ME-492 Non-Destructive Testing Laboratory Report

Wave Velocity Measurements Laboratory No.1

Written by: Eric S. Krage Instructor: Dr. Jikai Du

Class Section 01 Date Performed: 09/14/2012

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

Abstract: The longitudinal and shear wave velocity are measured in a standard as well as an unknown sample using an Olympus Omni Scan MX. A standard calibration block was used to find how to test various ways to improve the velocity measurement. We found to it to be most accurate to measure over multiple waveforms to divide the human error. Calculations for longitudinal and shear wave velocities using Youngs modulus coupled with Poissons ratio defines the properties of the unknown material which proved the unknown material to be steel. The depths of three holes were determined in another sample within 5% error.

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

Table of Contents
Abstract .. a List of Figures, Tablees and Experimental Apparatus . 1 Introduction . 2 Experimental Procedure .... 2 Experimental Results and Analysis... 9 Interpretation of Results and Discussion . 9 Conclusion . 10 References and Appendix .. 12

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

List of Figures
Figure 1: Aluminum 7075-T6 calibration block .. 2 Figure 2: Steel 0.297 thick 1 dia. Unknown modulus 2 Figure 3: Steel bloc with holes 10.71, 17.53, and 23.89mm from left to right respectively .. 3 Figure 4: Calibration block signal analysis for the longitudinal wave transducer .. 4 Figure 5: Multiple signal averaging of the 0.50 aluminum block (Longitudinal Wave Transducer) 4 Figure 6: Trend line of thickness vs. time of calibration block 6 Figure 7: Shear Wave Transducer on 0.500 thick position of the aluminum calibration block 7

List of Tables
Table1: Calibration block @ 0.500 thick longitudinal wave transducer 5 Table 2: Calibration block trend line (Longitudinal Wave Transducer) 5 Table 3: calibration Block 0.500 thick (Shear Wave Transducer) .. 7 Table 4: Steel slug (Longitudinal Wave Transducer) . 8 Table 5: Steel Slug (Shear Wave transducer) . 8 Table 6: Steel block hole depth measurements .. 8 Table 7: Wave Velocity Measurements of Steel Slug and Mechanical Properties ..11

Apparatus
OriginPro 8 graphing utility Shear Wave Piezo operating frequency 5MHz Longitudinal Wave Piezo operating frequency 3.5 MHz Olympus Omni Scan MX Digital calipers

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

Introduction
The goal of this experiment is to become proficient in the procedures for measuring the velocity of longitudinal and shear waves in media.

Sample Description
There were three different samples analyzed for this laboratory procedure.

Aluminum Calibration Block:

The block had five steps that were marked in increasing increments of 0.100 inches from left to right. The aluminum used was 7075-T6. Figure 1 is a picture of that block used.

Figure 1: Aluminum 7075-T6 calibration block

Steel Unknown Disk:

The steel disk was 0.297 in. and a 1 in. diameter which is represented in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Steel 0.297 thick 1 dia. Unknown modulus.

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

Aluminum Block with 3 holes at varying depth:

The aluminum block had three holes drilled at different depths as shown in Figure 3. The thickness of the block was 0.625 and a height of 4. With hole depths of 10.71, 17.53, and 23.89mm measured from the top and left to right respectively.

Figure 3: Steel bloc with holes 10.71, 17.53, and 23.89mm from left to right respectively

Experimental Parameters
Using the Olympus Omni Scan MX the shear and longitudinal wave transducers were used at 5MHz and 3.5MHz respectively. Using a digital caliper we verified the thickness of the block sample step block, round block, and block with holes in them. The caliper was then used to measure the depth of the holes in the block to check the modulus of the block itself.

Aluminum Calibration Block Velocity Measurements.

Using the longitudinal wave transducer with the frequency set to 3.5MHz we measure the time it took to travel through the block on four of the five thicknesses of the calibration block. The measurements in Table 1 were done on the 0.5 step as seen in Figure 1. The time readings were done between two signal beginnings as seen in Figure 4 and averaged over multiple waveforms Figure 5. Calculating the longitudinal wave velocity using C = 2* (d/T) which yields the wave velocity to be 2.44*107 m/s.

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

Figure 4: Calibration block signal analysis for the longitudinal wave transducer

Figure 5: Multiple signal averaging of the 0.50 aluminum block (Longitudinal Wave Transducer)

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

Table1: Calibration block @ 0.500 thick longitudinal wave transducer Trial 1 2 3 4

Wave Form Average (4)

T1 (us) 4.16 12.34 20.77 4.18 Average time to travel 0.500

T2 (us) 8.32 16.43 24.82 20.53

T (us) 4.16 4.09 4.05 4.09 4.10

Calibration Trend Line (Longitudinal Wave Transducer)

Table 2 shows the time readings that were taken between two consecutive signal peaks at different steps or thicknesses of the aluminum calibration block. This calibration line will give the capability to be able to compare the calibration block thickness with unknown thickness. Figure 6 show the trend line of the calibration block using the longitudinal wave transducer. Table 2: Calibration block trend line (Longitudinal Wave Transducer) Depth (inches) 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 T (us) 0.83 1.64 2.49 3.26 4.10

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

Time (us)

Equation Adj. R-Sq

y=a+ 0.9997 Valu Standard Interce Slope 0.0 8.1 0.02062 0.06218

1 0.0 0.2

Time Time

0.4

0.6

Thickness (inches)
Figure 6: Trend line of thickness vs. time of calibration block

Signal Measurement of Shear Wave Transducer

The shear wave transducer was calibrated for wave speed on the 0.500 thick location of the aluminum calibration block. Figure 7 represents the signal measurements of the shear wave transducer note that to get a good signal force needs to be applied down on the transducer to translate the vibrational energy into the medium. Tables 3 give us the average time of the shear transducer velocity in the aluminum calibration standard. The shear wave velocity was calculated C = 2* (d/T) = 2.70*104 m/s. The shear wave transducer velocity was found to be cT = 0.107 in./us. Comparing with Table E.1-1 the shear wave velocity cT= 3.14 mm/us, which converts to 0.123 in./us. The difference between these numbers is 13.7%. The large error in the shear transducer is most likely due to poor coupling between the material and the transducer as well as human error.

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

Figure 7: Shear Wave Transducer on 0.500 thick position of the aluminum calibration block

Table 3: calibration Block 0.500 thick (Shear Wave Transducer) Trial 1 2 3 T1 (us) 9.87 9.76 9.81 Average T2 (us) 14.55 14.49 14.52 T (us) 4.68 4.73 4.71 4.71

Wave Velocity Measurements of Steel Slug

The thickness of the steel round specimen was measured with a digital caliper to be 0.297. The thickness measurement was used for all the following calculations. See Figure 2 for further description of specimen. The longitudinal wave velocity was examined and data Table 4 shows

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

that the longitudinal wave velocity c = 2* (d/T) = 5.79*103 m/s. The shear wave velocity was calculated to be c = 3.26*103m/s data is shown in Table 5. Table 4: Steel slug (Longitudinal Wave Transducer) Trial 1 2 3 Average T (us) 2.54 2.61 2.64 2.597

Table 5: Steel Slug (Shear Wave transducer) Trial 1 2 3 Average T (us) 4.66 4.61 4.63 4.633

Steel Block Hole Depth Measurements Using Longitudinal Wave Transducer

The longitudinal wave transducer was used for all of the elements on the steel specimen with holes. Firs the wave velocity was found in this medium. Three time readings were taken for each hole of different depth and averaged. See Figure 3 for sample image. Please see Table 6 for the three readings. Table 6: Steel block hole depth measurements Hole Number 1 Time (us) 3.53 Depth Calculated 11.33 Depth Measured 10.70 mm %Difference 6.8

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

2 3

5.31 7.60

17.04 24.39

17.53mm 23.89mm

1.4 1.03

Hole depth velocity measurements (Longitudinal Wave Transducer)

Results Analysis Aluminum Calibration Block Velocity Measurements

Using the longitudinal wave transducer the first two techniques are similar to one another with an average of 0.244 mm/us. Table E.1-1 p.401 shows a wave speed cL=6.27 mm/us which is equivalent to cL=0.2469 mm/us.1 Comparing the two values yields a 1.1% difference between the two values which is well within the experimental error. This error can be from human error or resolution of the equipment to detect the signal more accurately.

Wave Velocity Measurements of Steel Slug

Using equation 1 we can calculate Youngs modulus of the unknown steel slug. Equation 2 will be used to calculate the shear modulus of the sample and equation 3 will determine poisons ratio. To calculate Lames first constant we will solve equation 4 and to transform between the two values cL and cT we will use equation 5 &6.
( ) * ( )+

(1)

Where E = Modulus of elasticity (

(

G = Shear Modulus )
)

= Lames constant Where = density (2) (3)

)+

(4) (5) (6)

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

Steel Block Hole Depth Measurements Using Longitudinal Wave Transducer

The steel block with three holes Figure 3 depth was measured using the ultrasound technique. The holes measure depths were very accurate when comparing the caliper values with the ultrasound values as shown in Table 6. The small observed error is most likely due to not being directly over the center of the hole varying where the wave gets reflected from thus changing the distance measured.

Summary / Conclusions
Through the experiment comparing the results with the standards there was little known observed error and all within standard experimental error. The wave velocity measurement improvements can be made by measuring over multiple wave forms. The properties of the steel were successfully measured with errors within the predicted error bound of the given equations. The depth measurement of the holes in the steel block was accurate. This method of ultrasound to detect holes and measure the depths of holes in a medium can be quantified as reliable and accurate. Use of ultrasonic testing is clearly an advantageous method of non-destructive testing for defects or use in other situations.

Question / Answer
1. Why would measuring the difference between the first and second backwall echo be more accurate than between the main bang and the first backwall echo? The main bang is not concise leading to us not being able to clearly distinguish the beginning of the signal. The first and second echoes are much more defined and able to tell when the signal starts and ends to decrease measurement error. 2. Why would measuring the difference between a second and third backwall echo sometimes be more accurate than between the first and second backwall echo? The disadvantage of measuring the first and second backwall echo is that in thin samples waves are often very close together making it difficult to distinguish between the them and the main bang. Using the data from the second and third echo allows the wave to be more developed and distinguishable and improving accuracy of measurement. 3. What are some suggestions on how to improve the accuracy of a velocity measurement? To improve the wave velocity calculations are to measure over multiple
South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007 Eric S. Krage

wave forms, improved detector resolution, eliminate background, and thicker material. By measuring over multiple waveforms you are minimizing the experimental error because it is divided among multiple elements. Through improving detector resolution the signal can be smoothed and the corresponding measuring points can be more easily determined. If the sample was measured on a different backing to eliminate transmission into the table in our case would eliminate noise and the signals would be more distinguishable. The sample thickness being too small makes it difficult to tell the difference between the signals if a single pulse were able to be generated and measured the reverberations from just that single pulse would improve the accuracy. 4. Calculate Youngs modulus, shear modulus, and Poissons ratio of the unknown material. The values for Youngs modulus, shear modulus, and Poissons ratio can be seen in Table 7 below. Table 7: Wave Velocity Measurements of Steel Slug and Mechanical Properties

E G

201.4 * 109 Pa 82.47 * 109 Pa 0.27

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage

References
Rose, Joseph L. Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media. Cambridge [ u.a.: Cambridge Univ. 2004]
2

http://www.mxindustrial.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=294 Figure for aluminum block

Appendix. N/A

South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007

Eric S. Krage