Past, present and future changes in CVAS water composition.

Andres Marandi,

Candbrian-Vendian Aquifer System (CVAS) is the deepest confined aquifer system used for water consumption in Estonia. Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater dynamics are closely related and both sides should always consider while groundwater resources are studied. Water composition was changed significantly during the last glaciations. . types of waters farmed as a result of melt water intrusion below glacis into CVAS layers. While in North Estonia, most of water was changed by glacial melt water, high salinity water is till preserved in Southern part of Estonia. Confining layer of CVAS is cut through by deep buried valleys in several places in North Estonia making possible for modern precipitation to infiltrate into aquifer system in present day. In case of natural conditions, the water pressure of CVAS is few meters above sea level and most of valleys act as discharge areas for aquifers system. Two regional depression ones have formed in North Estonia as a result of groundwater use from CVAS. Recharge through buried valleys has intensified as a result of decrease of groundwater pressure in CVAS. Water consumption changes the natural groundwater gradient, flow direction and therefore the changes in chemical composition can take place in the future. CVAS rocks outcrop in the bottom of Finnish gulf which is considered as discharge area during the natural conditions. Therefore the water intakes close to shoreline are the most sensible areas where hydrodynamics can the direction of flow and seawater can start to intrude into CVAS. Several studies have explained the origin of water in CVAS (Vaikme, Marandi, Raidla, Mokrik).

A regional groundwater flow and transport model based on Visual MODFLOW codes was used to investigate the paleohydrogeological scientific and contemporary management problems of CVAS. This model covers the whole territory of Estonia, surrounding coastal part of Baltic Sea, and border districts of Russian Federation and Latvia, all together 88,000 km2. The 22 model layers include all main aquifers and aquitards from ground surface to as low as the impermeable part of the crystalline basement. Three-dimensional distribution of groundwater heads, flow directions, velocities, and rates as well as transport and budget characteristics were simulated by the model. Accordingly to simulations the inflow intensity of glacial thaw water into CVAS, depending on thickness of the ice sheet and displacement of ice margins, was 6 3 520 10 m /day in Late Pleistocene. During this intrusion period lasting 7.39.3 ka the front of glacial thaw water moved laterally in the CVAS from its outcrop in southeast direction by 180220 km. The prevailing lateral speed of the ice water intrusion was 0.20.3 km/a in the CVAS. To meet the EU Water Framework Directive, available groundwater resources of CVAS were also estimated using the regional hydrogeological model. The correspondence between actual groundwater pumping rates officially allowed, and available resources was studied. Pumping rates not inducing harmful intrusions into

CVAS were found out. It was proved the current bad statuses of some important parts of CVAS. Thus, the pumping rates officially appreciated have been significantly overestimated at many cases and they do not assure the sustainable consuption of groundwater resources in Estonia.