Cat Engine Fundamentals LAB MANUAL

Students name(s):

BRING THIS MANUAL WITH YOU FOR EVERY CLASS, BOTH LECTURE AND LAB

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
The engine repair lab guides the student through disassembly, inspecting, measuring, and assembling a Caterpillar engine. This lab manual is designed to allow the students to perform all tasks associated with engine rebuild. If all tasks in this manual are completed properly, the outcome should be a fully functioning engine that can be run on a test stand or in a machine. Due to the Engine Repair lab hours available in the ABC curriculum, the students may not be able to complete all tasks in this lab manual. The list below suggests recommended and optional tasks for the student to perform in the ABC curriculum at the instructors discretion: 1) Engine Disassembly 2) Cylinder Liner Removal/Installation 3) Cylinder Head Measuring 4) Cylinder Block Measuring 5) Crankshaft Measuring 6) Main Bearing Bore Measuring 7) Connecting Rod and Piston Measuring 8) Camshaft and Valve Train Measuring Recommended Recommended Recommended Recommended Recommended Recommended Recommended Recommended

Note: To save time, measuring tasks (3-8) do not need to be performed on every cylinder. As an example, if the student measured the crankshaft journal on two different cylinders it may not be necessary to measure the journal on all eight cylinders. 9) Oil Pump Disassembly 10) Engine Assembly 11) Cylinder Honing Lab 12) Cylinder Head Reconditioning Lab Optional Recommended Optional Optional

Engine Fundamentals

Instructor Laboratory Manual

ENGINE DISASSEMBLY Engine information: Engine Size: Serial number of block: Arrangement # of block:

As you disassemble your assigned engine, use care to place the parts in an organized manner so you know how to reassemble correctly. Be sure that the connecting rods are properly stamped. Note the placement of gaskets, and give a visual inspection of the parts as you remove them. If you notice any broken or missing parts, record missing or broken parts on this sheet and notify the instructor. When all parts are removed, clean the parts so accurate measurements can be made. Leave no parts, other than the crankshaft, on the workbench at the end of class. Store removed parts on your assigned cart after completion of each day's work. There are many parts to this lab exercise. Complete each exercise before continuing on to the next. ENGINE DISASSEMBLY You will now begin the disassembly process of your assigned engine. Refer to the proper manuals for the procedure to disassemble the engine. Rotate the engine to TDC compression stroke, No. one cylinder. Insert the timing bolt in the flywheel and verify the timing pin can be installed in the injection pump. Once this is done, the injection pump can be removed. Use string tags, masking tape, numbering tape, and any other method necessary to mark the parts to help you during the reassembly process. Remove the fuel injectors from the cylinder head before removing the cylinder head. This will prevent damage to the injector tips. As you disassemble, inspect the removed part and visually check for damage, such as cracks and warpage. Check the gasket surface areas for warpage and leakage. Check the coolant and oil passages for restrictions. Carefully note the timing marks on the cam, crank, and auxiliary shafts, if equipped. Note for future reference how these marks are lined up. As you prepare to remove the cylinder head(s), inspect the pushrods, rocker arms, rocker arm pivots, and shafts for wear, bending, cracks, looseness, and blocked oil passages. What recommendations do you have for these parts?

Engine Fundamentals

Instructor Laboratory Manual

CYLINDER LINER REMOVAL / INSTALLATION Remove the cylinder liners from your engines cylinder block using the liner puller group. Check the o-rings at the bottom of the liners for nicks, wear, or deterioration. Check the thrust side of the liner for pitting. What causes this pitting and what can be done to reduce or prevent it? _______________________________________________________________ Reassemble the cylinder liners in your engines cylinder block. Be sure you replace the o-rings on the bottom of the liner with new o-rings. Check liner projection with the proper tooling and record the measurements on the sheet provided. If the projection isnt within specifications how is it corrected? Explain. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Once all parts are disassembled from your assigned engine, continue to the next page. After completing the reassembly of the cylinder head(s) from your assigned engine, the instructor will assign a cylinder head to you on which you will perform a valve job. DO NOT PERFORM A VALVE JOB ON YOUR ASSIGNED ENGINE! This is a separate lab and the lab sheets for this procedure are located near the end of this lab book starting on page 27.

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Instructor Laboratory Manual

CYLINDER HEAD MEASURING Directions: Disassemble the cylinder head and store the parts so they can be returned to their original location. Use available storage boards and containers. See instructor for assistance. 1. Measure cylinder head(s) flatness. a. What method is commonly used to measure cylinder head flatness? Explain.

b. c. 2.

Specification: Recommendations:

Actual:

If the cylinder head flatness indicated that the head should be milled, what effect would milling have on the engine's compression ratio? Explain.

3.

If the cylinder head flatness indicated that the head should be milled, what effect would milling have on the engine's intake manifold? Explain.

4.

Based upon the material from which the head is constructed, what method would you use to check for cracks? Explain the procedure. Perform the appropriate test to check for cracks and record your findings here.

5.

6.

If your engine has an overhead camshaft(s), inspect the camshaft bearing journals now. Refer to "Camshaft and Valve Train page 17 to write your specifications and record your measurements. Inspect the valve springs for wear and damage. Then using a steel square and a flat surface, check the valve springs for squareness. Since cylinder heads could have 2, 3, or 4 valves per cylinder and since your assigned engine might be a 4, 6, 8, etc. cylinders, indicate in the spaces below the actual measurements for the squareness of the valve springs.

7.

Engine Fundamentals SPRING SQUARENESS Specification Cylinder 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Inner

Instructor Laboratory Manual

Outer

Inner

Outer

8.

Using the valve spring tester, check the same springs for proper tension. Since cylinder heads could have 2, 3, or 4 valves per cylinder and since your assigned engine might be a 4, 6, or 8, etc. cylinders, indicate in the spaces below the actual measurements for tension of the valve springs. SPRING TENSION Specification Cylinder 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Inner Outer Inner Outer

9. Use a ball gauge and micrometer, measure the inside diameter of the valve guides. Measure the guide at the top, middle, and bottom, then 900 from the first measurement at the top, middle and bottom. Record the LARGEST measurement on the chart below.

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10. Where would you expect to see the most wear in a valve guide? Explain. Specification: intake exhaust _______ VALVE GUIDE MEASUREMENT Cylinder 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Intake Exhaust Intake Exhaust

11.

Using a micrometer, measure the valve stems in the valve guide mating area and record the SMALLEST measurement in the chart below. Specification VALVE STEM MEASUREMENT Cylinder 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Intake Exhaust Intake Exhaust

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Using the Valve Guide and Valve Stem Measurements, determine the valve stem-toguide clearance and record the measurement in the chart below. VALVE STEM TO GUIDE CLEARANCE Specification: Cylinder 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Intake Exhaust Intake Exhaust

13. 14.

Is the valve stem-to-guide clearance within the specification? If the valve stem-to-guide clearance was too large, what problem would be experienced if: A. The engine was reassembled without correcting?

B.

Seat work was performed without correcting?

15.

What are three ways that valve guides are commonly repaired?

16. 17.

Describe the process to knurl and resize a valve guide. Inspect the intake and exhaust valves noting the following conditions: Valve stem tip wear, valve stem straightness, valve stem burrs or scratches, valve head distortion, valve face grooving, valve face burning or cracking, and margin size. Based upon your inspection, what is your recommendation for the valves? Explain.

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18.

Using a marking pen, coat one valve face and place that valve into the corresponding valve seat. Rotate the valve back-and-forth 1/4 turn with light pressure. Remove the valve and inspect the valve face. Where was the color removed from the valve face? Observation: A. If the color removed was on the top edge of the face what action should be taken?

B.

If the color removed was on the center of the face what action should be taken?

C.

If the color removed was on the bottom edge of the face what action should be taken?

Reassemble your assigned engine's cylinder head(s) performing the following procedures, recording measurements and answering the questions. 19. Should the valve stems be coated before assembly? If so, with what?

20.

When would the use of valve spring shims be required?

21.

Inspect the valve spring retainers, locks and valve grooves. Install valve stem seals. Can a new lock be mated with a used lock if one of the pieces is lost?

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Install the valve spring seats and valve stem seals. Then using a valve spring compressor, install the valve springs and keepers. Measure the valve spring installed height on the heads using a steel machinists rule or other suitable measuring device, and record the measurements on the chart below. VALVE SPRING INSTALLED HEIGHT Specification: Cylinder 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Intake Exhaust Intake Exhaust

23.

Based upon the chart above and the specification for your assigned engine, what recommendations do you have regarding valve spring installed height?

24.

What procedures can alter valve spring installed height?

25.

What potential problems can occur if the valve spring installed height is too high or too short? Explain.

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Instructor Laboratory Manual

CYLINDER BLOCK MEASURING 26. Measure cylinder deck flatness. Specification: Recommendations: 27. Measure the cylinder bores of your assigned engine using a bore gauge. Measure cylinders at TDC just below the ring ridge and at BDC, then perform the same measurement at 900 to the first. Record the measurements in the chart below. To determine the out-of-round measurement, subtract TDC from 900 TDC and subtract BDC from 900 BDC. Enter the value, which is greater. To determine taper, subtract TDC from BDC and subtract 900 TDC from 900 BDC. Enter the value, which is greater. Specifications: Max. Out-of-round Diameter Max. Taper CYLINDER BORE Cyl # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TDC 900 TDC BDC 900 BDC Out of Round Taper Actual:

28. A.

According to the measurements, what are your recommendations for the cylinder block? Demonstrate your ability to measure cylinder bore and taper using: Dial bore gauge Instructors initials _________

B.

Engine Fundamentals

12 CRANKSHAFT

Instructor Laboratory Manual

29.

Inspect the crankshaft journals. Observe any nicks or scratches. Check oil passage condition. Measure the main bearing journals. Readings 1 and 2 are taken parallel to each other. Readings 3 and 4 are also taken parallel to each other but 900 from readings 1 and 2. To determine out-of-round, subtract reading 1 from 3 and subtract reading 2 from 4, and enter the amount which is greater. To determine taper, subtract reading 1 from 2, and subtract reading 3 from 4, and enter the amount which is greater. Specifications: Diameter Taper Out-of-round Straightness ____________

MAIN BEARING JOURNALS Reading 1st main 2nd main 3rd main 4th main 5th main 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Out of Round Taper

Crankshaft straightness _____________________________ 30. Based upon the measurements in the chart above, and your observations, what recommendations do you have regarding the condition of the crankshaft?

31.

Clean the oil passages in the crankshaft with a brush. What problem could occur if one or more of the oil passages became restricted with sludge or another foreign material? Explain.

32.

Does the crankshaft have a pilot bearing? Inspect condition of bearing if equipped.

Engine Fundamentals

13 MAIN BEARING BORE

Instructor Laboratory Manual

It will be necessary to install the main bearing caps and tighten them to the proper torque to measure the main bearing bore. Measure the main bearing bore at 900 from one another at about a 300 angle from the parting line. The alignment of the main bearing bore is performed with a straight edge and feeler gauge. Specifications: Actual: MAIN BEARING BORE 1st Reading 1st main 2nd main 3rd main 4th main 5th main 2nd Reading Out-ofRound Alignment

33.

Based upon your measurements of the main bearing bore, what are your recommendations?

34.

List three causes of main bearing bore misalignment. 1. 2. 3.

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Instructor Laboratory Manual

CRANKSHAFT CONNECTING ROD JOURNALS 35. Inspect the connecting rod journals on the crankshaft. Observe any nicks, scratches, or other damage. Measure the journals for our-of-round and taper following the procedure used to measure the main bearing journals. Specifications: Diameter Taper Out-of-round CONNECTING ROD JOURNALS Journal 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 36. Based upon your observations of the connecting rod journals and the measurements, what is your recommendation for the journals of the crankshaft? 1 Reading
st

2nd Reading

3rd Reading

4th Reading

Out of Round

Taper

PISTONS RINGS AND CONNECTING RODS 37. Carefully remove the piston rings from the pistons and store them for reuse. Carefully note the relationship of the connecting rod to the piston. Now remove the piston pin and separate the connecting rod from the piston. The method used will depend upon the design of the piston pin. State the type of piston pin that was used on your assigned engine. Explain the procedure that you used to remove the piston pins.

38.

Check rod alignment on the connecting rod tester. What are the visual indications of connecting rod misalignment on pistons?

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Instructor Laboratory Manual

Remove the bearings from the connecting rods and store them for reuse. Position the caps correctly on their mating rod and tighten to the proper torque. Measure the rod big end in two locations about 300 from the parting line. Specifications: Connecting rod cap torque: Diameter of big end of rod: Maximum out-of-round: CONNECTING ROD BIG END MEASUREMENT 1st reading 1st rod 2nd rod 3rd rod 4th rod 5th rod 6th rod 7th rod 8th rod 2nd reading Out of Round

40.

What procedure is used if there is too much out-of-round or if the diameter is too large? Explain the procedure.

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Instructor Laboratory Manual

Measure the connecting rod small end and record the measurements in the chart below. Specifications: Diameter small end of rod:

Maximum out-of-round: CONNECTING ROD SMALL END MEASUREMENT 1st reading 1st rod 2nd rod 3rd rod 4th rod 5th rod 6th rod 7th rod 8th rod 2nd reading Out of Round

42.

Piston pin measurement. Measure the piston pin for size and taper. Specification: Size Taper PISTON PIN MEASUREMENT Pin Size Taper 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

43.

Based upon the measurements, what is your recommendation for the piston pins?

Engine Fundamentals 44. Refer to the diagram to the right. At which location is the piston diameter measured, A, B, or C? Piston specifications: Diameter Pin bore Ring clearance Ring end gap 45.

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Instructor Laboratory Manual

Measure the piston diameter and record the maximum diameter in the chart below. PISTON DIAMETER Piston Diam. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

46.

Calculate the piston to cylinder clearance. Enter the largest measurement for each cylinder as recorded in step 27. Then enter the piston diameter from step 46, and subtract the two step values to determine the clearance. PISTON TO CYLINDER CLEARANCE 1 Cyl. Piston Diff. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Instructor Laboratory Manual

Measure the piston pin bore diameter and record in the chart below. PISTON PIN BORE DIAMETER Piston Dia. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

48.

Ring side clearance should be measured with new piston rings. For demonstration purposes, you must use the existing piston rings from your assigned engine. Record your measurements in the chart below. RING SIDE CLEARANCE Piston Top Second Third 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

49.

Reassemble the pistons to the correct rods using the approved procedure for the type of piston pin used. Ring end gap is checked by placing the piston rings into their matching cylinder, one at a time. Use the head of the piston to place the ring evenly in the cylinder about 1/2 inch down from the top of the cylinder. Use a feeler gauge to measure the end gap and record the measurement on the chart below. Install the piston rings onto the correct piston after completing the end gap measurement for each cylinder. RING END GAP Piston Top Second Third 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

50.

51.

Based upon the measurements of the piston, pin, and rings, what are your recommendations?

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Instructor Laboratory Manual

CAMSHAFT AND VALVE TRAIN Overhead valve engines have camshaft(s) located above the valves while conventional engines have a single camshaft located in the block. Depending upon the design of your assigned engine you may have one, two, or four camshafts. If you have more than one camshaft, notify the instructor so he/she can provide you with more lab measurement sheets. 52. Refer to the diagram on the right and answer the following questions. How many degrees of crankshaft rotation is the exhaust valve open?

How many degrees of crankshaft rotation is the intake valve open?

How many degrees of crankshaft rotation are both valves open?

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Instructor Laboratory Manual

Inspect the camshaft for chips, lobe wear or other damage. Measure the major diameter and the minor diameter of each cam lobe and record the measurement in the chart below. Subtract the minor diameter from the major diameter to determine the lift. CAMSHAFT MEASUREMENTS Cyl Intake 1 Exhaust Intake 2 Exhaust Intake 3 Exhaust Intake 4 Exhaust Intake 5 Exhaust Intake 6 Exhaust Intake 7 Exhaust Intake 8 Exhaust Label camshaft lobes I for Intake and E for exhaust. Maj. Dia Minor Dia Lift

F R T

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Measure the camshaft bearing journals and record the measurement in the chart below. CAMSHAFT BEARING JOURNAL MEASUREMENT Bearing Specification Measurement 1 2 3 4 5

55.

Check camshaft bearings for wear, alignment and out-of-round. Measure the bearing inside diameter and record in the chart below. CAMSHAFT BEARING MEASUREMENT Bearing Specification Measurement 1 2 3 4 5

56.

Camshaft bearing to journal clearance. Enter the measurement for the camshaft journal from step 52, and the measurement for the bearing measurement from step 53. Subtract the journal measurement from the bearing measurement to determine the camshaft bearing to journal clearance. CAMSHAFT BEARING TO JOURNAL CLEARANCE Bearing Bearing size Journal size Clearance 1 2 3 4 5

57.

A. Demonstrate your ability to measure and calculate the clearance between a journal and a shaft. Instructors initials ____________ B. Inspect the valve lifter condition, convex or concave, or roller condition. State what conditions would warrant replacement of the lifter.

Engine Fundamentals

22 OIL PUMP

Instructor Laboratory Manual

If the oil pump from your assigned engine can be disassembled, use it to complete the oil pump lab, or ask the instructor for an oil pump to disassemble and measure. Make the following measurements on the oil pump. 58. End clearance Specification ( if available ) Measured 59. Inner tip clearance Specification ( if available) Measured 60. Pressure regulator clearance (valve to bore) Specification ( if available) Measured 61. Gear pocket depth Specification ( if available) Measured 62. Gear pocket diameter Specification ( if available) Measured 63. What are your recommendations for the oil pump? Inspect the oil seal. Wash all parts in solvent and reassemble, use assembly lube in the process. 64. 65. Oil pump cover fastener torque specification Inspect auxiliary (balance, intermediate, idler, counterbalance, or silencer) shaft(s) and support bearings for damage and wear. Is your assigned engine equipped with an auxiliary shaft? What is the purpose of the auxiliary shaft in your assigned engine? Does the auxiliary shaft need to be "timed"?

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With the main bearings removed and the block stripped, bead hone the cylinders to establish the proper cross- hatch pattern. Have the instructor inspect the block for proper cross- hatch. Instructors note:

67.

Remove the block from the engine stand and wash the cylinders to remove all honing grit. Have the instructor inspect the block for proper cleaning. Instructors note:

BE SURE TO OIL THE BLOCK TO PREVENT THE BLOCK FROM RUSTING!! 68. Use an oil passage cleaning brush and clean all the oil passages. Inspect core plugs for leakage. Inspect internal and external threads and repair as needed. Why is it important to clean internal threaded holes so no water or oil remains in hole?

Engine Fundamentals

24 REASSEMBLY

Instructor Laboratory Manual

69.

Install the camshaft. Should the camshaft be lubricated before assembly? If so, with what?

70.

Install the main bearings in the block and bearing caps. Install the crankshaft and check the oil clearance using plastigage. Specifications: Main bearing cap torque Oil clearance CRANKSHAFT MAIN BEARING OIL CLEARANCE USING PLASTIGAGE Bearing Specification Measurement 1 2 3 4 5

71.

Measure the crankshaft endplay. (IML A037) Specification Measured

72.

Use the diagram to the right and illustrate the correct placement of the ring end gap on the piston. Install the pistons in their proper location; be sure to use protection so the rod studs don't damage the crankshaft journals. After assembly, use plastigage to measure the oil clearance between the bearings and the crankshaft. Specifications: Connecting rod cap torque Oil clearance rod CONNECTING ROD OIL CLEARANCE USING PLASTIGAGE Piston Clearance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

73.

Piston Pin

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74.

Inspect the flywheel or flex plate, ring gear for cracks, and wear. Identify the correct part used on your assigned engine and the condition of the part.

75.

Use the ring gear on the flywheel or flex plate to rotate the crankshaft until number one piston is at TDC. Does the crankshaft rotate properly?

Install cylinder head gaskets and cylinder head(s). Answer the following: (IML A014) 76. Show torque - tightening sequence. (Use the diagram from the Service Manual and place numbers in the correct order of sequence in the box below.)

77.

Are the head bolts torqued to yield? A. B.

If yes go to A.

Should new head bolts be used when reinstalling? Explain torque to yield process.

78.

Explain step torque as it applies to these head bolts.

79.

Install valve train. Inspect pushrods, rocker arms, rocker arm pivots and shafts for wear, bending, cracks, looseness, and blocked oil passages.

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Inspect the camshaft drives, including gear wear and backlash, sprocket and chain wear, overhead cam drive sprockets, drive belts, belt tension and tensioners as it applies to your engine. Install the timing chain and gears. Explain the procedure for your assigned engine.

81.

Complete the reassembly of the engine and enter the torque specifications for the following: Intake manifold to cylinder head Flywheel/flex plate to crankshaft Oil pan to block Camshaft timing gear Exhaust manifold to head Water pump to block Damper pulley to crankshaft

THIS CONCLUDES THE WORK ON THE ASSIGNED ENGINE

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CYLINDER HEAD LAB This lab is to be conducted on a cylinder head other than one from your assigned engine. It is not necessarily important to know from what engine your assigned head originated. Observe the valve and seat angles and when performing the valve job, grind the valves and seats to the angle you measure when you inspect the head. Disassemble the cylinder head and arrange the parts so you can easily reassemble the parts to their original location. If you are working in a lab group of two, then each of you should be responsible for every operation on the head. 1. Before disassembly VALVE SPRING INSTALLED HEIGHT Specification: Cylinder 1 2 3 4 Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust

2.

Measure cylinder head flatness Specification: Actual:

3.

Perform the appropriate test to check for cracks and record your findings here.

4.

Inspect the valve springs for wear and damage. Then using a steel square and a flat surface, check the valve springs for squareness. SPRING SQUARENESS Cylinder 1 2 3 4 Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust

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Using the valve spring tester, check the same springs for proper tension. Specification: intake exhaust SPRING TENSION Cylinder 1 2 3 4 Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust

6.

Use a ball gauge and micrometer, measure the inside diameter of the valve guides. Measure the guide at the top, middle, and bottom, then 900 from the first measurement at the top, middle and bottom. Record the LARGEST measurement on the chart below. Specification: intake exhaust VALVE GUIDE MEASUREMENT Cylinder 1 2 3 4 Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust

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Using a micrometer, measure the valve stems in the valve guide mating area and record the SMALLEST measurement in the chart below. Specification: intake exhaust VALVE STEM MEASUREMENT Cylinder 1 2 3 4 Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust

8.

Using the information from the charts above, determine the valve stem-to-guide clearance and record the measurement in the chart below. (IML A018) Specification: intake exhaust VALVE STEM TO GUIDE CLEARANCE Cylinder 1 2 3 4 Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust

9.

Is the valve stem-to-guide clearance within the specification?

10.

What are three ways that valve guides are commonly repaired?

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Each lab member should knurl both the intake and exhaust guide for ONE combustion chamber. After knurling the guide try to install the valve. Describe your results.

Measure the valve stem diameter and calculate the Ream needed to provide the correct amount of oil clearance. Ream the guide and measure to confirm work. Oil clearance spec. Intake _______Exhaust _____ Ream Size Intake______ Exhaust ___ Valve stem to guide clearance specification Intake Valve Guide Measurement Valve Stem Measurement Stem To Guide Clearance 12. Grind the valves for your assigned combustion chambers. At what angle do you grind the valves? intake 13. exhaust _____ Exhaust

How much margin remains after grinding the valves? Valve Margin Specification Intake Valve margin first cylinder Valve margin second cylinder Exhaust

14.

To have an interference fit between the valve and seat, at what angle should you grind the seats? intake exhaust _____ How much overlap should the valves have?

15.

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16.

How much contact area should the valves have?

Have the instructor inspect the valve to seat contact pattern after the valve job.

17. Cylinder 1 2 3 4

VALVE SPRING INSTALLED HEIGHT Specification: Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust

18.

Will one combustion chamber hold solvent for 5 minutes?

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CYLINDER HONING LAB This lab is designed to give the student experience using measuring equipment and using a rigid hone. Equipment: Rigid hone, 100, and 300 stones, " drill, honing oil, dial gauge, micrometer, drain pans, and rags. Safety: Use caution when operating the drill motor, do not overtighten the hone in the cylinder. Procedures: Secure all tools and equipment and have the instructor assign the cylinder to be resized. Measure and record the following:

Top Diameter Diameter Out-of-round

Bottom

Taper

Resize the cylinder to Finished measurements:

(From instructor)

Top Diameter Diameter Out-of-round

Bottom

Taper

Cross hatch angle: Instructors approval: