Exam Name___________________________________

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion. 1) Thesumofallbiosyntheticreactionsinacellisknownas A) synthatabolism. B) anabolism. C) metabolism. D) catabolism. 2) Phosphorusinmicroorganismscanbefoundin A) organiccompounds. B) inorganiccompounds. C) bothorganicandinorganiccompounds. D) neitherorganicnorinorganiccompoundsbutinfreeelementalforminthecell. 3) Chemoorganotrophsusewhichofthefollowingasanenergysource? A) inorganiccompounds B) organiccompounds C) bothorganicandinorganiccompounds D) eitherorganicorinorganiccompounds,dependingontheenvironment 4) WhichstatementisNOTtrue? A) Somebacteriaareabletousenitratesornitrogengasastheirnitrogensource. B) Mostbacteriaarecapableofusingammoniaastheirsolenitrogensource. C) Mostavailablenitrogenisinorganicforms. D) Nitrogenisamajorcomponentofproteinsandnucleicacids. 5) Allorganismsrequirethemacronutrients A) phosphorus,potassium,andmagnesium. C) calcium,potassium,andmagnesium. 1)

2)

3)

4)

5) B) phosphorus,potassium,andsodium. D) potassium,magnesium,andsodium. 6)

6) WhichnutrientfunctionsBOTHasanenzymaticcofactorandasastabilizerofribosomesand nucleicacids? A) phosphorus B) potassium C) calcium D) magnesium 7) Regulationofanenzymesactivityoccurs A) atanypointontheenzymaticproductionpathway. B) duringtheproductionoftheenzyme. C) beforetheenzymeisproduced. D) whentheenzymealreadyexistsinthecell. 8) Siderophores A) bindironandtransportitintothecell. B) areakeycomponentinthecytochromes. C) developwhenerrorsinmembranesynthesisoccur. D) helpmaintainosmoticbalanceinseawatermicrobes.

7)

8)

9) WhichstatementisCORRECT? A) Bothmicronutrientsandgrowthfactorsareorganiccompoundsessentialforcellgrowth. B) Micronutrientsareorganic,butgrowthfactorsaremetals. C) Bothmicronutrientsandgrowthfactorsareessentiallymetals. D) Micronutrientsaremetals,butgrowthfactorsareorganic. 10) Aseptictechniquerefersto A) themicrobialinoculumplacedintoatesttubeorontoaPetriplate. B) cleanlinessinthelaboratory. C) theautoclaveandothersterilizingprocedures. D) thepreventionofcontamination. 11) Allostericenzymeshavetwoimportantbindingsites.Thesearethe A) activeandinhibitorysites. B) allostericandeffectorsites. C) allostericandpassivesites. D) activeandallostericsites. 12) IfG0 isnegative,thereactionis A) endergonicandrequirestheinputofenergy. B) exergonicandrequirestheinputofenergy. C) exergonicandenergywillbereleased. D) endergonicandenergywillbereleased. 13) Activationenergyistheenergy A) absorbedasG 0 movesfromnegativetopositive. B) sometimesreferredtoascatabolicenergy. C) givenoffastheproductsinachemicalreactionareformed. D) requiredtotransformallreactantsintotheirreactivestate. 14) Acatalyst A) changestherateofthereactionbutdoesnotchangetheendamountofproducts. B) changesboththerateofareactionandtheamountoftheproductthatwillbeobtainedasthe reactioniscompleted. C) increasestheamountofreactantsproducedbutdoesnotchangetherate. D) makespossibleotherwiseimpossiblereactions. 15) Theportionofanenzymetowhichsubstratesbindisreferredtoasthe A) junctionofvanderWaalsforces. B) catalysissite. C) activesite. D) substratecomplex. 16) WhichstatementisTRUE? A) Coenzymesandprostheticgroupsaretechnicallynotboundtotheirrespectiveenzymes. B) Coenzymesandprostheticgroupsbothbindtightlytotheirrespectiveenzymes. C) Prostheticgroupsbindtightlytotheirrespectiveenzymes. D) Coenzymesbindtightlytotheirrespectiveenzymes. 17) Ifanoxidationreactionoccurs,areductionreactionmustalsooccurbecause A) thatiswhatredoxmeans. B) Actually,reductionisnotnecessaryifoxidationoccurs. C) halfreactionsarewrittenthatway. D) electronsdonotgenerallyexistaloneinsolution.

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)

14)

15)

16)

17)

18) NAD+ /NADHareinvolvedprimarilyin________reactions,whileNADP + /NADPHareinvolved in________reactions. A) biosynthetic(anabolic)/energy-generating(catabolic) B) energy-generating(catabolic)/biosynthetic(anabolic) C) energy-generating(catabolic)/bothenergy-generating(catabolic)andbiosynthetic (anabolic) D) bothenergy-generating(catabolic)andbiosynthetic(anabolic)/bothenergy -generating (catabolic)andbiosynthetic(anabolic) 19) Covalentmodificationofanenzymeoftenincludes A) rearrangementofthecomponentsoftheenzymeproper. B) bindingoftheenzymetospecificcytoplasmicribosomes. C) additionordeletionofsomesmallmolecule. D) noneoftheabove. 20) Themostimportanthigh-energyphosphatecompoundinlivingorganismsis A) ATP. B) GTP. C) glucose. D) RNA. 21) TheEmbden -Meyerhof-Pamaspathwayisanothernamefor A) NADHproduction. B) thecitricacidcycle. C) glycolysis. D) electrontransport. 22) ThenetgainofATPpermoleculeofglucosefermentedis A) 1. B) 2. C) 4.

18)

19)

20)

21)

22) D) 8. 23)

23) Theroadblockcreatedbytheformationofareducedelectroncarrierisovercomeinfermentation bythe A) reductionofNADHbacktoNAD + . B) reductionofNAD + backtoNADH. C) oxidationofNADHbacktoNAD + . D) oxidationofNAD + backtoNADH.

24) Whenwritinghalfreactions, A) thereductionpotentialsarebyconventiondescribedintermsofoxidation. B) thefinalproduct(s)mustbeatomicallybalancedwiththebeginningsubstrate(s). C) theunitsareinjoulesforE0 . D) thepHofthereactionshouldbedescribedbecauseitcannotbeassumedtobe7.0. 25) Fromthestandpointofthemicroorganism,inglycolysisthecrucialproductis A) ATP;thefermentationproductsarewasteproducts. B) notrelevantbecauseglycolysisisnotamajorpathway. C) CO 2 ;ATPisawasteproduct. D) ethanolorlactate;ATPisawasteproduct. 26) Inaerobicrespiration,thefinalelectronacceptoris A) oxygen. B) ATP.

24)

25)

26) C) water. D) hydrogen. 27)

27) WhichofthefollowinggroupsisNOTmembraneassociated? A) NADHdehydrogenases B) cytochromes C) flavoproteins D) Allofthesearemembraneassociated.

28) Duringelectrontransportreactions, A) OH- accumulatesontheoutsideofthemembranewhileH + accumulatesontheinside. B) OH- accumulatesontheinsideofthemembranewhileH + accumulatesontheoutside. C) bothOH - andH + accumulateontheinsideofthemembrane. D) bothOH - andH + accumulateontheoutsideofthemembrane. 29) Therisingofbreaddoughistheresultof A) oxygenbeingreleased. C) biotinproduction. 30) Thecitricacidcycle A) delineatestheoxidationofpyruvate. B) producesNADHasitprogresses. C) allowsforthecompleteoxidationofglucose. D) doesalloftheabove. 31) Aseachmoleculeofpyruvatetraversesthecitricacidcycle,howmanymoleculesofCO 2 are generated? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 32) Chemolithotrophsare A) phototrophs.

28)

29) B) fermentation. D) flourgainingelectrons. 30)

31)

32) B) heterotrophs. C) organotrophs. D) autotrophs. 33) D) triglycerides. 34)

33) Foracarbonsource,chemoorganotrophsgenerallyusesuchcompoundsas A) sunlight. B) glucose. C) carbondioxide. 34) Prokaryoticpolysaccharidesaresynthesizedfrom A) negativeaminoacids. B) starch/glycogencomplexes. C) saturatedfattyacids. D) onlyoneoftwoactivatedformsofglucose(UDPGandUDPG). 35) Theprocessbywhichglucoseissynthesizedwithinthecellis A) pentose. B) gluconeogenesis. C) glycolysis. D) peptidogenesis.

35)

36) Themacronutrientthatcomprisesabout50%ofthedryweightofatypicalbacterialcellis A) oxygen. B) nitrogen. C) carbon. D) protein. 37) Thejoiningofanenzymeandsubstrate(s)dependsonweakbonds,suchas A) hydrophobicinteractions. B) vanderWaalsforces. C) hydrogenbonds. D) alloftheabove. 38) ThenumberofprotonsconsumedbyanATPasepermoleculeofATPformedis A) 1. B) 3-4. C) 6-8. D) 10. 39) Twospecificcellularreactionsinacellthatrequireenergyfromtheprotonmotiveforceare A) communicationandmetabolism. B) biosynthesisandpolymerization. C) respirationandfermentation. D) iontransportandflagellarrotation. 4

36)

37)

38)

39)

40) Oneexampleofanelectronacceptorthatcanbeusedinanaerobicrespirationis A) pyruvate. B) water. C) NADH. D) nitrate. TRUE/FALSE.WriteTifthestatementistrueandFifthestatementisfalse. 41) Achemotrophuseschemicalsforenergy,whileaphototrophuseslightforenergy. 42) Carbonandnitrogenareconsideredmicronutrients. 43) Allprokaryotesrequireanorganiccarbonsource. 44) VitaminsareNOTconsideredgrowthfactors. 45) Mostmicroorganismshavethesamegeneralnutritionalrequirements,somostmicroorganisms cangrowonthesamemedia. 46) Energycanbemeasuredinkilojoules. 47) Regulationoftheamountofenzymesynthesizedoccursonlyatthegenelevel. 48) Inagivenchemicalreaction,ifthefreeenergyofformationisknownforeachofthereactantsand eachoftheproducts,thechangeinfreeenergycanbecalculatedforthereaction. 49) Free-energycalculationsaredependentontheratesofthereactions. 50) Enzymesarebiologicalcatalysts. 51) Theoretically,allenzyme-catalyzedreactionsarereversiblebythesameenzyme. 52) Ifthenameofacompoundendsin -ase,itislikelyanenzyme. 53) Ifasubstanceisreduced,itgainselectrons. 54) ThetendencytobecomeoxidizedorreducedisexpressedasthereductionpotentialinVolts. 55) Inanaerobicmetabolism,theelectrondonorisoftenreferredtoasanenergysource. 56) Feedbackinhibitionorcovalentmodificationisgenerallysufficientfortheregulationofgene expression. 57) Coenzymesincreasethediversityofchemicalreactionspossibleinacell. 58) TheenergyreleasedfromthehydrolysisofcoenzymeAisconservedinthesynthesisofATP. 59) Insubstrate-levelphosphorylation,ATPstorageisdepletedduringthestepsincatabolismofthe fermentablecompounds. 60) Wheneverabacteriumundergoesfermentation,ethanolisabyproduct. 5

40)

41) 42) 43) 44) 45)

46) 47) 48)

49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56)

57) 58) 59)

60)

61) Inelectrontransportsystems,theelectroncarriersaremembraneassociated. 62) Hemeprostheticgroupsareinvolvedinelectrontransferwithquinones. 63) Duringtheelectrontransportprocess,protonsandelectronsbecomephysicallyseparatedinthe cellmembrane. 64) AMPandmethylgroupscanplayapartincovalentmodification;ADPdoesnotfunctionin covalentmodification. 65) ThenetresultofelectrontransportisthegenerationofapHgradientandanelectrochemical potentialacrossthemembrane. 66) Inhibitorsblockbothelectronflowandtheestablishmentoftheprotonmotiveforce. 67) Oxalacetate,generatedinthecitricacidcycle,isimportantbothinthegenerationofcertainamino acidsandintheformationofphosphoenolpyruvate. 68) EachmoleculeofNADPH +yields3moleculesofATP. 69) Thetheoreticalmaximumyieldfromeachmoleculeofglucoseduringaerobicrespirationis between30and35moleculesofATP. 70) Controllingtheactivityofanenzymeisaninefficientuseoftheorganismsenergy. 71) Polysaccharidesarekeycellwallconstituents. 72) Aminoacidscanbegroupedintostructurallyrelatedfamiliesthathavesimilarbiosyntheticsteps. 73) Inosinicacidistheprecursorofthepyrimidines. 74) Thedistinguishingcharacteristicofanunsaturatedfattyacidistheinclusionofoneormoredouble bondsinthehydrophobicportionofthemolecule. 75) ThethirdcarbonofaglycerolbackboneusuallycontainsapolargroupintheBacteriaandthe Eukarya. SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion. 76) Thetermusedtorefertoallthechemicalprocessestakingplacewithinacellis________. 77) ________istheabilitytodowork. 78) The________requiredorreleasedtoformagivenmoleculefromitsconstituentelements iscalled________. 79) ________isthetermusedtodescribethetemporarycombinationoftheenzymeandthe reactant. 6 76) 77) 78)

61) 62) 63)

64)

65)

66) 67)

68) 69)

70) 71) 72) 73) 74)

75)

79)

80) ThePasteureffectinvolvesmetabolicallyversatilemicrobessuchas Saccharomyces cerevisiaethatfirstperform________metabolism.Afterthisprocess,theyeastswitchesto ________metabolismwheretwobyproductsare________and________. 81) Energyreleasedasaresultofoxidation-reductionreactionsisusuallyconservedinthe ________. 82) ________aredifferentenzymesthatcatalyzethesamereactionbutaresubjecttodifferent regulatorycontrols. 83) Theenzymeresponsibleforsplittingfructose1,6-bisphosphateintotwothree-carbon moleculesis________. 84) TheenzymethatcatalyzestheconversionoftheprotonmotiveforceintoATPis________, amoleculethatcontainstwomajorparts,________and________.Thisreactionisknown as________. 85) Theprocessbywhichorganismssynthesizethechemicalsubstancesofwhichtheyare composedis________. 86) Anenzymethatmovesanaminogroupfromonemoleculetoanotherisknownasa(n) ________. 87) Anenrichedmediumisacomplexmediumtowhichadditionalnutrients,suchas ________or________,areadded. 88) Inbiochemistry,oxidationsandreductionsfrequentlyinvolvethetransferofa(n) ________alongwitha(n)________. 89) Twomechanismsforenergyconservationinchemoorganotrophsare________and ________. 90) Withregardtooxygen,glycolysisisa(n)________process. 91) Metabolicdiversityinrespirationandphotosynthesisrevolvesaroundacommonprocess, whichisgenerationofa(n)________. ESSAY.Writeyouranswerinthespaceprovidedoronaseparatesheetofpaper. 92) Explainthedifferencebetweenchemicallydefinedandundefined(complex)media.

80)

81)

82)

83)

84)

85)

86)

87)

88)

89)

90) 91)

93) Explainthecircumstancesunderwhichthesamesubstance(molecule)canbeeitheranelectrondonororan electronacceptor. 94) Explainthedifferencebetweenfermentationandrespirationintermsofelectrontransfer. 95) DescribethebiochemicaleventsfoundintheEmbden -Meyerhof-Pamaspathway.Includethemajorreactants, products,andenzymes.Includesuchtermsas:aldolase,glyceraldehyde3 -phosphate,1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid,phosphoenolpyruvate,andpyruvate. 7

96) Discusswhyenergyyieldinanorganismundergoinganaerobicrespirationislessthanthatofanorganism undergoingaerobicrespiration. 97) Explainbrieflythebiosyntheticandbioenergeticrolesofthecitricacidcycle. 98) Writeabriefdefinitionoffeedbackinhibition. 99) Explainexergonicandendergonicintermsoffree-energycalculations. 100) Explainwhatanenzymemustaccomplishtocatalyzeaspecificreaction. 101) Explainingeneraltermstheprincipleofallostery. 102) Explainwhytheamountofenergyreleasedinaredoxreactiondependsonthenatureofboththeelectron donorandtheelectronacceptor.

AnswerKey Testname:UNTITLED4

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50)

B C B C A D D A D D D C D A C C D B C A C B C B A A D B B D C D B D B C D B D D TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE 9

AnswerKey Testname:UNTITLED4

51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60) 61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) 69) 70) 71) 72) 73) 74) 75) 76) 77) 78) 79) 80) 81) 82) 83) 84) 85) 86) 87) 88) 89) 90) 91) 92)

TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE metabolism Energy energy/freeenergyofformation Enzyme-substratecomplex aerobicorrespiration/anaerobicorfermentation/carbondioxide/ethanol(lasttwoeitherorder) synthesisofenergy-richcompounds Isozymes aldolase ATPsynthase(ATPase)/F 1 /F0 /oxidativephosphorylation(secondandthirdineitherorder) anabolism transaminase anytwo:beefextract,blood,casein,milkprotein,peptone,serum,tryptone,yeastextract electron/proton fermentation/respiration(eitherorder) anoxic(anaerobic) protonmotiveforce Definedmediaarepreparedbyaddingindividualpurechemicalsinknownquantities.Inthisway,themedium itselfcanbeexplicitlydefined.Forexample,5mMNaCl,3mMKH 2 PO4 ,1.5mMNH 4Cl,2.5%glucose,and3% acetateisadefinedmedium,becauseeachingredientaddedisataknownconcentrationandthechemicalspresent areknown.Complexmedianeedsonlytocontainoneundefinedproducttobeconsideredcomplexorundefined.An exampleofanundefinedmediumis5mMNaCl,2.5%tryptoneand2.5%yeastextract,becausebothtryptoneand yeastextractarenotindividualchemicalstructuresbutinsteadcontainanassortmentofcompoundsatunknown (imprecise)quantities.

10

AnswerKey Testname:UNTITLED4

93) Answersshouldexplainthatnotallmoleculesarestrictlyoneortheother,andeachmoleculemustbecomparedto theotherinapairtodeterminetheelectronacceptorandwhichisanelectrondonor. 94) Respirationshouldbedistinguishedasusingoxygen(oranoxygensubstitute)asitsterminalelectronacceptor,while fermentationusesothercompounds,suchascarbonate,ferriciron,andnitrate,aselectrontransferringagents. 95) Figure4.14inthetextbookillustratesacompleteanswer. 96) Onepossibleexplanationcouldpointtothesubstrate-levelphosphorylationprocessitselfasbeinglessenergy yieldingthan(aerobic)oxidativephosphorylation.Anotherreasonisthefateofpyruvateitself,wherefermentationis unabletotakeitthroughthehigherenergyyieldingprocess,whichrequiresO2 asaterminalelectronacceptor.Other answerscoulddiscusstheE0beinggreatestwiththeO2 /H2 Oredoxcoupleinaerobicmetabolismcomparedto anaerobicredoxcouples. 97) Someofthemoleculesgeneratedduringthecitricacidcycle,suchas-ketoglutarate,oxalacetate,andsuccinyl-CoA, canserveasprecursorsforthebiosynthesisofcriticalcellularcomponentssuchasaminoacids,chlorophyll,and cytochromes.ThebioenergeticcomponentofthecycleshouldbedescribedinthecontextofFADHandNADH electrondonorsstoringenergypotential,usableinelectrontransportwhereO2 isreducedtowater. 98) Answerswillvary,buttheemphasisshouldbeontheroleofaccumulatedproductsthatbindtoallostericsitesin enzymes.Thisallostericbindinginteractionchangestheproteinintoaninactiveconformation,andthereforedoesnot permitaccessfornewsubstratestobindtotheactivesitesonthesameenzymes.Studentsshouldalsoexplainthatthe absenceofboundallostericsitespermitsactivesitebindingandconsequentlyallowsthepathwaytobeuninhibited. 99) Apositivechangeinfreeenergy(G 0 )meansthereactionneedsenergyinputtooccur(calledendergonic),whereasa negativeG0 needsnoenergyinputandactuallyreleasesexcessenergy(calledexergonic). 100) Answerswillvary,butthefocusoftheanswershouldbeonovercomingtherequiredactivationenergy. 101) Answerswillvarybutshouldexplainthatconformational(proteinfolding)changesoccurdependingonwhat binds/interactswithaproteinaceousenzyme.Anunderlyingprinciplethatshouldbeaddressedisthatonlycertain enzymeconformationsareactive,whileothersarenotactive. 102) Answersshouldemphasizethatenergydoesnotcomefromspecificmoleculesbutratherfromthedifferencein reductionpotentialbetweentwomolecules.Forexample,assigningarbitraryvaluesandsubtractingthemfromone anotherbycomparingtwodifferentelectronacceptorstoonedonorwouldindicatedifferencesinenergyforan electronacceptor.Inasimilarway,thiscouldalsobeshowntomathematicallyexplainelectrondonorshavingan equalroleindeterminingE0.

11