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Gerhardus Schultink Professor of International Resource Development and AgBio Research, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY IPB, Bogor. December, 2012
Combined Annual Grain Exports - Argentina, Australia, Canada, European Union, United States for the Period 1960-97
Which Natural Resources are finite (nonrenewable)? Which are (semi) renewable? Why? How to reduce demand? What land use is sustainable? Where does population control fit in? (R.I.) What do countries do about it? (UN conferences) What are sustainable population numbers? (location, country, region, global)
Figure 1 Impacts of Environmental Stress on Natural Resource Production Capacity and Social Equity
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Antarctic Treaty
A system th t provides f f d t that id for freedom of scientific f i tifi investigation and promotion of international cooperation by exchange of information, personnel and scientific results To set aside disputes over territorial sovereignty To demilitarize Antarctica To promote international scientific cooperation
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Surface Altimetry
LAKE VOSTOK
Lake Vostok
Large - 10,000 square kilometers Deep - Up to 500 meters Old - Perhaps 25 million years Isolated - Under 4 kilometers of ice Remote - East Antarctica Not l N t alone - Ab t 80 other lakes About th l k
Vostok:
Ice Core Drilling g & Lake Vostok
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West Gondwana
East Gondwana
180 Ma East and West Gondwana formed 130 Ma The South Atlantic started to open and India started to separate from Antarctica
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Opening of Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica, about 35 Ma lead to the development of a circum polar current, the cooling of Antarctica and the development of the ice sheet.
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Max extent of Antarctic Ice sheet in last glacial maxima, 15 000 years ago
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Antarctica
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China has the largest fossil fuel emissions today today. However, climate change is driven by cumulative emissions, so developed nations, especially the U.S., have greatest responsibility.
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Current global water usage averages about70% for food and fiber production, 20% for industrial activities, and 10% for municipal and domestic ti iti d f i i l dd ti consumption. Soil texture (particle size) largely determines soil moisture holding capacity g p y Water retention barriers in sand soils greatly reduce groundwater contamination by increasing residence time in the root zone, providing greater plant uptake and greater microbial decontamination (bioremediation)
where: ya = actual harvested crop yield ym = maximum h i harvested crop yield t d i ld ky = genetically determined yield response factor ETa = actual evapotranspiration ETm = maximum evapotranspiration
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EXAMPLE: Subsurface Water Retention Technologies Major Increases in Biomass for Biofuels in Michigan
Michigan has approximately 1.2 million acres of marginal sandy soils potentially highly productive for generating cellulosic biomass for biofuels. Currently switchgrass biomass production on marginal soils ranges between 0.5 to 1.0 T/a. Subsurface water retention barriers could increase biomass production to at least 6 T/a without irrigation or possibly 10 T/a annually with optimal water and nutrient management practices. Therefore, subsoil water retention barrier technologies could increase cellulose biomass on marginal soils of Michigan by 6 to 20fold for ethanol production production. Studies in Minnesota have reported high switchgrass root biomass production systems increase longterm soil carbon sequestration while reducing groundwater contamination.
Domestic production by many countries (e.g. Brazil Ethanol) Minimal changes retail distribution and end-use technologies Partial response to global climate change Potential to improve rural development Most rapidly for corn ethanol (subsidies) especially US Corn ethanol - modest contribution to climate change goals Marginally positive net energy balance competing food source Long-run consequences - food and environmental quality Short run - gasoline supply and demand are inelastic - buffer on prices Large-scale production of new types of crops and cellulosic biomass Structural change in agriculture (sources, levels, farm incomes) Confluence of agricultural, environmental, energy policies G Government, private sector and university cooperation t i t t d i it ti Potential for production (SWRT) and conversion technologies
Mandarins Grapes Apples Pears Apricots Cherries Peaches Plums Strawberries Kiwifruit Avocados Mango Lemon Grapefruit Water melon Other melon Other berries Durian Other Tropical Fruit Total
1994 18,447 18 447 8,851 4,792 31,428 7,743 16 20 32 133 43 0 16 8 127 150 140 0 1 432 281 72,661
2003 24,225 24 225 31,279 14,469 71,390 32,691 109 100 152 210 597 1,125 43 348 95 64 39 142 749 3,099 18,378 199,304
2004 50,928 50 928 43,279 28,715 114,031 74,277 2 58 162 208 229 629 30 689 286 352 148 656 98 11,087 34,073 359,935
2005 29,712 29 712 53,659 25,330 126,973 80,395 5 41 108 215 241 626 19 869 562 350 668 171 23 11,351 42,275 373,594
2006
26,151.3 68,535.4 26,365.6 122,011.4 80,657.7 2.6 65.6 126.9 185.8 185 8 191.3 580.9 19.3 966.3 636.0 657.3 441.8 207.3 15.2 16,334.2 47,067.6 391,219.6
2007
23,566.7 89,125.5 27,395.3 145,301.6 94,518.6 2.1 20.6 70.8 199.5 199 5 129.0 898.3 17.6 1088.2 785.4 302.1 921.2 111.0 33.0 23,149.0 55,504.6 463,140.1
RESULTS of SWRT Technology: Successful, economical, and environmentally sustainable subsurface asphalt water retention barriers installed at South Haven, MI produced:
Vegetable yields on sand soils increased during the first year following installation of the asphalt water retention barrier: Cabbage yields increased 200% (292 cwt/a) Potato yields increased 152% (329 cwt/a) Cucumber yields increased 200% (228 cwt/a) Product prices for these extraordinary yields provided profits which enabled the farmer to pay the full costs of the subsurface water retention barrier during the first 2 years after installation of the water retention barrier.
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Tencriteriaforidentifyingsoiltypeandbestdepthofwaterbarrier
ConclusionsforCEPEMbasedSWRTfortheGlobe:
Subsoilwaterretentiontechnology(SWRT)isarevolutionarytechnologyfor increasingwateruseefficienciesbyasmuchas20fold. TheSWRTtechnologyincreasesvegetableandfoodcropproductionby50to 400%whilereducingsoilerosion,managementinputsandenvironmental contaminationofgroundwater. contamination of groundwater. Waterbarriersreducedsupplementalirrigationrequirements58%dueto reductionsnwaterandnutrientpercolationthroughsoildepthsbelowtheroot zone. Waterbarriersinsandysoilsof5statesincreasedyieldsof14fruitsand W t b i i d il f 5 t t i d i ld f 14 f it d vegetablesfrom96to180%withirrigationwatersavingsrangingfrom40to60%.
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Percentageoffinesand Longtermweatherrecords Maximumrainfallratesat30and50years. Soilseriesanddepthtotexturalchange Croppingrotations Bestmanagementpractices Plantrootingdepths Supplementalirrigationavailable Supplemental irrigation available Treespeciesinagroforestry SALUS:SystemsApproachtoLandUse Sustainabilitycomputermodelfor identifyingbarrierdepth,watersavings andestimatedyieldshttp://www.salusmodel.net
Why improve water holding capacities of marginal sandy and other highly permeable soils?
Current droughts; all plants experience frequent periods of drought Converting marginal CRP land into sustainable agricultural land Reduce land competition for food and cellulosic biomass production Reduce nitrogen fertilizer costs Overcome growing global food and energy demands Reduce water shortages in major groundwater supplies Decrease concentrations of nitrates and pesticides in groundwater p g Develop new technologies that improve soil water holding capacities Produce food for the 9 billion people by 2050
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Subsurface water retention technology (SWRT) is a revolutionary water conservation approach for increasing water use efficiency and crop productivity, significantly reducing deep leaching and plant drought stresses while reducing supplemental irrigation requirements.
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Rollsofpolyethylene (PE)membranes followtransfertubes locateddirectly throughtheprimary th h th i standardconnected tomembrane Installationdevice MIDshoe. PEfilmexitingthe PE film exiting the Ushapedexitat thebackoftheMID shoe.
Excavated water and nutrient saving membrane, 12 wide x 6 deep, installed at soil depth of 14 from base to soil surface.
12-inch width of bowl-shaped trough of PE membrane across research field plots. Roots in photo are from previous mature rye cover crop.
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SWRT membranes retained nearly twice the volumetric soil water contents at 15 cm (Shallow) and 30 cm (Deep) in sand soils planted to corn with 30 between-row and 6 in-row spacing for 54,450 plants per acre, July 24-27, 2012.
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IrrigatedSWRTMembranes g
Table 1. Corn yields of 353 bushels per acre were 192% greater on Irrigated SWRT water saving membranes than on irrigated controls 184 bushels/acre without SWRT membranes. Cucumber yields were 146% greater on irrigated SWRT water saving membranes than irrigated controls without SWRT membranes. g Corn 15inchrows Bushelspera. Corn 30inchrows Bushelspera. Cucumbers Kgperacre
15 Inch Co ontrol
Treatment
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PotentialTransportDistancesforUltraHighProductionof BiomassProductioninMichigan
PreparedforBruceDale p
byAlvinSmucker March2012 Ultrahigh cellulosicbiomass cropyields Tons/a Switchgrass:12T/a/y Corn:49T/a/y(entire) *Corn:34T/a/y(stalks) Acresneededfor 500tonsbiomass/d for365dayseachyear 15,208acres 3,725acres 5,368acres Onewaytriptransport to500T/dbiomass productionfacility 11.9miles 2.9miles 4.2miles 11.6miles
#Corn:32.5T/a/yr (stalks)7,449acres
By Storing Soil Water and Nutrient y g Resources in the Root Zone of Plants
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*Assuming15tonskeptonlandforimprovingsoilquality #Assuming1/3biomasswasharvestedandremovedascorngrain
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