Principles of adhesion Sawsan Jwaied

Ghada Maghaireh

|Page1

Principles of Adhesion
Dr.Ghada Maghaireh
Thursday dec, 13th, 2012 Last lecture cons1 Done By Sawsan Jwaied

Background 1950s: Michael Buoncore (father of adhesion in dentistry) found that applying acid to teeth renders the tooth surface more receptive to adhesion. 1960s: First commercial restorative resin composite. 1970s: Introduction of the acid-etch technique in clinical practice. Etching of the enamel surface by phosphoric acid to which resins can bond. Since then, more improvement in restorative composites along with improvements in bonding agents. We will talk about generations of adhesives and their improvements till what we have reached till now, like total etch technique which is etching of enamel and dentin, and the self adhesive system.

Adhesion
Adhesion: Adhaerere to add or to stick. Adhesion or bonding is the attachment of one substance to another. In dentistry it is the attachment of the tooth surface to the resin composite. And as you know resin composite cannot adhere by itself, it needs something to adhere or stick it to the tooth surface by what is called adhesive or bonding agent

|Page2

Adhesive or bonding agent: the material that is applied to the surface of substances to join them together. (i.e. tooth surface and resin composite).

Factors Affecting Adhesion to Tooth Tissue

Compositional and structural aspects of enamel and dentin. Changes in dentinal structure. The smear layer. Internal and external dentinal wetness.

Compositional and Structural Aspects of Enamel and Dentin

There are a lot of differences between adhesion to enamel and adhesion to dentin due to the difference in composition and Structural Aspects of Enamel and Dentin Enamel has high inorganic content (88% by volume). While the organic component and water form a little percent. Enamel is homogenous in structure and composition irrespective of its depth and location. Enamel on the surface is more mineralized than the enamel on the DEJ bcz the minerals of the oral cavity. But in general it is homogenous structure formed of hydroxyapatite crystals and enamel prisms. Dentin has less inorganic content (50% by volume) and more water (25%). Dentinal tissue is heterogeneous. Dentin is a vital and dynamic tissue. Dentinal tubules size and number increases from the DEJ to the pulp side. Dentin is wet. And as we go in depth there will be more flow. And as we drill more in dentin there will be more exposing of dentinal tubules, means more irritation of the pulp. * And this will affect the bonding agent because it is sensitive to moisture. So as we expose more dentinal tubules > there will be more flow of water > the adhesion to dentin will be less reliable than adhesion to enamel
|Page3

Dentinal fluid is under a constant outward pressure from the pulp. The Smear Layer Any debris, calcific in nature, produced by reduction or instrumentation of dentin, enamel or cementum. (Mineralized tooth structure if we cut it with a headpiece it will produce smear layer that stick on the tooth surface). The thickness of the smear layer varies from 0.5 to 5 m. but it affects the adhesion especially with dentin, because it blocks the dentinal tubules.
Cutting the dentin > smear layer > forming blugs that will block the dentinal tubule.

This layer of debris has a great influence on any adhesive bond formed between the cut tooth and the restorative material. The smear layer can be removed by Ethyl-enediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), mainly used in
endodontic.

Acidic conditioners (citric, polyacyclic, lactic and phosphoric acids). An acid etchant to remove smear layer and
open dentinal tubules, so the adhesive can go through the dentinal tubules and forms its function.

Although smear layer occlude the dentinal tubules, it is porous and allow small amount if dentinal fluids to pass through. Dentinal tubules are wide, as we cut they will open which means that dentin it has an outflow of water from the pulp through the dentinal tubules to the outer surface of the tooth. And this water will resist the flow of the adhesive into the dentinal tubules. And this is called inernal dentinal wetness. so internal wetness works in an opposite manner comparing to adhesion. how? Internal wetness try to go out through dentinal tubules while the adhesive flow on the surface and try to go in the dentinal tubules.
|Page4

>> So the internal wetness will resist the edhesive # we also have the external dentinal wetness which come from the external environment. And we can control it somehow, for example by moisture control. Internal and External Dentinal Wetness Remove of the smear layer creates wet bonding surface on which dentinal fluids exudes from the dentinal tubules. This wet environment affects adhesion, because water competes by hydrolysis for all the adhesion sites on the hard tissues. Bond strength of several adhesive systems decrease as the depth of the preparation increased because dentinal wetness is greater. External humidity or environmental humidity can also affect the bond strength. Wetting of the Adhesive Wettabilty of the adhesive is its ability to spread over the surface. The higher the wettability is the better the adhesive. When the angle between the surface and adhesive is big this means that the wettability of the adhesive will be less. (and vice versa) Adhesive systems must sufficiently wet the tooth surface: have a viscosity that is low enough to penetrate the micro porosities and be able to displace the moisture and air during the bonding process. How to increase the wettability? HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) is a surface active agent that enhances the wettability of the adhesive resins. It is present inside the adhesive to have a higher flow over the dentinal surface and flows through the dentinal tubules. We use it especially for dentine, we dont problems with the bonding to enamel as far as we dont have water and contaminants from the outer environment.
|Page5

But we have problems in bonding in dentine because it is not homogenous and it has a surface flow of water (internal wetness). Enamel Acid -Etching Techniques It is a straight forward step, we apply phosphoric acid to enamel to make the surface porous and irregular so the adhesive can go through these irregularities and forms what we call resin tags. Enamel etching transforms the smooth enamel surface to an irregular high surface-free energy. Acid etching removes 10m of the enamel surface and creates a microporous layer from 5 to 50 m deep. The enamel bonding agent wet the etched enamel surface and pass through the micro porosities. The bond between the bonding agent and the enamel is

micromechanical.
The bond between the bonding agent and resin composite is

chemical. why? Because they are both resins.

Note: we have 3 types of adhesion (chemical, micromechanical, mechanical). Amalgam + tooth surface > mechanical Composite or adhesive + tooth surface > micromechanical
because we have irregularities where the resin will go through.

Composite + adhesive > chemical Enamel Etching Patterns (not very important to know as the Dr said) Two types of resin tags made by the acid etching: Macrotags: Form circularly between enamel prism peripheries. Microtags: Form at the cores of enamel prisms. Enamel Bonding Agents Based on bis-GMA or urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA). Like the composite. So whats the difference between the composite and the adhesive?
|Page6

Adhesive is mainly made of resin with no filler loading & Diluted with a lower viscosity and higher hydrophilicity monomers (that will make the adhesive more wet able) such as (TEG-DMA) and (HEMA).

Etching with Phosphoric Acid

Phosphoric acid 30% to 40%. Etching time is not less than 15 seconds. Washing time 5 to 10 seconds. Acid gel is preferred over liquid. Why? Because gel form is easier to control while the liquid is messy and it will flow to area we dont want to acid etch.

Adhesion to Dentin
Development of Resin Dentin Adhesives

First generation adhesives:

Very weak bond Only 2 to 3 MPa (megapascal = Newton/mm2 ), How they measure this bond strength? They bring surface of dentin and they put the material into it and they use special instrument to break this bond, and they measure the amount of force needed to break this bond. This bonding agent bonded to enamel and dentin by chelation to calcium There was no acid etching, they thought if they acid etch the tooth they will reach the pulp and cause irritation.
(however they found later on that acid etching will not damage the pulp)

Second generation adhesives:

Moderate bond strength 5 to 6 MPa Primary bonding was to the smear layer
|Page7

Also here there was no acid etching.

Third-Generation Adhesives:
Early 1980s. Removal of the smear layer. Total etch concept. Etching the enamel and dentin. The first bonding agent > Scotchbond 2.

Fourth-Generation Adhesives:
Early to mid 1990s. Multiple dentin adhesives. Treatment of dentin by primer ( make dentin more receptive to adhesion). HEMA is a surface active agent & primer added on the adhesive to increase the wetability. Application of low viscosity adhesive resin. Adhesive system replace bonding agent. Here there are 3 steps 1. Acid etching 2. Dentin Primer 3. Adhesive

Fifth-Generation Adhesives:
W e use this generation in the lab and in the clinic.

Simpler adhesive system than fourth-generation Bond strength is comparable to fourth-generation adhesives One-bottle adhesive (primer + adhesive) So here we have 2 steps (simpler) 1. Acid etching 2.primer &adhesive

Sixth-Generation Adhesives:
Slightly acidic primers or self-etching adhesives.
|Page8

Possibility of single-dose package. No post conditioning rinsing. There is no acid etching and rinsing in a separate step. It has some draw backs, thats why it is not used as much as the fifth generation

Conditioning of Dentin
Any chemical alteration of the dentinal surface by acids with the objective of removing the smear layer and simultaneously deminerlizing the dentinal surface. For conditioning of dentin we use the agent that we use to acid etch enamel but the effect is different. In enamel it is going to form irregularities either between the prisms or at the core of the prism, while Dentin acid etching will open the dentinal tubules by removing the smear layer and remove some of the minerals around the dentinal tubules. The deminerlization process exposes the collagen fibrils and thus increases the microporosities of the intertubular dentin. Acid etching will work only on minerals. Conditioners are applied to enamel and dentin (Total-etch technique). The demineralization process exposing the collagen fibrils affect the surface-free energy of dentin.

Dentin Primers
Primers are adhesion-promoting agents. It has hydrophilic and hydrophobic sides in its chemical structure. The hydrophilic part will bind to collagen fibrils of the dentin which is hydrophobic as well, while the hydrophobic side will bind to the adhesive which is also hydrophobic. Contain hydrophilic monomers dissolved in organic solvents such as acetone or ethanol. Those solvents are volatile and so can displace water from the dentinal surface and collagen network.
|Page9

This promotes infiltration of the monomer of the adhesive in the nanospaces of the exposed collagen network. Primers have hydrophilic properties that have affinity to the collagen fibrils and hydrophobic properties to copolymerize with the adhesive resin. Many Modern adhesives have HEMA as a primer and contain other monomers. One-bottle adhesives: combine priming and bonding function.

Adhesive Resin
Consist of unfilled resin (GMA & UDMA) with surface active agent and they added to it the primer. (one bottle system) Consist of hydrophobic monomers such as GMA and UDMA and hydrophilic monomers such as TEG-DMA and HEMA as wetting agent. Adhesive resin stabilizes the hybrid layer and form resin extensions into dentinal tubules (resin tags). Self cured or light cured adhesive. Light cure the adhesive before the application of the resin composite. Oxygen inhibited layer on top of adhesive provide sufficient double bonds for copolymerization with the resin composite.

Hybridization (the Dr didnt talk about it).

Hybrid layer is the area or zone of the adhesive system which micromechanically interlocks with the dentinal collagen.

Resin Tag Formation (the Dr didnt talk about it).

Penetration of the resin to the dentinal tubules to form resin tags. Resin infiltrates even lateral tubule branches forming submicron resin tags.

| P a g e 10

The contribution of formation resin tags to bond strength has been a matter of speculation.

Adhesion Strategies- A Scientific Classification of Modern Adhesives

Depends on the number of application steps and on their interaction with the dentinal substrate. This classification depends on the smear layer Smear Layer-Modifying Adhesives. Smear Layer-Removing Adhesives. Smear Layer-Dissolving Adhesives. The first two generations they didnt remove the smear layer they modified it. While the 3rd & 4th &5th generations they removed the smear layer because they used acid etching. the sixth generation dissolved the smear layer.

Smear Layer-Modifying Adhesives

Based on weak acidity smear layer-modifying primers. The smear layer is not removed that provides a natural barrier to the pulp. Because the thought if the remove it they will irritate the pulp The interaction of theses adhesives with dentin is very superficial, with only limited penetration into dentin. Selective etching of enamel in a separate step.

Smear Layer-Removing Adhesives

Most common adhesives. Removing of the smear layer using the total-etch concept. Formation of hybrid layer and resin tags.
| P a g e 11

Three-step smear layer-removing adhesives (Acid etching + dentin primer + adhesive) Two-step smear layer removing adhesives or one-bottle adhesives (Acid etching + primer & adhesive)

Smear Layer-Dissolving Adhesives

Smear layer dissolving adhesives or self-etching adhesives. Slightly acidic primers or self-etching adhesives. Partially demineralize the smear layer and the underlying dentin with simultaneous resin infiltration. Possibility of single-dose package. No post conditioning rinsing. Insufficient long term studies.

Critical Steps in Adhesion.

Isolation Dentin and pulp protection Enamel and dentin conditioning Wet Vs Dry Bonding Primer application Adhesive resin application Restorative procedure Isolation Isolation and moisture control is very critical for the bonding procedure. Bonding to acid etched enamel requires a dry surface to allow the bonding resin to flow into the microporosities created by acid etching.

| P a g e 12

Accidental contamination of the substrate with external fluids prevents effective contact between the adhesive and the bonding substrate. Salivary contamination is detrimental because salivary proteins block the microtentive porosities on the acid etched enamel and dentin and may block infiltration of the resin. Ideal isolation is by using the rubber-dam. But at least we have to do isolation by cotton rolls and suction all the time while doing a composite restoration. If an accidental contamination occur after acid etching and bonding I should repeat the steps from the beginning (acid etching,rinsing, drying, bonding, light cure the bonding agent, and the composite) Enamel and Dentin Conditioning Phosphoric acid etchant (35%) for both enamel and dentin in one application. Etching time should be for 15 seconds staring with enamel. The etchant should be thoroughly rinsed. Wet Vs Dry Bonding After acid etching enamel surface should be dried. On dentin, a certain amount of moisture is needed wet bonding. Dehydration of the acid-etched dentin surface through air drying can result in collapsing and shrinkage of the exposed collagen fibril network which can prevent resin infiltration. On the other hand the acid-etched dentin surface should not be kept too wet. Excess water should be removed with a short air blast or with a dry sponge. Primer Application The primer should be applied for at least 15 seconds. Primer should be actively rubbed into the dentin surface with disposable brush or sponge applicator. After short and gentle air drying the primed surface should appear glossy.
| P a g e 13

Adhesive Resin Application Spreading of the adhesive layer to the bonded surface should be done by a brush. The adhesive should be light cured for 20 seconds before the application of the restorative resin composite. References: Chapter #8 of The Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry. ____________________________________________ By the end of this semester, I apologize for everyone got angry of me for a reason or another Wish you all best of luck in the finals Sawsan Jwaied,

| P a g e 14