Tuart College

2Al2B CMMISTRY
A GLOSSARY OF CIIEItrCAL TERMS
ios in aqMB solutio alolo! domr' Acid b$. ildietor a $bslee thaiddti ile erd point ofm &id-bselitEliollv cbaging mlou A.lil dilsociatio! coNtdt (X,) lle eqfibnm coDsrdt 6r a rEaltio! i! wlich a proro! is rdoved 606 s eid by q-O ro 'ot the @lJugak bse tud hro'

Acial a sbstdce

thal prodm* lydmgetr

Acid

Polurlotr bv sulol dlonde A.i{tic onde a covaleDt oxidellat diselves in 3al4 to give e @idic solnioa Actirated coEpler (tdsition sltte) lle afugdent of aro6 fobd ar the top of the pote ial !di6 s a Eactioq Ploceeds trbm reactmls to Products
a

rair

Esull of

turgt
ro

Activ.tio! .nerg/ the thJeshold oclet thal nst be oveFcone to plodlce a ch ical Eactio! Ad.tttio! pobnerizdior a t'?. ofloltoelizarior h thic! tbe Eonomm sisplv add togeth{ the polrDq, with no otls lbducis Additioh Mciior a e&tiotr itr wlich abtu add to a cdbotr{dbon dultiPle bold AlcoLol @ orsuic mnPoud in whicl the hvdroxvl Stoup is a $bstitue o!lbvdNdbo! Al{tehyil d orsaio @npoud colrailing Alkali netll s Gou! lA nel,l. All{dire canh Eetd a Crou! 2,A ded.
the

fom

@b@vl

gmDP

boded

1o at

least orc lvdrocen

ltoo

Alkar

satualed hydr@dhor Pith rhe sendal

fodda

CiII*l

Arkene esatuared hydrowbor courdinils a @bon_@bon doubl bond Tncsenqallomulais c.Hz, Alkylc m satMiedlydJocdbotr codrinins d hiPle 6botttrbon bond fte generil fomula i3
s$slaff lhai coltlins a nixtue of eleneft ad hs netall'c lropnis, Amho acid Doleqnes @nr3idlg d @inc grou dd a cdlorric &id grcqp wirn a side ch3ir o @ino eids harc the amino md cEborvla,le grcDps aiia.hed 1o rne see cdbod (caled o d cdbon) Trre taios duitu &ids dif.r h which side cn'i! ( R gronP) is

AIoy

ailached to

th.t d@!d
a substatre

Amphotenc aubstan.. Aiio! a lesEtive ion

thal cd lehav eiiler

acid or

s a b6e.

Aroit

i! a gaheia cel ar {hic! ondanor occEs. Aqueous mlutio! a sohnjo! i! vhic! wattI is the di$olving nedie or solvefi AftMtic [tdro@rbo! oE ofa slecidl clds of ctclic uah@led bvdrocdtos,
the el.ctrode

the si@llest of whrch

ArLe

us

prdM AtoDic !uDb. rhe truba ofprotos i! tlt luclels ofd aton Aionic Feig[t rle veiCltd avdage !6 of the atoa i! 5 tunely o@ing el@di AEilc e ot8dic lase d@Rd iod MoDia in $'ldch one or noE of the hyd$gm atoE
bas6
by oryeic grotps.

co!@pt

a.onc@l losnnariry ihal acids lDduc. hy.ltogpi tydloxide 'oa.

ios ir aquetu sotutio while

de Eplrced

Avog.dro's Id equat volmes ofgdes ofpdficles. Avoerit.o's

al Ue

tu

tedpdlte dd pE$w @ ailrhesmenmld

12 g

nub.r

th

lutd

of atoms

i! @1ly

of

!e

l!c, eqlal to 6 022 a 1023

lrolon

Ea*
Bo

$bsta! lhd ploilws hydrdiite io6 i!

ofgalvanic cens coMected

aqrleolls solutio4 3

Meltol

Bata.ry a erclp
ling

i! Fie$

pair d

Boyle!

hs

eleEotrlair foed il1lhe spee betweelt{o ato6 rhe mlue of a giad sdpie of g4 ar m.sbnr &nP@rue vei6 inv@ly wirh lle
a

Bm$tdd-LoiryDodl

model lmposilg that in

d ei.l

is a

Prcld

doDor,

ard. bae

is a prcr@

gnup ca o! icaciil
carboryl
RCOOH.

the

-coog elow

o4alic

aid
e
&id {iinlne

@ orgmio conpoEd coDrainilg de cdboxyl goupi

gasd fo@lla

Calalyst
Crthod
Cathodic

$bstatr@ tlat s!e& up a

@tio!

wirhod bdng

@@cd
4 dagl*iuE,
is

the electroile

i!
a

s SElvdic

*ll

al wlLic& EdDctiotr

ech.
c@&ted to slel in

pmtelio!
lrotat

order to

oelhod i! wbich m atiae netal, slch ft Aon corcsion.

the

C.ltlotertirl(laronotivefore)
rdu.ilg agdi
in one

diving

@npdlEhl

in a galvdio @U lhat pull5 eleclros A$d thc io lhe oxidizing agedt in the oi!6.

foe

C!!rl6'L.v
Ch@ield
a

hpstue

ihe

rclde

of a given tup1e of

gs

at

c@talt

i! telviE

lrssw

is dircrly

prolonio!,lto the
a

cheni@lloud

th. fo@ or, doF accErely, tne ddgy. llat holds hto ato@ Lgetler in

@dpollh

chedicl D&d@
a

s.fiech&geofsubstd@sillootbqsubst@c*tbrolsh.Eorgoizali@oftheEtou;
lepsrtanos of a ohenical @no! slowing ihe ElatiE Mbes of reetalt

Cbdicsl $atior

dd

Ch.ui..l .quifbrisD
prcducts refuin indiale the

drldic reacliotr ststed iD inich the 6Delttario6 cdflni s a nDdioD of tio..

s

ofa]l r@taffs

dd

Chehiel fotuula llelep!se atio!

Cb.Eic.l 3toichiont y t!. cdcdariotr of the q@iili* of Miqial cosmed md prcdeed i! che@cal Eaclios, ChromatolFaplry ilc senqd n@ for a sies ofnetlods for sePdatine nir:nEs by ddovile
systeo qith a Eobile Phde eil a $alionaty Phe. CobDIq ior a cidsed s!.ci$ @Nistilg of a E lal i@ Mouded by lisdds

t$s

of a compobd ilwlichthe sJnbols for the elmdts re sat to of atoms presal dal subscripts @ Bed 10 show 1be Plalive aube$ of aldrds

CoEponnd

sulstece *ith @nslut onlDsition lbal cm

th

brokd doM iffo eloerts bv c!@ical

Prccesses.

pFce$ by wlich Epou noteculs Eforb a liquid CoDtl.nslrioD polyderilation a $!e ofpoltorizanod ia qhich the foEalio! of sDc! s {a1d, &conPdies the extelsioa ofthe polr@ cb.i,I

cobd.Nrtior

wa!

nole.ule,

Conjugsie

lcirl
bse

tbe sp4is

fo@d wlm a !rclon

slecies re1ated of

is added lo a

Conjupt'elciil-bsepan fio
PrcTOL

erch olhd by

b6e the doMlirs dd acceplile ofa single

is

conjlglto

wlar

rmis

rcid nol6ul. aftq aproron

lost

colt ctlroc$s

Foces for @,mfactuine sDlphuic @id Coorillllt covrlentbolal a oltlot bold lomed {!m a! the bodjng el@tod de sulpliedbv orlv on. atm. A pair ofmD bondirg ei4tlos oD oft atoo e attacted ro m m!9 val!@ eldgt lelel in dorhd aton, Coordinrrion Dunber ihe !u!d ofboDds fomed betweq the ndal lon ald the ligeds i! a complq

'_ Cor6to!

Foess by whch neials d. oudized inrle ahosph@ Coltldt boldiDg a tile ofhondilg in wlich electod de shded by ai.tr. Delogliz.iion ilre codition where rhe elect@ ir a nolule e not localized !.iwed bul cd bo\e LbFughou' Lbe dole.ule. Dondty a prclent ofmtlq FpEshli.s lle ods pd uit volrrc
the

pan of

alom

Dilrtior

corcatralior of solute id a soluiion Dtpoledipolertfmctio! lne athadlvc fdce EsutiDg whd pold ool*des Iire q so fiar ihe positive md lesarive sds N close r. @h ollq Dispenion rorcs rle fo@s, dislilg @ons mble gls alods oi! nonpola molecules. that iivolve m hdDced dilo1e rhat lleD i!d@! a monaitry dilole i! a leiglhou Disproporriotrrtior ractio! a H.tion i! wlich a gim ldat is both olidized md redMd Dlsiilrtio! a nelhod for sePealing tb. coEporcnts ofa liqlid DiltN ilat delslds on diffqenes ir Lhe 6e ol v"poiudoo of rb. cobPoDols Doubl. bold abod in vhlc! two lats oflectros ee shred bv two atobs. Dry ce[ battery a corffiotrbalteryEed h c!]crlators, wtches, mdios, odtape plavers. Elctrical olductiyity the ability io mndlct o elechio chdt ile

lFc*s

of addiag

elvdt

to

lom

the

Electruch.nistry lle slldy ofrbe inlerchuge ofclmical and eLecficl aerg/, Eleforysu a proe$ thal intoll* forcllc a cmet thrtlgh a cell to caue a loq_sPonialeou chenictl
r@tiorto @cu.

Elcfioltte

eled,c

cunst

Eaterial tlsl

dis$lvd j! mitr

10

sive

solutiot that @ntalls

jos

md hsce condncls

Elect oMic c.[ a cel that o@u spollmosly

ss

elstrical 46gy lo !roduce a cheDical c]6ge rlEt would otheflis not

Etcnonagnetic ddirrion 6di@l endEy lhai exhhils mvelike betaviou ad havelx lhough ile sped ofliglt i! a vaoM Ele.ird! a nSatively ch.rged lanlcle that noles @u!d lle lucleu ofm aton, Eletronegatility inel dency ofm aloD i! a nolecule to atFacr s!@d elechos ro isell

slM

a1

Elnnt

subsla@ tbnt c@oi be dec@Fsd ido sidpld subslancd nv

cldioal

or

lhvsical

nes

Ehpincal

foE a

the simdest

{hole trmbd Blio ofalod

il

codpoud,

Eld poila ile loirr

vhic! lbe idicaid chrnges coiou, fldorbernic relss ro a'errioD wbm 6*s (3bm'r 0aws ilro Lhe stsm Equilibdu co$tdt ihe vahe oblajled when equilibriu colcmfratioB ofthe chenical sp6ies ee
in a riiralior ai subslituted in tle equ

ihnu

expre$ioE
set

Equilibriun posldon

particltar

ofequiljbdu colcetrtratios,
h
the pohr in alitdiot whetr emug! solDlion bitrs drraiEd.

Eqdvrletrcepolnt (stoicLiodetric

point)

titret hd beo

add.d to

I@t

exacrly mrh 1hc slbsr@ce

Estcr e orgadc coEloud prcdutl by lle @ction betsten a @toaylic &id dd d alcohol Etot'heric rcf6 to a Mcrron $lEt 66e/ (4 h.ar) flos out ofthe ststd. Far (higlycrid,) d esiq conloed ofelycqol ed fatry eids. Fat'ty acirt a l@g-chai! dboxylic acid. A taa frtty @id ba cbais on the oplosite sidcs ofrhe
bond

double

dd

ihe cbai! is staieht

Filtrliio! a oethod for seldarhs lhe conlonsts of a nixtN offaining a solid and a liquid Fd cen a galtuio cel for wnich tle react nrs de continDouly $!pli.d,
Functional groEp d aloD or grcu ofalons in hydrocdbo! derivarlv* addiliod to csbotr md !Yd!oga.

$!t contds

el@mis

i!

c llvrtrjc

cel a dwie
a

in $ hjch

elecrricr,l aercJ tbat

cd

eo*CJ too be ued io do *o!t

cnojc.l

spoota,eob redor

ra

dob G chtrsed lo

cdrdlzing

lrcess ir ehich ste.l is

GeoEefriciloEeBn isndiso al@geoals of lhe alons m diFent Also laoM s sreEo jsoneds, Grourl stlte the lowestlossible *eigj/ sr e ofe atom or nolecule. croip (ofrb. Deriodic trhle) avertical @l]jm of elmerls laving the stu valmce elctroD connguatior od slowitrg sinnd Prcpslies, Eabe.proc*s tie odnfactN of amoda &on nilroge! ad hy&oceD. cdjed oui at hish !t$uc
md lish tenpe6tE with the aid of
a catalyst.

zirc to prcvenr coEosior in wnich a[ dE boDrls h ll isotrB re tle @e but rhe spatial
coaied wilh

FydEfion $. in'erriotr bet'eeD $lrE pdicles ud wler Dole,deq. Etdrocrrbor a"ompoud omposed ofcabol rd lyd ogen Eydrog.! bonding muully stoDg dipole-digole attr@rim tbai ocN uong nol{ules i!
b).lrogeD is bonded to d

-.1 which

hjgbl)

ecuooegarjve 4!oo

Fydrog.blrion

r..dio! a twtio!

in

wljch hydroee!

is added,

{it!

calaltsl prcsm!

cdbon_

cdbon multlple bond.

Eydrobsb Rerctiotr {i1h warer Indi.ator a clmical rnat chdges mlou

Ilte@oleclla.

md may be sed

10

@t

fo.c6

Ion

m alon or
a

{ea! hteractios that ccE a souD of arotr rlat hb a lei lositive or Degatile cldge,
relatjvely

thc.nd loinr of betvd molecules.

tithliol

Ionic soXd

slid mrlabins carios and dios rlar dissolvs jd watd to Cive a sohtion co ailing fie sepdaled ios whic! & dobile ud tls hee ro condncr eleclricol curat Iolization crrg,' 1Le q@tiry ofenergy reqniled ro reb.ve d el@bon fiom a geous aton or io! Isomers sp*ies {ith ihe sme fomDla bln ditrdai propefties.

Isotope| atos of lle sme ele@l (tle tu rwld of pbtoa) {i& difi@l orbd of dennos. Itey hare iddlicl rloFic E@bqs bu diGftlt Mls lbbes, K.ton. e oreradc @npoEd containile the carbonyt CroL" loaded 10 two catbon atotr L. chatelierrs P.incipl ifa ctdee i5 i.lposd otr s systen ai equllibainb, the losition oftle eqDilibliM sill shift ia a ditcti@ thar lads to Edw the efect ofrbat ch68.. Ligdd a rcutral nol.cde or e ion laviig a lore pln ofelectroB thai m b wd to fom a bontl to a
Limiting

r.Nrllt (Liditilg regmt)

a

the rea.t

drh.tis cmplelely@Medwh4 6lea4ddistulo

-..:

slec]rm slowile olly certan disee wellgths. Lipid! {aier-hsoluble sbst@@s thal 6 be dlracted Aoh els by nolpold deMic solMts. Lo! prir a elefton lair thlr is localized o! a erv@ alon; d elston pan mt involv.il i! n@diig, iG5s the q@tily of datter i! & ob.ie*. M!$ numbe. the total lDld ofprotos 4d @lfoE i! the alooic tre14 of@ alon U*s percet tbe pmdtly Ms of s codloDdt of aoktue dof a giv@ elmfi! a 6@9oudM.t.l e eledat thlt eivcs rlp ellros rlatively @ily md is lD$tou, nslealle, eil a eood co lctor ofleat altt e1eltricitY. M ur. a mclial ofwisue cmlositioDthat @!tai!s two or moF $bstarces. Mohrnse tle ]16 i! gtfu of @e Eole ofEolculq @ fo@rna uits of a sulsltle; also c5ilel

Li!

lpe.td

bol*ord wient
r!
moles

Mol$ vollb

tlMe

of @e

ml

of

&

ideal gasi equal lo 22 42 lities at sTP,

MoLrity
Mole

of$lln. ler

vo1@e ofsohtior

h lits

( also dmtd by M ( nol

t;)
12C:

ile luber equd to ihe nunq ofcdboD atoG i! sactly 12 e],s ofpft AvoeadsS trubd, Or. Eole eprsenls 5.022 x l oa Eiis Mole btio (3toictioEt y) the hft of @les of one s$sta&e to boles of @l!er substde in a

(nol)

''

bal@d clmical equ.,tioD. Mole.ul.r eqlatid 6.qulid Epedtile a Mcri@ i! solution showils the ledtdrs ed Pr.d@ls i! udis$ciated forb, {,]rethd tley m sEo.s or wa& l4troitts, Molcculs forEr! theffictfonulsof anol6ul., sivinc tlclFsolalosodileaDbqofe&h Mol.cdrr shuctEe the rhs-diddional d@ger@l olaiotr in a nol@de. Molecul.rFlglrt thc EAs i! ells of ore nole of noldles or fomula Eirs of a $bsta!@; d 6olat naq.
sme

tbe

Molcule
Monopntic

bolded colcrion oftwo o. Eore aldtu olthe

tu

or

difr@nt el@@i1

rciil d

&id qitt

on rcidic

Foio!,

stroDg eleclrolrt s de sitten Nt tonlc eqt.iioD e equlid fd a Eacrim in solutio4 showile oDly lhose cooporetrs thal re diretlt involved in lbe ch@ical cldge

w!*

6 i@,

Networkloliil
NeuthUatiob

tu al@ic

e&l

cotrtailing strolg dir.ctioDal colBld

bd&.

@ctio! o

acid-lase

!@tiol

Neuirc!

tte aiouc nucles wiib @s virtu,Iy equal to th Potont bln tfth no cldge Nonbgs a Grcup 1S elenent Norlectrcbi a sbsialce wlich, sia dis$lv.d in watq eiv4 alon4ondEtine sol
a particle in

id

Nonberrl e

exlititilg nelallic clecleristlcs CheDicaly, a t}?ical no@etal acclts dectnB aon a retal Nucleus lle sall, deBe c.!td oflositive clarge i! m alon Octet tule the obsfla,tion $at atons ofmm.tals tetrd 10 fom tle nost sfalle nolecules std rhev de
elen@r aot

eiglt .lct:os (lo fil tleir \]4ce otbitals). Orynic acid @ acid wilh a Ebo!_aion ba.kbolq ofid cortaiN 1!e caboxvl Crcup. Org$ic cheEisfry 1be study olcarbofconltidlg onlouds (t?icallv claj!. ofcuhon aroE md ileir !rclenies, ond.tio! m i!*6e in oxidarion slate (a los of dstou) Oiilation-.eductio! (reilor) ractior a t@1ioD i! wlLich ore or nore elechos d' tt sfercd' OidrtioD sbtes a colcepi that Provids a wal to ke.! tek of eltrons i! oxidaliotr-tdEtio! Eg.iios a@rdilg io cdtain rd4 Orlilizug agnt(eLctmr acc.pt'or) a Mclanl thal accePis eleciroff &oE doiherr@iatrt ?e.cent yield the adLd ield of a Aoducr N ! !q@t'gc of ile r!ffitioal ield' Periorlic tabl. a cn!i! sho*hg all rh eldenls msed in ollllm wiih sinilsi chmical Fopenies pII cuw (titr'lion cune) a plor shosing the pII ofa sldioDleils an'bkd s a nhcdor ofde suomded
by

mout of titfet added. pEs@le ! logdirnnic scate bsed

Physical
bonds de

on l0

dd

eluar

b $elg+l;
butaot

coNeDidl wav io

Elrht

elulioD

cL ge a chage id tne fom ofa substae,

lot
brokeD
a

l!

irs chenicl conposirion: chedicl

i!

ph)sical cbfrg.

Pold covdlr

atEetst!
a

bod

corlent lond q whioh lle el@trou nde slronCly rla the othd

m mt s!@d

eqn llv beoae @e aton

Poh. nolcule Polyato6i. ior

@le.de that h6 a pel:@at diPole boneni id containing a t@ber of aloms. PotJnor a l se, uu,lly chqinute nolcde buift noE my snall nolslles 0lotu6ds) PoryDriation a procss h {!icL ndy sdEll dolerdes (noNoes) @ joiffd tosetha to fod

uble b"rme tod ed sepaje loo Lhe 'olut* !.ircipalqurduEnMbcr rneq@tisnubaelatingtor!.sizmdaa5'oldorbiial; it@

moldle. Pr..lpir,iiotr reacio! a -ertioo ir qtjch

LarEe

:!so

have @y posiiive

ilt

gqaalue.
h is shoM
10

Prodftt' a sbstdce Fsdling &on a chesical t@lior

chedic.l equarion.

the right of

tle eow in

lntoD
Pure

positively chdgd padicle in

aroDic

nucl4

substdc. a subslalce slin co6tal coopositiol Qutit tive salysis the s.pdalim eil idndncatio! ofildivjdu,l ioB Aon a ntxiue
ihe stovest slep

R tedetquining steP

R.Nt

nt

stafiing

i! a I@lion EahmisD, the ore deldbirbg lle overal ole sDb${oe in a clmical F nol It alPem 1o ile 1fl of lne @w h a cloical h enc4tratior ofa leaciat
or product

R@cdo!

rare

the ohdge

pd

uir

tqc

Rrlucing lgert (l.ctron .to!o r) are&tad rnat do@16 ele.lro6 to eorhd slbsirace to redlca the oxi.biio! sLte ofone of its atotu.

R.duction

alec@e in oxidadon stare (a eain of

el*hos)

Rqeribteralctior A.ea.lio! i! wnic! lle !rodets ce E;t to produce &e origi!,r Eeidts Salt d i@jc @oPoud. Saltbriilse a lint @!t!ini!g d elecilollte thal coll@is &e ttr con!a1t66rs of d electo.teEjcal
eU, allo{ing ion flowwirno$ o<t sive hixing ofrhe diedt sol ioB shieldiry lhe effdt by shich tne othd elect os scEe4 or shield, a cive! el@trotr
nucled chege.

ion

soEe ofthe

a@valmt bood in wlichtbe elctron Pan is shaed h d dea qtled o! bctw.a the a1oE. Slglificant figsd the cdiain digils and the 66t ucdla!! digit of a @asldedt SieD. (or)

bold

alir t@irs

Singl.bold .bo'di!whiclo@!anofelectr@bsharedbvtwoaLtu.

\*i

Sohbilit'y the @ou!t of a s$sla@ ilit dilsohes in a Civen voll@ of solvst st a giln tenpfttue Solute a sulslee dissohd in a liquid to fo@ a solnioL Sobtion ahodog@Eoixlue Solvdt the ilissolviry n di@ i! a solutior Spl6filingmodcl a Eodel ofa nol6de showing the Eladve sizes oflhe arod @d lbeir tlalive

Spelatoriols iosples t i!

soluliotrth.i do nor larticipate diFidy i! ac&iioE spoltdss procels a Foss tlat o@B witlo1tt outsid intwcdi@ si.!d!rd r.dudio. pordtial lhe pokorial of a halt-rdioD ud. i&ded s're @ditios. ollrqed aeaile $e Doteldal ol Lbe stalddd hvdmgh eledtode

StrDilrrd

kIalre$w qist slid,liqli4edgN Srates ofh.tter the rhee dlfferdl fom irwlichoatid @
Stllil.rd
StoichLiom.tric quaniiti* q@titie! of u! ai the sde time

Bohti@ wnose @ncotradon is @uielv kloM 1upmturc ud PGs!rc (STP) the mndiliotr 0.0'C 0tri11013

solulio!

l@talts nix.d i! qetly

the @riect

@outs

so

th'r all ee u$d

Sterg.ciil b

@id

tlat comlletely di$ocialq to ptud@e

E+ ion @d the @4ugatc bas.

. ; Strolgbare

ametd hydrodde salt thst @mpletelv diseciates iffo its ios i!wtei strong.l.cirolrt a bal@,r *icb, wld disolved i! wter, i@ises codpletelv. Oiry ios e Pselt in tle $lDtion. Stmctur.l fo@ a 6e rcp@sdtaiio! ofa nole.de it wlicl thc lelaiive positioN oflhe aio$ de slom md lle bo!& @ ildicated !Y lires. Stnctlml isoEerio iso@disn it *dic! Lhe isobeE ( orbi! tbe s@e doc bul ole ; Dor e bodds

Subsiitltio! reaction {Lydrosltoc) a@clio! i! strich d aio4 Eurliv

hydrcg@ alon

halogeq Eploes a

i! a hldrocdbon

wlic! a $bsldce goes diretlt ton rhe solid to the gdeou staie wirhord pssilg tlrough the liqlid dare Titdtiob a t clliqle in wlicl o@ solulion is ue{t to analtze mothd T.llsitiorhettL sevdal sqies of elmelis i! riicn imd o6ilats (d q/ooiialt m bile filled

sublimtior

ihe prc@$ by

Triplebond

b@d in $bic! ibree lairs of el.ctros @ slded bY two atods

Urivdd ss coBtnt
or

th. coDbiftd pdloniolrliry @6taot i!&e iderl gG lav4 0.08206 L atntKnol

3lr44YKmol, Vdeme eletlotrs thc.Lctos id ile outenosl pdrciPal qMlm l4el ofd aton V.len c Nlell clatro! prir replrsioE (VSEIR) nodl anodel*tGetuitlost]lareisrhltlhe sfenft eound r er(,b aid i! a ool@ule b deledired lircilally by nirjmizi4 electroFPair

Volutic rtulyli! a prcc6s hvolvile litdim ofore solntiotr *ith tuother Weaklcid e &id tnal dissialB ody lliclr]y in aqu@w sobtior Weakb$. a b6s tbnt rdls wirh wala to ptudu@ bdrcxi.te ic lo olly a sliehr exied h aqleou elufo!. wca* el.cbob't' a dol*rnm hataial wlich, w!@ drsolv.d u wrer, imiss only to a sEall extar OEly a ie{ ios *ist in the eui6 witl Eost offie slstEnce t@iriDg d bol6tils. Weight 1!e force qerted on 4 obj.ct by gEvily.