Bern

Bern
Bern

Aerial view of the Old City

Country Switzerland Canton Bern District Bern-Mittelland administrative district 4657N 727E [1]

Population - Density Area Elevation Highest Lowest Postal code SFOS number Mayor (list)

125,681 (Dec 2011)

2,436 /km2 (6,308 /sq mi) 51.62km2 (19.93sqmi) 542m (1,778ft) 864 m - Gurten 480 m - Aare 3000-3030 0351 Alexander Tschppt SPS/PSS [2]

Demonym
Surrounded by

Berner
Bremgarten bei Bern, Frauenkappelen, Ittigen, Kirchlindach, Kniz, Mhleberg, Muri bei Bern, Neuenegg, Ostermundigen, Wohlen bei Bern, Zollikofen www.bern.ch [3]

Website

SFSO statistics

[4]

Bern

Bern The city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [brn]( listen); French: Berne [bn]; Italian: Berna Italian pronunciation:[brna]; Romansh: Berna [brn]; Bernese German: Brn [brn]) is the Bundesstadt (federal city, de facto capital) of Switzerland, and, with (as of December 2011) a population of 125,681,[5] the fourth most populous city in Switzerland.[6] The Bern agglomeration, which includes 43 municipalities,[7] has a population of 353,300.[8] The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000.[9] Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons. The official language of Bern is German, but the main spoken language is the Alemannic dialect called Bernese German. In 1983 the historic old town in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Bern is ranked among the worlds top ten cities for the best quality of life (2010).[10]

Name
The etymology of the name Bern is uncertain. According to the local legend, based on folk etymology, Berchtold V, Duke of Zhringen, the founder of the city of Bern, vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt, and this turned out to be a bear. It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980, it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft".[11] The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Brengraben dates to the 1440s.

History
Early history
No archaeological evidence that indicates a settlement on the site of todays city centre prior to the 12th century has been found so far. In antiquity, a Celtic oppidum stood on the Engehalbinsel north of Bern, fortified since the 2nd century BC (late La Tne period), thought to be one of the twelve oppida of the Helvetii mentioned by Caesar. During the Roman era, there was a Gallo-roman vicus on the same site. The Bern zinc tablet has the name Brenodor "dwelling of Breno". In the Early Middle Ages, there was a settlement in Bmpliz, now a city district of Bern, some 4km (2mi) from the medieval city. The medieval city is a foundation of the Zhringer ruling family, which rose to power in Upper Burgundy in the 12th century. According to 14th century historiography (Cronica de Berno, 1309), Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Zhringen.

The construction of the Untertor-bridge in Bern, Tschachtlanchronik, late 15th century

In 1218, after Berthold died without an heir, Bern was made a free imperial city by the Goldene Handfeste of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.

Bern

Old Swiss Confederacy

In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the "eight cantons" of the formative period of 1353 to 1481. Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories, thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps, by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud. The city grew out towards the west of the boundaries of the peninsula formed by the River Aare. Initially, the Zytglogge tower marked the Bern in 1638 western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256, when the Kfigturm took over this role until 1345, which, in turn, was then succeeded by the Christoffelturm (located close to today's train station) until 1622. During the time of the Thirty Years' War two new fortifications, the so-called big and small Schanze (entrenchment), were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula. After a major blaze in 1405, the original wooden buildings were gradually replaced by half-timbered houses and later the sandstone buildings that came to be characteristic for the Old Town. Despite the waves of pestilence that hit Europe in the 14th century, the city continued to grow mainly due to immigration from the surrounding countryside.[12]

Modern history
Bern was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars, when it was stripped of parts of its territories. It regained the Bernese Oberland in 1802, and following the Congress of Vienna of 1814 newly acquired the Bernese Jura, once again becoming the largest canton of the confederacy as it stood during the Restoration, and further until the secession of the canton of Jura in 1979. In 1848 Bern was made the Federal City (seat of the Federal Assembly) of the new Swiss federal state. A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral; see Bern International. The city's population rose from about 5,000 in the 15th century to about 12,000 by 1800 and to above 60,000 by 1900, passing the 100,000 mark during the 1920s. Population peaked during the 1960s at 165,000, and has since decreased slightly, to below 130,000 by 2000. As of 31 December 2009, the resident population was at 130,289 of which 101,627 were Swiss citizens and 28,662 (22%) resident foreigners. Another estimated 350,000 people live in the immediate urban agglomeration.[13]

Bern

Geography
Bern lies on the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern, slightly west of the centre of Switzerland and 20km (12mi) north of the Bernese Alps. The countryside around Bern was formed by glaciers during the most recent Ice Age. The two mountains closest to Bern are the Gurten with a height of 958m (3,143ft) and the Bantiger with a height of 947m (3,107ft). The site of the old observatory in Bern is the point of origin of the CH1903 coordinate system at 465708.66N 72622.50E. The city was originally built on a hilly peninsula surrounded by the River Aare, but outgrew the natural boundaries by the 19th century. A number of bridges have been built to allow the city to expand beyond the Aare. Bern is built on very uneven ground. There are several dozen metres in difference of height between the inner city districts on the Aare (Matte, Marzili) and the higher ones (Kirchenfeld, Lnggasse). Bern has an area, as of 2009, of 51.62 square kilometers (19.93sqmi). Of this area, 9.79 square kilometers (3.78sqmi) or 19.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 17.33 square kilometers (6.69sqmi) or 33.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 23.25 square kilometers (8.98sqmi) or 45.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.06 square kilometers (0.41sqmi) or 2.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.16 square kilometers (0.062sqmi) or 0.3% is unproductive land.[14]

The Aar flows around the Old City of Bern with a loop east expansive

View of Bern from the ISS. North is down and the Old City is in the upper, left hand side.

Of the built up area, 3.6% consists of industrial buildings, 21.7% housing and other buildings, and 12.6% is devoted to transport infrastructure. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.1% of the city, while another 6.0% consists of parks, green belts and sports fields. 32.8% of the total land area is heavily forested. Of the agricultural land, 14.3% is used for growing crops and 4.0% is designated to be used as pastures. The rivers and streams provide all the water in the municipality.[14]

Climate
Climate data for Bern Month Average high C (F) Daily mean C (F) Average low C (F) Precipitation mm (inches) Avg. precipitation days Mean monthly sunshine hours Jan
2.2 (36)

Feb

Mar

Apr

May
17.2 (63)

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec
3 (37)

Year
12.9 (55.2) 7.9 (46.2) 4.2 (39.6)

4.6 8.5 12.6 (40.3) (47.3) (54.7)

20.6 23.5 22.7 19.4 13.7 7.1 (69.1) (74.3) (72.9) (66.9) (56.7) (44.8)

1.2 0.5 3.7 7.3 11.5 14.9 17.3 16.4 13.3 8.6 3.1 0.3 (29.8) (32.9) (38.7) (45.1) (52.7) (58.8) (63.1) (61.5) (55.9) (47.5) (37.6) (31.5) 3.7 2.4 0.1 (25.3) (27.7) (31.8) 66 (2.6) 10 57 3 (37) 6.9 10.1 12.1 11.7 (44.4) (50.2) (53.8) (53.1) 9 (48) 5.3 0.5 2.6 (41.5) (32.9) (27.3)

58 70 84 108 121 104 113 84 73 81 67 1,028 (2.28) (2.76) (3.31) (4.25) (4.76) (4.09) (4.45) (3.31) (2.87) (3.19) (2.64) (40.47) 9.8 86 11.3 127 11.6 150 13.7 174 11.8 198 10 233 10.9 209 8.1 172 8 119 10.1 65 10.2 49 125.5 1,638

Bern
[15]

Source: MeteoSchweiz

Subdivisions
The municipality is administratively subdivided into six districts (Stadtteile), each of which consists of several quarters (Quartiere).

Demographics
Bern has a population (as of December 2011) of 125,681.[1] As of 2010, 23.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (20002010) the population has changed at a rate of 0.6%. Migration accounted for 1.3%, while births and deaths accounted for -2.1%.[16] Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (104,465 or 81.2%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (5,062 or 3.9%) and French is the third (4,671 or 3.6%). There are 171 people who speak Romansh.[17] As of 2008, the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men (35.4% of the population) and 15,092 (12.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 51,531 Swiss women (41.4%) and 13,726 (11.0%) non-Swiss women.[18] Of the population in the municipality, 39,008 or about 30.3% were born in Bern and lived there in 2000. There were 27,573 or 21.4% who were born in the same canton, while 25,818 or 20.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 27,812 or 21.6% were born outside of Switzerland.[17] As of 2000, children and teenagers (019 years old) make up 15.1% of the population, while adults (2064 years old) make up 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%.[16]

Apartment blocks at Bern-Bethlehem

Houses in the Old City of Bern

As of 2000, there were 59,948 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 49,873 married individuals, 9,345 widows or widowers and 9,468 individuals who are divorced.[17] As of 2000, there were 67,115 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.8 persons per household.[16] There were 34,981 households that consist of only one person and 1,592 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 65,538 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 5,352 apartments (7.4%) were seasonally occupied and 1,444 apartments (2.0%) were empty.[19] As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 1.2 new units per 1000 residents.[16] As of 2003 the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern was 1108.92 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$890, 500, 710 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one room apartment was 619.82 CHF (US$500, 280, 400), a two room apartment was about 879.36 CHF (US$700, 400, 560), a three room apartment was about 1040.54 CHF (US$830, 470, 670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2094.80 CHF (US$1680, 940, 1340). The average apartment price in Bern was 99.4% of the national average of 1116 CHF.[20] The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.45%.[16]

Bern

Historic population
The historical population is given in the following chart:[21]

Historic Population Data Year Total Population German Speaking French Speaking Protestant Catholic Jewish

[21] Christian Catholic Other or no religion given No religion given Swiss Non-Swiss

1700 1730 1764 1798 1818 1837 1850 1880 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

14,219 15,932 14,515 12,186 18,997 24,362 29,670 44,087 90,937 111,783 146,499 162,405 136,338 41,784 83,144 102,444 129,781 133,737 110,279 1,875 4,566 6,378 10,262 8,041 5,236 27,986 39,948 78,234 95,600 118,823 115,779 79,889 1,478 3,456 9,650 13,280 23,295 41,374 36,723 1,089 635 335 206 387 1,056 854 792 561 334 296 1,997 2,049 2,500 4,056 19,057 10,006 28,009 40,463 81,335 104,864 139,367 139,873 112,599 1,661 3,624 9,602 6,919 7,132 22,532 23,739

Politics
Bern is governed by the Gemeinderat, an executive council with five members, one of them the elected mayor (Stadtprsident). The parliament has 80 members and is called Stadtrat. Both the legislative and the executive are elected in general elections for a term of four years. The last elections were held in November 2008 with a 43.48% participation. The executive council has a left-green majority with two Erlacherhof representatives, including the mayor Alexander Tschppt, of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (SPS) and one representative of the leftist Green party Grnes Bndnis (GB). It also has a majority of three women against two men. The seat of the Gemeinderat is the Erlacherhof.

Bern

7 The 80 members of the legislative council belong to 18 different political parties, the strongest being the Social Democratic Party with 20 representatives, followed by the conservative Free Democratic Party of Switzerland (FDP) with 10 and the moderate Green party Grne Freien Liste (GFL) with 9 seats. Both the far right Swiss People's Party (SVP) and the leftist Green party Grnes Bndnis have 8 seats each. The Stadtrat meets on Thursday evenings at the Rathaus (town hall). The representatives of the Social Democratic Party and of the Green Rathaus Parties, collectively referred to as "Red-Green-Center" (Rot-Grne-Mitte), hold a majority in both councils and mostly determine city policy, although no formal coalition agreement exists and, under the system of direct democracy that prevails in Switzerland, most important issues are settled by general vote. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 29.12% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Green Party (24.88%), the SVP (16.73%) and the FDP (15.7%). In the federal election, a total of 43,783 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.5%.[22]

Main sights
The structure of Bern's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge (Bernese German for "Time Bell"), an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the Mnster, and a 15th century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometres of arcades, the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe. Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit, the Brengraben, at the far end of the Nydeggbrcke to house its heraldic animals. The currently four bears are now kept in an open-air enclosure nearby, and two other young bears, a present by the Russian president, are kept in Dhlhlzli zoo.[23] The Federal Palace (Bundeshaus), built from 1857 to 1902, which houses the national parliament, government and part of the federal administration, can also be visited. Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49, the site of the Einsteinhaus, from 1903 to 1905, the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published.
Federal Palace of Switzerland (Swiss Parliament Building)

The Rose Garden (Rosengarten), from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913. Bern's most recent sight is the set of fountains in front of the Federal Palace. It was inaugurated on 1 August 2004. The Universal Postal Union is situated in Bern.

Bern

Heritage sites of national significance

Bern is home to 114 Swiss heritage sites of national significance.[24] It includes the entire Old Town, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and many sites within and around it. Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland, the Zytglogge and Kfigturm towers, which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town, and The Zytglogge clock tower and the city's medieval covered the Holy Ghost Church, which is one of the largest Swiss shopping promenades (Lauben) Reformed churches in Switzerland. Within the Old Town, there are twelve 16th century fountains, most attributed to Hans Gieng, that are on the list. Outside the Old Town the heritage sites include the Brengraben, the Gewerbeschule Bern (1937), the Eidgenssisches Archiv fr Denkmalpflege, the Kirchenfeld mansion district (after 1881), the Thunplatzbrunnen, the Federal Mint building, the Federal Archives, the Swiss National Library, the Historical Museum (1894), Alpine Museum, Museum of Communication and Natural History Museum.

Culture
Theatres
Bern Theatre[25] Narrenpack Theatre Bern[26] Schlachthaus Theatre[27] Tojo Theater The Theatre on the Effinger-Street[28] Theatre am Kfigturm[29]

Cinemas
Bern has several dozen cinemas. As is customary in Switzerland, films are generally shown in their original language (e.g., English) with German and French subtitles. Only a small number of screenings are dubbed in German.

Zentrum Paul Klee

Film festivals
Queersicht gay and lesbian film festival, held annually in the second week of November. SHNIT International Short Film Festival
Stadttheater

Bern

Festivals
BeJazz Summer and Winter Festival Buskers' festival Gurtenfestival Internationales Jazzfestival Bern Queersicht Queer Filmfestival, annually held second week of November. SHNIT International Short Film Festival Taktlos-Festival
Gurtenfestival, 2003

Fairs
Zibelemrit The Zibelemrit (onion market) is an annual fair held on the fourth Monday in November. Bernese Fassnacht (Carnival)

Sport
Bern was the site of the 1954 Football (Soccer) World Cup Final, a huge upset for the Hungarian Golden Team, who were beaten 32 by West Germany. The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf, which also was one of the venues for the European football championship 2008. The Stade de Suisse hosted three matches during the 2008 UEFA Euro Cup tournament. SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern who plays at the PostFinance Arena.
Stade de Suisse Wankdorf

The PostFinance Arena was the main host of the 2009 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship, including the opening game and the final of the tournament. The PostFinance Arena was also the host of the 2011 European Figure Skate Championships. Bern Cardinals is the baseball and softball team of Bern, which plays at the Allmend Bern Grizzlies is the American football club in Bern and plays at Athletics Arena Wankdorf. Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals. Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver, Canada. RC Bern is the local rugby club (since 1972) and plays at the Allmend. The ladies team has been founded in 1995.

Bern

10

Economy
As of 2010, Bern had an unemployment rate of 3.3%. As of 2008, there were 259 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 59 businesses involved in this sector. 16,413 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 950 businesses in this sector. 135,973 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 7,654 businesses in this sector.[16] In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 125,037. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203, of which 184 were in agriculture and 19 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 15,476 of which 7,650 or (49.4%) were in manufacturing, 51 or (0.3%) were in mining and 6,389 (41.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 109,358. In the tertiary sector; 11,396 or 10.4% were in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 10,293 or 9.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 5,090 or 4.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7,302 or 6.7% were in the information industry, 8,437 or 7.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 10,660 or 9.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 5,338 or 4.9% were in education and 17,903 or 16.4% were in health care.[30] In 2000, there were 94,367 workers who commuted into the municipality and 16,424 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 5.7 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving.[31] Of the working population, 50.6% used public transport to get to work, and 20.6% used a private car.[16]

Religion
From the 2000 census, 31,510 or 24.5% were Roman Catholic, while 60,455 or 47.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 1,874 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.46% of the population), there were 229 persons (or about 0.18% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 5,531 persons (or about 4.30% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 324 persons (or about 0.25% of the population) who were Jewish, and 4,907 (or about 3.81% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 629 persons who were Buddhist, 1,430 persons who were Hindu and 177 persons who belonged to another church. 16,363 (or about 12.72% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 7,855 persons (or about 6.11% of the population) did not answer the question.[17]

Education
The University of Bern, whose buildings are mainly located in the Lnggasse quarter, is located in Bern, as well as the University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) and several vocations schools. In Bern about 50,418 or (39.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 24,311 or (18.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 24,311 who completed tertiary schooling, 51.6% were Swiss men, 33.0% were Swiss women, 8.9% were non-Swiss men and 6.5% were non-Swiss women.[17]

Main building of the University of Bern

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory kindergarten, followed by six years of primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the pupils are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower secondary pupils may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.[32] During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 10,979 pupils attending classes in Bern. There were 89 kindergarten classes with a total of 1,641 pupils in the municipality. Of the kindergarten pupils, 32.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 40.2% have a different mother language than the

Bern classroom language. The municipality had 266 primary classes and 5,040 pupils. Of the primary pupils, 30.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 35.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 151 lower secondary classes with a total of 2,581 pupils. There were 28.7% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 32.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language.[33] Bern is home to 8 libraries. These libraries include; the Schweiz. Nationalbibliothek/ Bibliothque nationale suisse, the Universittsbibliothek Bern, the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern, the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern, the BFH Gesundheit, the BFH Soziale Arbeit, the Hochschule der Knste Bern, Gestaltung und Kunst and the Hochschule der Knste Bern, Musikbibliothek. There was a combined total (as of 2008) of 10,308,336 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 2,627,973 items were loaned out.[34] As of 2000, there were 9,045 pupils in Bern who came from another municipality, while 1,185 residents attended schools outside the municipality.[31]

11

Transport
Bern is well connected to other cities by several motorways (A1, A12, A6). Public transport works well in Bern, with the Bern S-Bahn, Bern tramway network, Bern trolleybus system and a bus network forming an integrated all-four style scheme connecting the different parts of the city. Bern railway station connects the city to the national and international railways network.

Tram station on the Bahnhofplatz

A funicular railway leads from the Marzili district to the Bundeshaus. This funicular is, with a length of 106m (348ft), the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb Funicular. Several Aare bridges connect the old parts of the city with the newer districts outside of the peninsula. Bern is also served by Bern Airport, located outside the city near the town of Belp. The regional airport, colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos, is connected to several European cities. Additionally Zurich Airport, Geneva Airport and EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg also serve as international gateways, all reachable within two hours by car or train from Bern.

Notable people
Mikhail Bakunin died in Bern on 1 July 1876 Albert Einstein worked out his theory of relativity while living in Bern, employed as a clerk at the patent office Albrecht von Haller Louise Elisabeth de Meuron, a famed eccentric and noble lady Paul Emmert, painter Ferdinand Hodler, painter Mark Streit, ice hockey player Christoph von Graffenried, founder of New Bern in the US state of North Carolina Peter Bieri, philosophy professor and novelist Adolf Wlfli, visual artist
Albert Einstein's house

Bern Roman Josi, ice hockey player Mani Matter, songwriter Lon Savary, Swiss writer and journalist Hans Urwyler, Christian minister Aim Flix Tschiffely, Famous Longrider Algirdas Paleckis, diplomat and politician, was born in Bern

12

Twin Cities
Liechtenstein, Vaduz Austria, Vienna Germany, Berlin Ukraine, Kryvyi Rih

References
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External links
City of Bern (http://www.bern.ch/) Bern (Gemeinde) in German (http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D209.php), French (http://www. hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F209.php) and Italian (http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I209.php) in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. GIS City of Bern (http://web.archive.org/web/20071023192334/http://www.geobern.ch/TBInternet/ default.aspx?Show=Bern&Lang=en) Bern Public Transportation Website (BernMobil) (http://www.bernmobil.ch/) CityHunter Bern (http://www.cityhunter.ch/) Gurtenfestival (http://www.gurtenfestival.ch/)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

Bern Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=526032885 Contributors: .:Ajvol:., 16@r, 3122WIKI, 334a, 62.2.17.xxx, A-research, Adam Carr, Adebaumann, Aervanath, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Ajnem, Alan.ca, Alansohn, Amalthea, Ami in CH, Anarcho punk1, Anaxial, Andre Engels, Andrew J.Kurbiko, Andrewpmk, Andrwsc, Angr, AniBunny, Apterygial, ArRoos, Aresceo, Atlant, Attilios, Audionaut, Bahnfrend, Barefeetdude, Bejnar, Ben-Zin, BenjaminKay, Benjaminevans82, BillC, Biruitorul, Blehfu, Blethering Scot, Bobak, Bobfrombrockley, Boemmeliboez, Bojin, Bokpasa, Bonadea, Bubba hotep, CLW, CalicoCatLover, Calmer Waters, CambridgeBayWeather, Caponer, Cassowary, Cautious, Cerufy, Cflm001, Chanheigeorge, CharlesC, Chase22134, Chaz1dave, Chillwills, Chris j wood, Chris the speller, ChrisO, Chrisch, Christian List, Clpda, Cmdrjameson, Coder17, Cold starlight, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Coolcaesar, Coyets, Cpcallen, Crufy, Cs-wolves, Csvndl4, D6, DVdm, Daboss, Danny, Dbachmann, Dcwoon, De la mettrie, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Defrenrokorit, Denisarona, DerBorg, DerRichter, DerrickOswald, Dewritech, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, Dmn, Docu, Douwe20, Dr. Blofeld, Dschwen, Eastfrisian, Edcolins, Egil, El C, Enviroboy, Escape Orbit, Eudaemus, Everyking, Excirial, Fak119, Fireaxe888, Forteblast, Funnybunny, Funnyhat, Furrykef, Futbol vic, GC, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, Galoubet, Gentschli, Georgequizbowl08, Glaurung, Globi2002, Godardesque, Goldfishbutt, Graham87, Great Deku Tree, Greenshed, Groshna, Grstain, Gwernol, Hashar, Hawkeye29, Hayden120, Helohe, Hermes Agathos, Hmains, Hughcharlesparker, Hyperfusion, Hyperplane, If62668, Ikiwaner, Infrogmation, Iokseng, J. 'mach' wust, JREL, Jahanas, Jeppiz, Jeronimo, Jesuit222, Jezerfetnae, Jhendin, JinJian, Jinglebells200, JoanneB, Joey80, Jose77, Joshua, KAVEBEAR, KFP, Kaaveh Ahangar, KaiserAO, Kcuello, Kerotan, Knatterton, Knutux, Konign6, Korte, Kotasik, Kwaku, Kwamikagami, Kyle1278, Lafuzion, Laguna88, Larsbaumgartner, Layoub85, Le Fou, Leftydan6, LeoNomis, Leyo, Lfh, Lightmouse, Longbow4u, Lukas Diener, Lupin, M2545, MacTire02, MadGeographer, Maksim L., Marek69, Mark Wheaver, Marquez, Mathpianist93, Mav, Maximus Rex, Maya, Mbz1, MeltBanana, Michael Jackson (not king of pop), Michellecrisp, Mild Bill Hiccup, Millisits, Mogism, Momet, Mschlindwein, N panni, N-true, Nakon, Natalie Erin, NawlinWiki, Newnoise, Ngagnebin, Nguyen Thanh Quang, Nico, Nightscream, Nova77, Odryfuss, Ojw, Olivier, OnBeyondZebrax, Optimale, Ori, OwenBlacker, Paulie74, Pcaldwell76, Pedant17, Peter James, Peter S., Phil Bastian, Photnart, Pinethicket, Pitsteelerfan188, Pmanderson, Pne, Postlebury, Pras, Premierathon, President Rhapsody, PsY.cHo, Pully992, Quadell, Queenofthewilis, Raphael Frey, Red Winged Duck, RedWolf, Reenem, Reisio, RexNL, Reywas92, RicciSpeziari, Rich Farmbrough, RickK, Rl, Robofish, Rocastelo, Roidhrigh, Rothorpe, SAMbo, Sailsbystars, Salt Yeung, Sam Hocevar, Sandstein, Saper, Sardanaphalus, Saxsux, Scipius, Scotthatton, Sdnegel, Sherool, Signalhead, SimonP, Sir Stanley, Skew-t, Skinsmoke, Slady, Sluzzelin, Smalljim, SnapSnap, Snowolf, Sowen, Spigot, Spondoolicks, Ste, Stewartadcock, Sweden555, Synthetik, TGC55, TPIRman, TRBlom, Tabletop, Tahir mq, Thisisbossi, ThuranX, Tian, Timwi, Tobias Hoevekamp, Tobyc75, Tomeasy, Tpbradbury, Trilobite, Truthkeeper88, Ttk371, Twenty-nine, Universalcosmos, Van Peter, Van helsing, Vatse, Verrai, WTell, Wathiik, WereSpielChequers, WhisperToMe, Wik, Wikibob, Wikky Horse, WildWildBil, Wimt, Wmem, Woohookitty, Worldphotopage, Writtenright, Ww2censor, Yidisheryid, Zacharie Grossen, Zad68, Zbxgscqf, Zeledi, Zenit, Zscout370, g er Almar, le flottante, , , 472 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

file:Bern luftaufnahme.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bern_luftaufnahme.png License: Public Domain Contributors: de:Benutzer:Reaast file:Wappen Bern matt.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Bern_matt.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Sa-se file:Switzerland location map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Switzerland_location_map.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Lukasb1992, Maoman, NordNordWest, Sting, Wikisoft*, 1 anonymous edits File:Red pog.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_pog.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Speaker Icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, Tehdog, 2 anonymous edits File:Untertorbrcke Tschachtlanchronik.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Untertorbrcke_Tschachtlanchronik.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bendict Tschachtlan File:MerianBern.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MerianBern.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Vorlage von Joseph Plepp File:Aareschlaufe Bern-East.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aareschlaufe_Bern-East.svg License: unknown Contributors: 3122WIKI, Docu, Htonl File:Bern, Switzerland.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bern,_Switzerland.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Aresceo File:Bern Bethlehem2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bern_Bethlehem2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Darkmaster at de.wikipedia File:Berne Houses.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Berne_Houses.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Attila Terbcs, User:Pasztilla File:Erlacherhof.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Erlacherhof.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Sandstein File:Rathaus (Bern).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rathaus_(Bern).jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Wladyslaw Sojka at de.wikipedia (Original text : ? Wladyslaw [Disk.]) File:Swiss Parliament Building Bern 2011.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Swiss_Parliament_Building_Bern_2011.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Futbol vic File:CH Bern Kramgasse.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CH_Bern_Kramgasse.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Daniel Schwen File:Zentrum Paul Klee Bern 15.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zentrum_Paul_Klee_Bern_15.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Norbert Aepli, Switzerland (User:Noebu) File:StadttheaterBern.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:StadttheaterBern.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Photographed by Supermutz File:Gurtenfestival Gelaende 2003.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gurtenfestival_Gelaende_2003.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Sprain File:Stadedesuisse-2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stadedesuisse-2.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Hb-mfb File:Universitt Bern Hauptgebude DSC05758.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Universitt_Bern_Hauptgebude_DSC05758.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Krol:k File:Combino Bern.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Combino_Bern.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Hauser Christoph File:Einsteinhausberne.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Einsteinhausberne.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Gerd Kortemeyer (talk) File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Mnmazur File:Flag of Austria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Germany.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Created by: Jon Harald Sby, colors by Zscout370

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