Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Page 188
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
I1 U1
w1
w2
I2 U2
R1
U1
I1
X1
X 2'
R2 '
1 2
I2'
U 2'
I w + I w = I w1 1 1 2 2
At load and short-circuit:
RTK
X TK
I1 w1 = I 2 w2
U1
I1 = I 2 '
U 2'
X TK = X 1 + X 2 '
RTK = R1 + R2 '
Page 189
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Ratio kV/kV 850/21 400/230 400/120 230/120 110/11 30/10.5 30/10.5 10/0.4
No-load magnetizing current % In 0.2 0.25 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.15
Page 190
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Flux
IRush
Rem
Inrush-current of a single phase transformer
U t
Im
Source: Sonnemann, et al.: Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892
Page 191
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
S
R
IR
IS
IC
Oscillogram:
ID
I mT
I mR
IR
5 1 I R = I mR I mC 6 6
1 1 IS = ImR ImT 6 6
IR
IS
IT
IS
IT
5 1 IT = ImT ImR 6 6
Source: Sonnemann et al. : Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892
Page 192
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
100
80
B 360O
60
I m ( 2)
40
I m(3)
20
I m(1)
17,5%
I m(1)
90O 180O 270O
240O
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
Page 193
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Page 194
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
I Rush IN
12 10 8 6 4 2
10
50
100
500
Page 195
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Sympathetic Inrush
Wave form: Transient currents:
I1
I2
I1
IT
IT
I1
Transformer being closed
I2
RS XS
IT
G
resistance T1
I2
T2
G
Transformer already closed
IT
I1
T1 T2
I2
Page 196
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer overfluxing
B 1,5 1,0
104 Gau
120
140
% 160 U/Un
10
15 A Im
Page 197
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Vector group adaptation with matching CTs Current distribution with external ph-ph fault
Ir
r
IR
R
I1
3
1
IS
S
I2 I3
Is It
IT
T
3 /1
87T 87T 87T
Page 198
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Vector group adaptation with matching CTs Current distribution with external ph-E fault
R S T
IR IS IT Yd1 I1 I2 I3 Ir
Is s It
tm IT=3
3 /1
It = 3
tg
87T 87T 87T
Ir = 3
rm rg
Tm Sm Rm
Page 199
Tg Rg
2007-08
R0 S0 T0 Sg
Author: G. Ziegler
30O
sm
tm rm
tg rg
30O sg
Traditional I0-elimination with matching CTs Current distribution in case of an internal earth fault
L1 L1 L2 L2 L3
L3
Page 200
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Traditional I0-correction with matching CTs Current distribution with external ph-E fault
a A b B c
3/1
87T 87T
87T
Page 201
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Traditional I0-correction with matching CTs Current distribution with internal ph-E fault
a A b B c C
3/1
87T
87T
87T
Page 202
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
L1
UA
(110 kV)
L2 L3
UB
(20 kV)
7UT6
Page 203
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
N o r m
IR IS IT
I0elim.
Ir Is It
N o r m
I N Transf W1 =
3 U N-1
I N Transf W2 =
IR
I IS = N Prim CT 1 I N Transf - W1 IT
Ir
J r sec
Page 204
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
N o r m
IR IS IT
I0elim.
Ir Is It
N o r m
I0 =
1 (I R + IS + IT ) 3
Example Yd5:
IR IR * Ir ** IS = I S * + I s ** IT * I t * * I T
I R * = I R I0 IS* = IS I0 IT * = IT I0
I r ** 1 0 1 Ir * 1 I s ** = 1 1 0 I s * 3 It ** 0 1 1 It *
1 I0 = (I r + Is + I t ) 3
I r * = I r I0 Is * = Is I0
I t * = I t I0
Page 205
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
UN (kV) SN (MVA) INW (A) Line or BB Elimination / Correction / without Side XX INW S (A) Neutral CT
Assignment input for REF Primary rated current of neutral CT Earth side connection to relay: Q7 or Q8?
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
Page 206
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Yd5
W2
1A 5A
Page 207
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
I N Trafo W2 =
J r,s, t -sek =
100MVA 3 20kV
= 2887A
I N Trafo W1 =
100MVA 3 110kV
= 525A
ID
7UT6
IF F =
I DIFF >>
ST A
e op Sl
Stable operation
I DIFF >
1 Slope
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0
Istab / In
Page 209
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
I0- elimination necessary at all windings with earthed neutral or with grounding transformer in the protection range Earth fault sensitivity reduced to 2/3 ! Incorrect fault type indication! I0- correction provides full earth current sensitivity and correct phase selective fault type indication, however requires CT in the neutral-to-earth connection of the transformer. As an alternative, earth differential protection can be used to enhance earth fault sensitivity.
Page 210
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
IF per unit
10
8 6 4 2 40 60
IF
IK
20
80
100
Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)
Page 211
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
%
100
I I Max
50
IF IK
h U R IF = RE U 2n h w2 IK = IF = h IF w1 U1n 3
20
2 1 U 2n U R IK = h 3 U1n RE
Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)
Page 212
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
IK Grid
IK
5 x In 4 3 2 1
R 0% 20%
20
40
60
80
100
Page 213
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
100
10 IP 8 x In
IK
IF , IK x In 80
60
IF
40 4
IK
20 2
IF
0 5 10 15 20 25
Page 214
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
IR IS IT
IN IE I0* I0**
I>
k0 =2
Limit=110O
4
I* 0 I 0-set
110 100 90
3 2 1
I** 0 I* 0
I Ph =1 IN
External fault
180O 130O 120O 110O 100O
Internal fault
I**/I* 0 0
90O
80O
70O
60O
50O
0O
Page 216
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
K0= 4 K0= 2
120 100 2 1.6 80 60
K0= 1.4
I0 * (I 0 */I 0 **) e 40 I0 * *
20
K0= 1
180
Blocking
0.4 0
Tripping +1
0
200
340
320
Page 217
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Increased sensitivity with earth faults near winding neutral Preferably used in case of resistance or reactance neutral earthing Sensitive to turns short-circuit I0 / IN amplitude and angle comparison 2nd harmonic stabilised Can protect a separate shunt reactor or neutral earthing transformer in addition to the two winding transformer differential protection Not applicable with autotransformers! (as only one stabilising input at
transformer terminal side, -- high impedance principle to be used in this case.
Page 218
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
IR IS IT
Ir Is It
ZE
IE>
IN
IE>
Page 219
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
IR IS IT
Ir Is It
87
87
87
Page 220
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
IR IS IT
Ir Is It
IN
I>
Page 221
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
IE>
Insulated
Page 222
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
7UT612
Page 223
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Digital transformer protection relay 7UT613: Current inputs and integrated protective functions
YN
R S T
yn0
d5
> (2)
> (1)
I>>, I>t
ITE
IT
Page 224
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
I I Shunt Reactor Two winding transformer I Three winding transformer I Transformer bank (1-1/2-LS)
Generator / Motor
Page 225 2007-08 Author: G. Ziegler
Busbars
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ID
7UT61
IF F =
ST A
IDiff/ In
9 8
I1
I2
B
Restraining area
e lop s
1 slope ) (1606
2 oin p
t=
t oo (f
5
Istab / In
Page 226
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
High stability against c.t. saturation provided by integrated saturation detector and add-on stabilisation High stabile against inrush currents due to advanced filter technology (Fourier analysis) and optional cross-blocking function High stability against over-excitation ( 5th harmonic blocking) Short tripping time - typically 1.5 cycles High set I fast tripping < 1 cycle Sensitive earth differential protection against interturn faults and earth faults near winding neutral Integral ratio and vector group adaptation (no external auxiliary CTs required) Integral thermal overload protection External start of fault recording (e.g. by gas pressure relays)
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
Page 227
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Stabilised against overfluxing (5th harmonic) I>> high set element, non-stabilised
Thermal overload protection Time overcurrent protection (IT or DT) Earth current differential protection (7UT613) Tank protection (7UT613)
Page 228
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Application examples
Page 229
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
7SJ600 7UT512 50 51 W1 49
52
W1 (OS) W2 (US)
Bu
87T
W2
51
52
52
52
Page 230
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
52
W3
51
52
Load
Page 231
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
52
W1 (OS)
52
52
52
Page 232
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection of an autotransformer
52
87 TH
7VH600
49 52 Bu 50 51 50 BF 51 N
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
7SJ600
Page 233
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
52
52
7SA6 21 49 7UT513 87 TL
3
50 BF 87 TH 7VH6 (3)
49
Load
21
49
51 BF
Page 234
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
52
52
52
52
IT IT
IT
IT
G G
IG
IG
52
IG
Page 235
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
52
IT 52 *) IT
IG
*) same ratio as generator CTs
52 Auxiliaries
Page 236
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Cu
Rth1
Oil Rth2
Legend: PCu: Winding losses (I2R) PFe: Core and tank losses Rth1: Thermal resistance Copper-Oil Rth2: Thermal resistance Oil-Air (cooling medium) C1: Winding thermal capacity Thermal capacity of Oil, Core and tank Winding copper temperature Oil temperature C2: Cu: Oil:
C1 PCu PFe
C2
Amb Lifetime of insulation depends on the winding Hot-spot temperature. 6 OC higher temperature increases the aging of the insulation by the factor 2!
Page 237
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
RS485 Interface
Oil Temp.
Two thermo-devices can be connected to the serial service interface Monitoring of up to 12 measuring points (6 per thermo-device) One input is reserved for hot spot monitoring (measurement of oil temperature) Thermistors: Pt100, Ni100 or Ni120
The the upper oil temperature is directly measured by the use of thermoelement. The hot spot temperature is calculated by the relay using the thermal model Cu-Oil:
d Cu 1 I 1 ( Cu Oil ) = dt Th Th Ir
Page 238 2007-08 Author: G. Ziegler
I = actual transformer current Ir = rated transformer current th =time constant of the winding
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (1) Example: Natural cooling
h = O + H gr k Y
h= hot spot temperature h= oil temperature Hgr=hot-spot-to-oil temperature gradient k= load factor I/In Y= winding exponent
Oil Temp. HV LV
Aging rate:
V=
Page 239
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (2) Example: Natural cooling
(L)
h = o + H gr k Y 73 + 23 1.151.6 = 102C
k, V, L
108C 98C
[C]
h o
1.6
k (I/In)
1.15
Page 240
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler