C1 (C12 C11 (Cl C 3 C1 2

I-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vzy

=VZX

---G
xz G yz

C --------------------------------------------------------- I
C44 G xz

Gxy = (C3
I I

12)/

2
I

(*) Characterizes the contraction is applied in the y direction.

in

the x direction

when

tension

16

TABLE 3

Velocities for Unidirectional Fiberglass Epoxy.

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

I Direction
of I Propagationl
I--------------------------------

Imposed
Wave Type
P
----------

Velocity (m/s)

Percentage

-------------------------- Difference lExperimentalkLayered lExperimentall IMedia Theory

------------------------------------------------

z
--------------------

4692.8
-------------------------

4344.7
-------------

7.4
--------------

300 (*) 45

P P

4181.0

.....

0 I-------------------------------I--------------------------------

-------------------

--------------------------------

----------------------------

3558.7

......
----------------------------

60 o
---------------------------------

P
P

2940.9
-------------------

.....
----------------------------

x
I-------------------I-------------

2391.9

2300.8
-------------

3.8
------------------------------------------------I I

SH
----------

1550.4

------------

1380.6
...
-------------

10.96

-------------------I0

-------------------------

-------------

30

SH

1521.1
--------------------------------

I----------------------------------

450
I----------------------------------

SH SH SH SV
SV SV SV
----------

1480.6
----------

.
-------------

600 x
I--------------------------------

1399.5 1343.0
---------------------------------------------------------------

.....
-----: ---------------------

I---------------------------------------------------

1380.6
----------------------------

-2.7 -78.72
---

z
I--------------------------------

1586.3
1704.7 1836.1

2835.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------

30
I--------------------------------

450 60

I-----------------------------------------

1904.2 1506.3
----------

......

------------

x
I----------------------------------

SV

1380.6
------------------------

8.34
-----------I

(*)

All angles are with respect to z axis.

17

TABLE 4

Values of Elastic Constants

of the Stiffness Matrix.

-----

----------------

-------------------------------I------

Elastic Constant
I-----------------------------------

Experimental

Value

(GN/m )

C
C

---------------------------------------

11

10.584I O
-------------------------------------

-------------------------------------

12

4.098
---------------------------------------

I-----------------------------------

C13
-------------------------------------

4.679
------------------------------------I

C33 C 44 C66

40.741 4.422
------------------------------------I

-------------------------------------

3.243

--------------------------------------------------------

18

TABLE 5

Values of Elastic Moduli and Poisson's Ratios.

,Elastic Moduli land Poisson ratiosl Extensional

Extensional

Experimental Values 37.759

8.785

E
E

GN/rn 2
GN/m2

Poisson

0.354

Poisson
--

Vx
-

0.319
0.074

Poisson Shear ~xy I Shear I

V zx

G Gxz

3.243 4.422

GN/m/ GN/m/

19

z ((0,0,1) direction)

Laminae

Fiber Direction

y Y ((0,1,0) direction)

x ((1,0,0) direction)

Fig.1

Laminate fiberglass principal directions.

epoxy

composite

showing

20

F-4-

00

P4.

0 Luu

00
-W4

02
>12

..

""4-4
0
.41

00

4II

044
@1~ 4J 4fl f-44 0 111.0 G4 4 414

212
0.
- 41

0
P'*04

UOa
4))

21

ti

2 ~It

13__

43

"

'SI

"
1 2 3

Time

Fig.3

'

in Typical input (upper) and output (lower) signals through transmission measurements showing reading of using the third positive peak of each time t. signal.

22

506

L'90--

-----

10 z

AA' C.S.

Plane view Specimen cross sectional view.

Fig.4

of specimens with respect to Position (z) of original plate. axis

longitudinal

23

1. Report No.

NASA CR-4034
4. Title and Subtitle

2. Government Accession No.

3. Recipient's Catalog No.

5. Report Date

Ultrasonic Determination of the Elastic Constants of

December 1986
6. Performing Organization Code

the Stiffness Matrix for Unidirectional Fiberglass

Epoxy Composites
7. Author(s)

8. Performing Organization Report No.

Elizabeth R. C. Marques and James H. Williams,

Jr.

None
10. Work Unit No.

(E-3271)

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

506-43-11
11.
Contract or Grant No.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

NAG3-328
13. Type of Report and Period Covered

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135
15. Supplementary Notes

Contractor Report
14. Final Sponsoring Agency

Code

Project Manager, Center.

Harold E. Kautz,

Structures Division, NASA Lewis Research

16. Abstract

The elastic constants of a fiberglass epoxy unidirectional composite are determined by measuring the phase velocities of longitudinal and shear stress waves via the through transmission ultrasonic technique. The waves introduced into the composite specimens were generated by piezoceramic transducers. Geometric lengths and the times required to travel those lengths were used to calculate the phase velocities. The model of the transversely isotropic medium was adopted to relate the velocities and elastic constants.

17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s))

18. Distribution Statement

Nondestructive testing; Nondestructive evaluation; Ultrasonics; Phase velocity; Elastic moduli; Fiber composites; Fiber fraction
19. Security Classif. (of this report)

Unclassified - unlimited STAR Category 38

20. Security Classif. (of this page)

21. No. of pages

22. Price

Unclassified
*For

Unclassified

26

A03

sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161

NASA-Langley, 1986