1. (a) ( 2 3 1), (b) (0 0 0), (c) ( 2 3 1), and (d) (10 8 2). p p 2. Let u = ( 3 2 1 2) and v = ( 1 2 3 2) 2 R2 .

Then u u = 1 v v = 1 and u v = v u=0

; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; = ; = = ; = ; ; :

Solutions: Homework #1

Mathematics V2010y Linear Algebra

(-1 / 2 , 3 / 2)

( 3 / 2 , 1 / 2)

-1

orientation or not) angle with the -axis. 3. (a) (1 1 0) and (1 1 2), for example. Remember perpendicular only applies to non-zero vectors! (b) If u and v in R2 are both perpendicular to a nonzero vector w, are they parallel to each other? Yes they are: in R2 , the non-zero vector x = ( 1 2 ) ? w = ( 1 2 ) () ( 1 2 ) lies on the line de ned by 1 1 + 2 2 = 0 Hence u and v both lie on the same line, and therefore are parallel. (c) { (e) For Rn they are not necessarily parallel, e.g. (a) and its extensions in higher dimensions. 4. (a) : Rm ! Rn; (u) = 0 is linear. The check involves applying the de nition of 0 as follows:
x ; ; ; ; x ;x w ;w x ;x w x w x : F F

u makes a 60 angle with the -axis. v makes a 150 (or 30 depending if you cared about
x

(u) + (v) = 0 + 0 = 0 = (u + v) (u ) = 0 = 0 = ( u ) n ! Rn ; (u) = u is linear. Veri cation again is easy: (b) : R (u) + (v) = u + v = (u + v) (u) = u = ( u) (c) : Rn ! R; (u) = u u is NOT linear since, for example 2 ((1 0 0)) = 2(1 0 0) (1 0 0) = 2(1 + 0 + 0) = 2 whilst (2(1 0 0)) = (2 0 0) = (2 0 0) (2 0 0) = 4 + 0 + 0 = 4 6= 2 (Note: this counter example is based on the following observation: u u = 2 u u A non-zero u and any c other than 0 or 1 will give you a healthy counter-example.)
F F F cF c F c F F F F F cF c F c F F F ; ; ; ; ; ; F ; ; F ; ; ; ; ; ; : c c c :

(d)

: Rn ! R; (u) = c u. Is linear. Check involves a minor unraveling e ort:

F F

(u) + (v) = c u + c v n n P P = i i i i+ i=1 i=1 n P = i( i + i) i=1 = (u + v)

F c u c v c u v F aF

(c u ) n P ( i i) n i=1 P = i( i) i=1 = ( u) (e) : Rn ! Rn ; (u) = (c u)c. Is linear. The check is identical problem (d) with only cosmetic changes:
a a c u c au F a F F

AND

(u ) = =

(u) + (v) = (c u)c + (c v)c = (c u + c v)c (by distribution of scalars) n n P P = ( i i + i i )c i=1 i=1 n P = i( i + i) c i=1 = (u + v) Checking for constants is similar as above:
F F c u c v c u v F

(c u)c n P ( i i )c n Pi=1 = i ( i )c i=1 = ( u) (f) : Rn ! Rn ; (u) = (c u)u. NOT linear. Let n = 2, c= (1,2), u= (3,-4), v= (0,1). Then: (u) + (v) = ((1 2) (3 4))(3 4) + ((1 2) (0 1))(0 1) = (3 + 8)(3 4) + (0 + 2)(0 1) = 5(3 4) + (0 2) = ( 15 22) whilst (u + v) = ((1 2) ((3 4) + (0 1))((3 4) + (0 1)) = ((1 2) (3 3))(3 3) = (3 6)(3 3) = ( 9 9) 6= ( 15 22) (note: one can also nd a counter example in the same spirit of problem (c))
aF a a c u c au F a F F F F ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; F ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

(u) = =

(g)

: R4 ! R4 ; (

F x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; x4

)=(

x4 ; x3 ; x2 ; x1

). Linear. Check is easy:

v ;v ;v ;v v ;u v ;u v

AND

(u) + (v) = ( 4 3 2 1 ) + ( 4 3 2 1 ) = ( 4 + 4 3 + 3 2 + 2 1 + 1) = (u + v)
F u ;u ;u ;u u v ;u F F a au ; au ; au ; au

( u) = ( 4 3 2 1 ) = ( 4 3 2 1) = (u) (h) : R3 ! R3 ; ( )=( ). NOT linear. Same technique to as (c) & (f) to show constants come out squared to think about how the following counterexample was constructed: 2 ((1 2 3)) = 2(6 3 2) = (12 6 4) whilst (2(1 2 3)) = ((2 4 6)) = (24 12 8) 6= (12 6 4) 5. (a) Two equations de ning planes in R3 that are parallel: + + =0 and + + =1
a u ;u ;u ;u aF F F x; y; z yz; xz; xy F ; ; ; ; ; ; F ; ; F ; ; ; ; ; ; x y z x y z

(b) Two equations de ning planes in R3 that meet in a single line: + + =0 and + =1 meet in the line f( 1 1 )j 2 Rg. 1 6. (a) GENERIC with solution f( 3 2 )g 2 (b) SPECIAL with in nitely many solutions: f(3 + 2 )g (c) SPECIAL with zero solutions. (d) GENERIC with solution f(7 1)g. 7. (a) ( ( 2 + 3 = 5 add eq. #1 to eq.#2 2 +3 = 5 ! 2 8 = 0 5 = 5 Now this new (equivalent) system can be so-called "backsolved" as follows: The second equation yields = 1. Plug this in to the rst equation to get 2 3 = 5, which nails to 4. Hence the solution is f4 1g. (b) ( ( 3 + = 10 3 + = 10 subtract eq.! from #2 #1 2 = 6 5 + = 16 Now this new (equivalent) system can be again be backsolved: The second equation yields = 3. Plug this in to the rst equation to get 9 + = 10, which demands to be 1 Hence the solution is f3 1g.
x y z y z ; t; t t ; : t; t : ; x y x y x y y y x x ; x y x y x y x x y y : ;

8. (a) Let
x y z w

= = = =
y

amount of CH4 amount of O2 amount of CO2 amount of H2 O

z w

We have
x

CH4 + O2 = CO2 + H2 O
w

Conservation of C yields = Conservation of H yields 4 = 2 Conservation of O yields 2 = 2 +

z x y z

Hence the system of equations is as follows: 8 > < >4 : 2 2

x x y x z x w x y

= 0 = 0 = 0

3 equations, 4 unknows =) the system is underdetermined. In fact, we can see that given , we get = , = 2 , and = 2 . So we have a family of solutions of the form f 2 2 g Let x = 1, for example (so we get whole number solutions). Then (1 2 1 2) is a solution (actually in lowest whole numbers) and the correct balanced equation is therefore CH4 + 2O2 ! CO2 + 2H2 O (b) Same thing with methane replaced by benzene, C6 H6 . Now let denote the amount of C6 H6 , with as in part (a). We have C6 H6 + O2 = CO2 + H2 O Conservation of C yields 6 = Conservation of H yields 6 = 2 Conservation of O yields 2 = 2 +
x x; x; x; x : ; ; ; x y; z; w x y z w x z x y w z w

Hence the system of equations is as follows: 8 >6 < >6 : 2 2

x x y

= 0 = 0 = 0

Again 3 equations, 4 unknows =) the system is underdetermined. So after a similar treatment as in part (a), we get a family of solutions of the form f 15 6 3 g Let x = 2, for example (so we get whole number solutions). Then 2 (2 15 12 6) is a solution (actually in lowest whole numbers) and the correct balanced equation is therefore 2C6 H6 + 15O2 ! 12CO2 + 6H2 O
x; ; x; x; x : ; ;