LJ Transmission Line Trainer : Chapter 12 Introduction

The oscillator is made using an amplifier and a feedback path. To make an oscillator, positive feed back is needed. The amplifier has a gain of A and a feedback fraction . Feedback friction takes a proportion of output vo and feed it back to the input, which is then added to input voltaqge Vi. Positive feedback is when the voltage applied to amplifier A is greater than input voltage Vi, giving a greater gain with feedback than wihout feedback. The new gain G with feedback can be derieved as loop gain. If A <1 then G>A. If A=1 then G=, that is the amplifier is unstable and in pratical terms will oscillate. The phase angle of A=0 is called the Barkhausen Criterion for oscillation. Notice that the magnitude has to be 1 and the phase has to be zero. Figure 45 assumes a perfect amplier and feedback circuit. In pratical systems with positvie feedback it is impossible to have again of infinity. However, as the gain is very highm the smallest input causes the output to head towards the supply. As a pratical amplifier only has linear gain over a certain voltage range then the gain of the amplifier falls, so the feedback fraction falls. The input to the amplifier falls, which causes the output to fall and start heading toward the othe supply rail. This continues the oscillation . The term of A is called closed

Objective: 1. Explain the principles of how oscillators are made 2. Investigate how to make an oscillator using the Transmission Line Trainer

Equipment: CT30 Transmission Line Trainer, Power Supply, Set of 4mm leads, Oscilloscope Procedure 1. The power supply is connected as shown below.

2. Set the switch as below All switched faults are off Switch the pulsge generator off Set the summing amplifier couping to AC Set the summing amplifier output impedance to FIXED Set the summing amplifier gain to minimum Set the noise generator AMPLITUDE contro to minimum 3. 4mm of lead is connected from output of the summing amplifier to the input of simulated 50 ohm line.

4. 4 mm lead is connected from the output of the simulated 50ohm line to variable resistor R in the Termination Unit. Set the resistor to its mid point. 5. Another 4mm lead is connected from the variable resistor R in the termination Unit to the input of the Summing Amplifier.

6. The power is switch on. 7. The channel 1 of oscilloscope is connected to examine the input of the simulated 50 ohm line at test point A1. 8. By varying the GAIN control you should cause the circuit to oscillate. It should be possible to find the point where the circuit just oscillates and gives a sinewave output. 9. The frequency of oscillation is measured and recoreded. 10. The experiment is repeate by setting the summing amplifier to DC.

Result Summing Amplifier coupling to AC

Before Oscillation start

After the oscillation start F=1.1KHz

Summing Amplifier coupling to DC

Before Oscillation start

After the oscillation start f= 27.7778kHz

Discussion In theory, the frequency of oscillation determine the feedback fraction delay. For making as oscillator, we need positive feedback. Postivite feedback applied to an amplifier gives increased gain. The feedback fraction phase determines the output frequency. Whereas the amplifier gain determines the output wave shape. The function of the simulated 50 ohm line performed the function of a feedback fraction.

Conclusion From this experiment, we able to explain the principles of how the oscillator are made. Other than that we investigate hwo to make an oscillator using Transmission Line Trainer. All the obejective are achieved.