GOOD DESIGNER:It is important that the site is structured sensibly.

Remember the purpose of any website is to important information or to get a reaction which will hopefully be sales if it is a commercial site. If the structure of the site is not clear users wont be able to navigate to the information in which they are interested. Unlike a book or paper catalogue you cannot flick though a Web site to find something. There are a number of commonly used techniques for aiding navigation. Most commonly an index is given at the top of the page, or a set of business is provided at the top and bottom. Remembering that this is hypertext, you should provide copious links from the body of your documents, although too many can make them crowded. When you provide a hyperlink make sure that you design a way in which the reader can get back. One popular navigational aid is called a breadcrumb trail. The idea is that each page has a line of hyperlinks along the top which refer back to previous pages in the hierarchy. The user is able to quickly move back to previous sections without going near the back button of the browser. A breadcrumb trail works best on sites which have large amounts of well-structured pages. The easiest way to navigate is probably the use of frames or tables. Using a table is an interesting approach to page layout that is commonly found on classy Web sites. Using frames makes moving through the site even easier. With a frame you can make sure that links to pages are always available on the screen. Using welldesigned navigational tools means that the visitor never has to get lost within your pages. Whichever navigational scheme you use, you should be aware of the difficulties which visually-impaired users might have with you site. Or all the groups can struggle on the Web; the visually impaired probably suffer more difficulties than just about anyone else. The browsers which these people use can have problem with framed sites and those with use lots of tables. The sites which seem to be least usable are those which have lots of images acting as hyperlinks. Whenever you use an image, especially if it provides meaningful content, you should use the alt parameter: < a href= ./history.html > < img src=./images/history.png alt=Link to history.html > TABLES VERSUS FRAMES VERSUS.. Frames are simple, provide excellent navigation, and ought to be highly popular. In fact many Web surfers hate using frame-based sites. The reasons for this are not difficult to discover. Sites over-use frames, each frame takes up space on the visitors screen for borders and scrollbars: more frames equals less space for information. More importantly, through, if you are not careful you can easily create a situation in which other Web sites appear inside one of your frames. If a visitor selects a link to an external site from one of your frames that site will appear inside your frame. Often the only way that a user can rectify this is to restart the browser. The problem with using a table to provide the structure of the page is that it makes the design of the page much more complex. If you decide to use a table then you have to be sure to get it right-if you make a mistake the page will look really terrible. Well, that is the controversy. How do you go about writing a Web page based inside a table? To demonstrate the techniques I will build the same page in a table and in a set of frames and you can make your own mind up about which is preferable. ACTIVE SERVER PAGES:Active Server Pages (ASP) was developed by Microsoft to run alongside its Web server, Internet Information Server (IIS). Both IIS & ASP are designed to tightly integrate into the Windows operating system. IIS is so easy to install and configure that almost anyone can have a Web server up and running in minutes. If you plan to run a Web server on a specific operating system then making as much use as possible of the facilities of that system is a good idea. ASP lets you do just that. Scripts are run through Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL). Each DLL, loads into memory and can service requests repeatedly until unloaded. That is all very well but you are probably asking yourselves exactly what ASP is. Put simply, ASP extends the HTML pages by embedding server-side scripting into the HTML. These scripts are processed by a suitable Web server and the processed page sent to the browser. The web browser never gets to see the scripts even though they started off inside the page. Clearly the ASP model has a lot to recommend it. If you are handling static pages which include dynamic elements then you can greatly reduce the processing requirements by first building those static elements.

VisionTech Computers, Putlur Road , Tadipatri-515411. Anantapur(Dist)8985 932 932 Created & Designed By : Ramanje [ MBA,MSc,B.Ed ] Page No : 1 of 6

ASP developers will use either Jscript or VBScript. Most texts that you read about ASP use VBScript for their examples but that is purely an illustrative choice. You can write ASP in any scripting language which provides a suitable ActiveX scripting engine to link the Perl interpreter to the IIS Web server. The ASP Object:Using Perl script to program ASP looks pretty simple. Most of the programmers free to concentrate on getting the scripts working properly, but there is a layer of complexity associated with the idea. The complexity all comes from something called the Object Model. Objects are things which have defined boundaries and whose internals1 are usually hidden from the world. Objects provide services for other parts of an application through their methods. A method is just like a function. Objects are a real boon to the developers of complex systems. ASP technology defines five objects which you can use in your scripts. The Request Object The Response Object The Server Object The Session Object The Application Object The Request Object: - ASP uses its built-in functions to take a lot of the hard work out of handling form data. In the traditional CGI model of Web development each programmer must handle requests from users in their own way. Microsoft has done the same with ASP. Like all Web servers, IIS has its own functionality for extracting data from client requests whether sent with the POST or GET method. The request object may contain a number of different data items but the most important ones are data about cookies, data sent via POST, and data sent via GET. The Response Object:- The response object controls the transmission of data from the server to the Web browser. Any type of data can set back, although obviously you will normally be sending HTML. You mostly be using the $Response -> Write ( ) property of this object to dynamically create HTML but there are a few others which you should know about. To make sure that everything happens in the correct order, the response object has a $Response-> Buffer property which you can set to on to cache the page before sending it. HTML pages can have an expiry time. The expiry time is set through the $Response-> Expires property. Finally, browsers can be automatically redirected to another site by using $Response-> Redirect ($url). The Server Object: - The server object holds information about the Web server itself and lets you use some of its functionality. For instance you can set the maximum time that a script will execute before generating an error. This is especially useful if you are accessing database which may not be present on the system or which may be very busy. The Session Object:- HTTP is stateless and has no concept of a session. ASP provides a third option called a Session. This uses cookies but they are set by the server itself, not by the programmer and are valid only for a limited time. Using $Session the following sequence happens: The user requests a page. Any cookies which are valid for the server are returned along with the page. If no cookies are sent a new session is created and a cookie is set on the browser. If cookies were sent they are checked to see if one is an ASP session ID. The Application Object:- Finally we have the application object. This is used to share data within a Web application. In the vast majority of cases you wont ever need to use this object so I dont plan to discuss it any further. ACCESSIONG YOUR ISP:Most Web developers have to use an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Even most businesses use someone else to host their Web site. ISPs have all of the technical know-how and security expertise that you need. Softwares:- When you sign-up with an ISP they may provide you with the software to manage your site. They also may not. Basically you need two things: a telnet program and an FTP program. FRP &
1

VisionTech Computers, Putlur Road , Tadipatri-515411. Anantapur(Dist)8985 932 932 Created & Designed By : Ramanje [ MBA,MSc,B.Ed ] Page No : 2 of 6

How they work

Telnet are usually available form the command-line of your operating system; however, this can be rather unfriendly. Many graphical programs are available which take a lot of the sweat out of using FRP. FTP: - FTP stand for File Transfer Protocol. As the name suggests it is uses to transfer files around. FTP is used to download applications or data from servers onto your local drive or to upload onto a remote server. Many graphical FTP programs let you do this, but command-line utilities often dont. in addition a graphical FTP program makes the creation of remote directories simple. The Command-line:- Using GTP from the command-line is not difficult but it can be time-consuming. Whereas graphical utilities allow you to drag and drop groups of files, command-line FTP means moving one file at a time. The command-line approach is more efficient if you only want to move a couple of files, or if you need to fetch a file back from the server for further editing. Anonymous FTP:-Many servers support anonymous FTP. This service lets anyone log on to the machine and access the files there. To use anonymous FTP, user must log on to the remote server as a default user named anonymous. The next step is to give a full e-mail address as a password. This can be done using the command-line or through any of the graphical FTP programs that are now to be much faster and are much less likely to corrupt the data. Telnet:- Telnet is a way of opening a shell on a remote machine. It is usually done from the commandline, and even the best graphical telnet utilities add very little extra functionality. Telnet is useful if you want to access files, create directory structures, change permissions, test CGI scripts, or perform simple edits which dont require a download of the complete file. To telnet a server simply type at the command prompt: telnet server_address PROTOCOLS:If you read anything about networks you will find yourself reading about protocols at some point. They seem important, vital even, as they are mentioned so often, but what is a protocol? Put simply, a protocol is a set of rules which govern how computers can communicate. The protocol dictates the way that addresses area assigned to machines, the formats in which they will pass data, the amount of data which can be sent in one go. Think of a protocol as a common language. The whole of the Internet is underpinned by just two protocols: the Internet Protocol (IP) & the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The World Wide Web adds a couple more into the mix: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) & the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). IP AND TCP:The two protocols upon the whole Internet runs are Internet Protocol and Transmission Control Protocol. Between them these provide all of the requirements to transmit and receive data across complex WANs. Networks are made of layers with each layer providing a different type of functionality.
Application Layer( http ) Transport Layer ( tcp ) Internet Layer( ip ) Application Layer( http ) Transport Layer ( tcp ) Internet Layer( ip )

Physical Layer( cable, network interface card, etc )

Internet Protocol (IP):In the Internet layer of a sending machine the data is split into packets which also contain addressing information about the recipient. Implementations of the Internet Protocol are probably the most common way of generating and addressing data packets in widespread use today. IP packets have between 20 & 60 bytes of header information and up to 65,515 bytes of data. Why dont all IP packets take the same route? When most people encounter these ideas for the first time they tend to think that opening a physical connection between the machines and funneling all of the data through that connection would be the most efficient approach. IP has relatively limited functionality. The protocol makes no guarantee of delivery: just because a packet of data is sent, there is no reason to expect that it will arrive. Large messages, which mean any over 65,515 bytes,

VisionTech Computers, Putlur Road , Tadipatri-515411. Anantapur(Dist)8985 932 932 Created & Designed By : Ramanje [ MBA,MSc,B.Ed ] Page No : 3 of 6

must be sent as a series of packets. Because these packets may be sent along different routes they can arrive in a different order from that in which they were sent. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):IP gets the data onto and off the network but on its own it provides no support for applications. The data packets are not sequenced. TCP fills in some of the gaps left by IP. A packet sent from a system which uses TCP has another set of headers in addition to the IP headers. These provide control information for use by TCP. When a host receives a data packet the IP code removes the IP header and passes packet onto TCP code. If only one packet was sent the TCP headers are removed and the packet is passed onto the application. If several packets were sent, TCP must store them as they arrive until the whole data set is stored. As each packet is stored, TCP send an acknowledgment message back to the sending machine indication which packet it now has. If an acknowledgment is not received by the server for a specific packet it will transmit that packet once more. Using TCP places a significant processing load on both sender and recipient. Internet Addresses:The addressing system used by the Internet Protocol gives each machine a unique four-byte numerical address. These addressees are usually written in the form 127.0.0.1. Each of the four bytes in the addressed is represented by an integer in the range 0 to 255. Most computers have few problems handling numbers, human users prefer textual addresses. A system called the Domain Name System (DNS), DNS is used to address hosts. Each numerical address has a textual equivalent, for instance www.visiontechcomputers.in maps onto 143.52.2.89. When you enter a text format address into your browser a dedicated machine called a DNS server converts it into the numerical form before the packets are sent. A further refinement lets a server run a number of Internet connected applications at the same time. Each application is assigned a port number. This is simply an area of memory where from 0 to 65,535 with each one potentially assigned to a different application. HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP):The World Wide Web has its own special protocol which applications like browser and Web servers use to talk to each other. This protocol is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP runs on top of TCP but changes some of the ways that TCP works. In particular TCP is session-oriented, the server and client maintain a connection for the duration of data exchange. HTTP has no concept of a session. Once a message has been sent and received the two machines forget about each other. This presents application developers with problems. It is very useful to be able to remember who is visiting your site if, for instance, you are running a commercial site and must track transactions through a number of screens. HTTP Sessions:Under HTTP there are four steps to communicating across the Web: make the connection, request a document, respond to a request, close the connection. Connection Setup:The browser opens standard TCP connections to the server. Port 80 is used by default but any port which is not required by another application can be used. If non-standard port is used, both client and server must be aware that this will happen. Where ports other than 80 are used, the port number is add to the URL as in this example: http://www.visiontechcomputers.in:8080 Browser request:Once the TCP connection is established, the browser requests a given document using its URL. The message will be in the format:

VisionTech Computers, Putlur Road , Tadipatri-515411. Anantapur(Dist)8985 932 932 Created & Designed By : Ramanje [ MBA,MSc,B.Ed ] Page No : 4 of 6

GET/first.html HTTP/1.1 The command GET tells the server that the browser is attempting to retrieve a document. Browsers can send a variety of other commands including POST which send from data to the server, HEAD, which gets only the page header and not the data, and PUT, which is used to transmit a data file to the server. The request can be refined by the addition of more commands. Typically the browser appends an Accept command which indicates the types it can handle. The name of the application may also be appended using the command User-Agent. Combining all of this into a complete request gives GET/first.html HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/html Accept: text/html User-Agent: Mozilla/4.7[en](win95; i) 4 Server Response:The httpd (Web server) process can automatically insert information into the header into the heard of a response. Often this is the MIME type of the document which is based upon the file type. Unfortunately CGI scripts which create HTML documents cannot use this mechanism and must explicitly include this information. The following headers may be returned by your CGI scripts: Connect-Type: tells the browser how to process the document. Location: used to automatically redirect the browser to another URL. Set-cookie: set a Netscape cookie. Closing the Connection:The client and server can both close the connection. This uses the standard TCP approach. If another document is required a new connection must be opened. THE DOCUMENTS OBJECT MODEL:Dynamic Web pages are a combination of three things: formatted page content, executable scripts embedded within the page, and interface which lets scripts operate on the elements within the document. INTRODUCINT THE DOCUMENT OBJECT MODEL The DOM model of a n HTML document is a hierarchical structure which might reasonably be represented as a tree. However, this structure does not imply that DOM-complaint software must manipulate the document in a hierarchical manner: it is simply a representation. The relationship between some HTML code and the DOM is shown below.. <html> HTML <head> <title> Something</title> </head> Head Body <body> <p> Some text</p> Title Para List <ul> <li> First <li> Second Something Some text Item Item </ul> </body> </html>
First Second

One benefit of establishing the DOM is that any two implantations of the same document will arrive ate same structure. The sets of objects and relationships between those objects will be compatible. In turn this means that

VisionTech Computers, Putlur Road , Tadipatri-515411. Anantapur(Dist)8985 932 932 Created & Designed By : Ramanje [ MBA,MSc,B.Ed ] Page No : 5 of 6

a script associated with the document which is used to manipulate those objects should perform consistently in both cases. There is no suggestion that the visual representation of the document will be identical in both cases as implementations are left to the browser developers. The DOM models, but does not implement: the objects that comprise a document; the semantics, behavior, and attributes of those objects; the relationships between those objects. Although the DOM is now central to the development of DHTML, its development was actually preceded by that of DHTML. The specification for the DOM came form the need to create an independent set of objects that could be used by JavaScript programmers as they develop dynamic Web pages. WEB BROWSER:If we want to write Web pages then the chances are that you have surfed the Internet and have access to a Web browser. Good, because you will need one to preview your HTML pages as you create them, there area numerous Web browsers available. Most browsers are free or available as shareware, where you get to evaluate the program for free but must pa a relatively nominal fee for continued use. The market for Web browsers is dominated by two companies, Netscape and Microsoft. Netscape produce the Navigator browser as part of the Communicator suite, while Microsoft ships versions of Internet Explorer as part of both NT and Windows98. Microsoft has released version 5 of Internet Explorer and it should not be too long before Netscape releases its next version of Navigator. These are graphical browsers which by default display all images they come across. Some people, notably those with visual handicaps, use a browser called Lynx which is totally text-based and will not display images. Navigator and Explorer go beyond simple Web browsing. Both include fully functional e-mail clients and Usenet news readers. Choosing a Browser:The choice of which browser you use may depend upon a number of factors but if you are looking to upgrade then you need to think about some of these: Does the browser run on my operating system? Does the browser support the use of Cascading Style Sheets? Does the browser support the use of plug-ns for most popular Web data types? Does the browser support Java applets? Does the browser support the use of JavaScript? If so which version? Does the manufacturer regularly upgrade the product as standard change? How much hard disk space will the installed browser need? How much memory will the browser need? Will I need an ultra-fast processor to use the browser? PERL:CGI scripts can be developed in most programming languages, the only restriction being that the Web server must be able to execute the script. Perhaps the most popular languages for CGI development are PERL, Visual Basic, and, increasingly, Java. PERL is the dominant language; in many ways it is the standard for this type of work. What makes PERL so popular? CGI scripts tend to be relatively simple, often only having a dozen or so simple procedures. Most CGI work involves the manipulation of text strings. PERL was specifically developed to handle text. PERL is freely, and widely, available. Many useful packages of code have been written by others to help you write better CGI scripts. There is a mass of helpful information available from World Wide Web sites and Usenet newsgroups.

VisionTech Computers, Putlur Road , Tadipatri-515411. Anantapur(Dist)8985 932 932 Created & Designed By : Ramanje [ MBA,MSc,B.Ed ] Page No : 6 of 6