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Tuh i:n
-teminist Criticism
and

pscudonym involvcdassociarions between gendcrand rvritingthar not only undrrhc bur rtso cmanatc from rhc reir. Thc rciding of Wstht/ir1lt Hcbhtt that follows this introductionll combincs nrcthods thc and movcsofscvcrJt feminisms ordo to o.t\ I in light on rhe texr. A surveyofacminisrcriricismin irs variery wilt castl\ similarlight on Homanst complexapprorchto Rronti\ cnduringbutJ

Wutheringlfeighx
W.rf ,

WIIAf

IS FEJ\{INIST CRITICISMI

xi,****'ffi .lll6.e;ffi :irl;'dffm:ffi f"%*#"*d{li jr-e"fi ii:.:,r.']!r!r-1 ;ffi <,"",'iiit:ff

rhar hnguagex wc co

ncssliom is morhcrl hrhcr. thc limi!

-i6e idelJof rhc psycfioanrfy'iath-it6;pl;-acqucs tr6l nisrsremind-sribjDrnilua8i iia real;-ofFnb[;-dEionG: icrcalmjusrxlicornE-ro--grrspiis-scprrag: ,14,'r lurr a tr (otrr6 ro qr6p trs scD arcrour Ine tlmc tnai Dols tdenntv wrrh rh.r.

t i5 a dccidcdlvmJe rcrlm.

iir't.oliulriETl'al-ngu"gel.;;d-..n..r;

a tin"'v t<iiiCirrar ot'postszuct*erms-l?irvrtnssivi;;sc,r

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33I)

;;1nt* l',il;til:F#'il*,u -ri:"rii ;3,#ffi

*;:;:"]:*.,:i,:$i+"t'ltl{i';inifj}#::,,'#:jtr;
fcmi tion from ftc morhcr.

id that

v[Al rst,DMrNtsT ciltTtos r

att

.. CixouCs^and trigaray's cmphasis fcminincwriring asan cxprcs_ on . sion of thc fcmalc body has driwn criricism from orhci Frcnch ftmi,.thc nists..Many argucrhrt an emph$is oD rhe body eithcr rcduccs fcmininc" ro a biologicJcsxnceor clcv es it in c wey thar shifo rhc valuarion masculinc of and fcmininebur rerains binarycarceorics. rhc For ChristincFaur6.Irigar:y'scelebrarion ofwomen! diilcrenic faits to address issucof masculine dre dominance, and a Marxist_ftministCatherine CICmenr. wrrncdrh ..poeric..dcrcnprions hrs otwhatconstitutesrhc femininelviil not challcnge thar dominance the realmof in pfoduction.Tbe boys ll srjtl inxkc the roys,and dccidcwho gcts ro l,se them. In hcr cffon to rcdefincwontcn as politicalrathcr t-han as serurlbeings. MuniqueWirtig harcallcdtor rhc rbotirionofselualcarc_ gories that Cixouranrllmgaray rcrainrnd revJur asihcv crlebfricwom_

plcasurc ("womanhas orgrns rbourcvcryrlh.rc,,). jusr scx ,o.t".il t ninc" langu,rgc moreditrus;vc is th;rr irs ,.masculinc.. .oun,.ro"n. I I ("That undoubrcdly rerson .. hcrlanguogc... orin.n is rh . g"., \l dircctiotu and . . . he is unabtcro disccmtle iohcrenie," Irigny_J , wdtes I101-03].) _-_1

s wntrng. your self. your body must be hcard,,; oncc rhey leam to wrirc rheir bodics,rvomen will nor :Tous lrgesi onryrcaxzerhcr scxuality cnter hisroryand movc bur rowarda future b:rcd on a -fcminine" cconomyofgiving nthcr then rhe ..masruline., (co_nomy,ot hordinB (Cirous2S0).For Lucc trigaray. womcn,ssexu Shf explores rhe connection bctwcen womcn s scxuattry women.slanguagc and rhroughrhc follorving rnaiogt: aswomen\Jb,&j,,r. is more m;rri;k ,han;cn,s unita,y,irratr;c

atso po6irs .*n,ij.""n*;1,' an U.*.;;;;#;i pti:ure.has rcprcsed denied been rnd cxpresrion, ..Writc ano^w_omcn ""3{:.ll*i "rl1

who rssoci.ttes leminine writingrviih rhc fcmJcbody,is ,_,_q:,.f. hrr ,oned_tn vrer$by othcrleading French Gmi.irr.. Hdlt* Ci_;;;, forinsrancc.

bc by ordercd, !,tr:i ,\ryyP cannot erprcsscdrhi dominant. r(rcai., masculrnctrnguagr.

3r4

VHAT I5 FIMINIST CRITICTSM?

Gilbcn, Susan Mearwhilcanothcrgroup ofcriticsincludingSandra and Showrker hcrselfcrcateda somcwhat Gubar, PatriciaMcycr SPack, differenr model. Whcreas ftminists \triting "ftminist critique" havc analyzedworks by mcn, practitioners of what ShowalKr uscd to cell "e;rocriticism" lia"e studied the writings ofthosc worncn who, aginst af odds. produced what she calls "a literaturc of thcir own " In ?" litcnry rndition rhc crarnincs femalc kmk liaainarion tlg75). Spacks *.itcr. rc.o* the .ucshavcfclr, Pcrccived ro fin,l or,ii,o* srcat 'vomcn reality Gilbirt and Guba\inTht Madnonan ud themselves, imagincd .on."rn rhcm.rlvcs with wcll-knownwomcnwritcts . i4 lr, A'r. fi-o) roo firrdthxr gencnl concc$s"rmofrhc rincrccnrhccnrury,brt thcy rhrt bJ.irr'cthc Ju(hor5 tltcytrcrl wrorc";n a Jno ascs. rh"lrc rccur. of dcfinirions litcnry .rurltoriry both tUndamcntal .ifr',. 'rc -f'o.c

or Thc aucstionofwhcthcr ftminismwcakens fonificsiaclf by cmunity throughsePenrcand by develoPing its phasizing scparateness ( exPcri_ condirions ininc writing) and ihosewho focuson lhe Polirical of women at ccrtain timcs.h history,.panllcls .n..a by ."i"in g."rp"

i-i",*. iitf"*i"""

u"i*en Amedcrnfeministcriticsand their British


to rcfcr to rn Aa thc rnr-isrs to distinguish tcnd

women acrossboundanesano

q9* snrrsu}Fs'*.1g.:I.ry':l,.r,nsl!."r_prg!* a3. p"!id: l{sg3g!-eeb,rcrhcvrcgqrdlhsr-ow!. rcr


tffi-lbqfl4.sigl&qinisf\-whog t'n5qtttn.rJurtco rh-cJ

ofirs
iist, and Fcma.lC

women hasoften lcd to countcrstcrcotyp's rhri srcreowDes deniErate cullur' ofracc' da$. vinuc rhrt ignorcrealdiffcrEnces of remiriine 'nd o amoncwomen. In rddiiion, thcy argucrhat Amcricrn celebritions m'y.b' in that hlstty suggesr powerfulindividuals indivriual hcroines

;;d,:alset-].lsCo-rqD2E.-qld-fudlvjdveclted -thckown aulorqiIo ihc Drc$ltL [9g. fcmdqg<-rspc.rivcd92-tr n$ anenrron rctexrs.

rnun. ," t"o.."'iu" ."na;tioiand maycvcnimplytlut atl individuel in and by life go can throirgh unconditioned theculturc idcology whictl
sheor he livcs. 5he hc l,vcs, 4 womcn'shi$ory-ta( I to the Similarlv. Amcricanendenvor recovcr to womcndev.loFd lhcirown strarcgrcs I bv cxamolc. emphasizinethat likc-ludith fcminists min iowciwirtrin thciriPhcrc- is sccnby British I thrt "mystrhcs"marcl Ncwion and Dcbonh Roscnftlrasan cndcavor ir disquisins $ somcthingthar h's ff'atcd for womcn il oopression. t*'.i"t w"tH of:opp"rtuniri.s More imPoftant from thc Brirish srand_/ inpoint, the univcJzingud "esstntializin8"tcndcnchs borh Amcrl Dy worncn'soPPrcrnon hrg\ and Frenchthcory disguisc ion precrice a dominenr s)'stcm { liehrinq rcxual diffcrcncc, sugcsdng that By iipcrvious to politicrlchange. conrrast'Britishfcminilt tltorv 'mJ

ofa body ol women5 With rhc rccovery -. question rarscda deiadc ago by lillian Robinson: Docsn't tumcd to a America. feminist riticism nccd ro fdrmulrtc a thory of its own Prrcrnd on ricci Won'r rctrJncc rhcorcticrl*sumptionr' categorics, strricwi'jt nonleminitt schoob ol by mcn and actociarcd ej6 devclopcd is icminismfiom bcing accePted 'quiwlcnt to rhes it'oreh. p;"-' thrr a sPccnl believc fcminists Nor discourscs) allAmericJn orhcr"critical Showalter's is or unifoingrhcoryot fcminisrpracr;ce urgentlvnecded; critic to utc hhrorii"l a'pbt"".h to women'i cultureallowsa feminisi a Kolodny has advocatcd thcorici'tjeiia on nonfcministdisciplincs. schoolsand l'pla1.fuI plumfism" that cncompasci a rariety of ritictl

336
vflATt5tti0NlsrcnnlctsM?

? I lll,1ffi;***'ncnt

331

wirhhistorical pr*cs in orderto promote so

?.1T11':':. "_, or ircnch icm'nrsm iruofar

body-of Arnerican femrn;, il_X".ji:t "r,i*'n,r*i-uJ#'ilil;:l rtrc *o u,, rhcaamc Homans iimc, shows
$ shc focuses rhc isuc ofwomcn and on

:rrhj $ff f_lH'6..i:il:#;;.:n*:el,r*};ifr


influcncl

jlH?jjlji;

Marga.rc-r Homans. aurhorofthe thc ess.ry follows, rn Amcrithar is

Hcrworr inevirabry uy,r,i*;ii-,flr is ins.;u.a

i"".. wn^hngind women! creativiry they as reiatcro womcn\ "f;;;:;1" .rrly chitdnood devctopmcnt.

she in"o"a r,.,urv'in Itrgu_a;1:,!{. which fcminists, hrs o"ul cnoan ),rrcthcory, l:nch uses --y she to explorcrhc

'7' to lcamro uscrharordcr,ajrhoLJqh prhaDs curho,itarivctl te,s rhj I mencan. And wheredoesBrcnre situte herselfin relation to th.se t*ol women,in termsof thesetwo setsof relationships bctwcenrvoman./ lgryre:, law)Shcmusuetucr.inrly r,.. i", U,n ,i. *..""i/ .*, Larhyilo(-a berntanrurhor,rh.rewouldbelitrlceairr alvincheMtl I in vuh_thctirsr.Sdll. Hom.nsimplies. rvirhour quitcsvine. ,i'", *.il / rn attegancc atrracrive Bronrtirhc hcr rh"r ir is iudsrs Bronrl I rs to musthave bccn srruning,in \witingWuth.rinL H(bhr. foranerv dcfini\, Donor nerovn Bender, nrw relarion men.Irnguage. a ro u,ritrng. /

IEMINIST CRnICISMI A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHT Frnch Feminist Theory Beauvoir, Simoncde. Thc&ond &1x. I949. Ed. lnd rnns. H. M. Parshley. Ncw york: Mode Ljbturv. I9S2. ,,Thehugtr Cixous,.Htltne. ofthc M.lusr.,,TrJr,. KeirhCohen and Pauli Cohcn. Sirr I (lE76t 875_a4. Ffttu! Rrr:;,t-b'rh'o,) Spccirtirruc, Si,,r 7 (1981).Es,rysby Cixous, Faurd, Irigany, Krisieva. Gclfand..Elissa and VirginiaThomdike Hulcs, eds. Fftfth kminin _D-.,

Fathcr or the

!he-]YaylBr-by!_
derirc substil

a fcwweeks larer. rhough, a subsururc and obiecr l1l9E-td?'"ble; of ocsrcrl. (.thy. who knows norhine ofhl frctin8s, i, .qr" 1H. hl: dc.JinSwi'h naturc; itslitcar rcarryx somcrh,ng final:cj li h8r"sric h( fcars, rcn&rings -Th( figunrivc.) \\ ("tncnnc cdc; 1n-:r:_6 rs :uropposire of it areincvirabty son of chancrcrst; pir." ,*.pli"t"" tnc moorsto writrng. which shcsecs mainlva5a mcans Jleviating of Dorrcrom whcnconfincd indooB-

- incviiabry .,ar.*rf!*[" ma rorhc lf:,^E^vcll,n a scaride ..bc;utyi,urng. lhc mrflutc ",bsrrurions rcal reru^" hi, gt_..,;h.-;';;

' mothcr, movc morc grr$Uc reelm. in r r'tor.sup$B{c ror rhc t}u$-tLcy_rcprcsenr ro Lockwood.Homansshoruihow'rrc_ tikc ; Lcan-

Y;frK;{ffi;ffitr

and Litd,tun Anok'dBibtia,' An

show, q'itcdifr.^. fr.* ;;;;;.il;,',.1;ilf provcs


can to ntcr erd usc the patrirrchal world ofl

#"s:-tr$f r""#:, T" s#:.i115,:!1'$iii: rffi i?TJ: l:


whcrcasin Cdthy shc crcr&s a woman who chooscsto cnter and

Irigaray, Lucc. Ttn &x Whhh r, NotO,k Tr,ns. Grbcr;nc poncr. fthaca:Come[ U!. l98s Jonc\ Ann Rorilind. ,,lnscribingRnrinrniry: FrcnLhTheorics ofrhc r.mtn|ne.' Meki'g^a Afaan!.: I+ninin LiEmry C_zitiin. Ed. uryrc arcenc and Coppitia Kahn. Londonr Milhuen. t98S. Icistcllr, ,ulia. D.rn,,r Lary"Uc: A kniorn Ap?Mh u Lirdsrun a d ,4rt. d. Ifon S. Roudlez:Trans.ThomasCora. AJicc lardine. ano Leon s. lbudrcz. Ncw york: Crlumbia UB I980. Marks.Elainc..n:dlsabeue Courtivron.ed5. Na,Infrh de kmi,tifl: Att Abthotw Anrhclsr:U ofMrssxchuscrr5 I980. B Moi,loril. cd. r+rnrl ,R,rin;,t Tho,ghr:,,1 a/./. Orfo!.1: t B.lrit Blackwdl, 1987. kxw,l/ndat 1,0!it|/.!:I:rmili$ Liradry Th.a\. Inndon: -. M{huen, I98S.

scsB, cxprorcs ;. p."rur.-,.*p"""* ll"f;TT;.I""1_1li,llc; 6rs6 som(rhins r.* *."liiJT..:;liltJd: ro.ntcr r,*. *r,", dcr,
strengcmcnr.ln Cathcrincshe crc{cs r wor

rvl' J r"'"-" tr'#,Tln.iHH:t';1iil.:"":tT::'n'o* Bronri

ensascd !h: lijominr ar *a .1. ."",.a3fl*Ti.ilil11':il.J;i

l Cr wH^T rs fEMlNlST lTtclslrl

336
Wittig. Mor)!tr(. 11!(;rhi mt Avon,1973. frrDs. Daviclk Vay Ncw York:

,19

British and Amcricin FcministTheory Benstock, SllIi, cd -F ;"itr Istut i" Littllvy thohtthi\ Bloon\t'ngron: IndianaUP, 1987 A L?sic'on, Mrry. cd. Frninitt LihsrJ Theory: R'cd''" Oxfond:Basil - Bbckweu, 1986. Abotr Wg En. London: Macmillan,1968 Eilmann,Mxry. "I'biek;4! Fcrcrley,ludlrh. Thc tutntitg l\ita: A fniinin APflwh r0AMka" fir;ox. Bloomingon: lndirna UP. 1978 Grccr,Ge.maine.Thekn\lc Elrnu;h.New Yorki Mccraw, l97l of Andngu\ Ncw \ork: Hcilbrun, Crrolyn G. Totwd a.W,titior Knopf, 1973. Ncw York: Jacobus,Mrry. Rading Wonan: finy in nuiri* O;*'J,, ColumbiaUB 1986 Kotodny, Anncfrc. Thc I'J ofth. l'|nn: M.ttphor at E Tttiztt in "" -)'i,)*" of t';?'1 chiPt Hill: L.r NonliGrolina l" ti "i \975. ('SomcNotcs on Definingx'Feminist LiteraryCriticism"' -. Citit'l I ryiu 2 (1975)t 75-92. Mlllen, K'tc. kxtul Palitit Gardcn Cirv: Doublcday' 1970 Elainc."Towardsa FcministPoetics."licobus 22-41' Showaltcr, Woolt Viaginir. ,4 &az ofo ,\ OPt'. Nw York: Hircourt, 1929' Gynocriticism: womcn's Writing and Crcativity Auerbach, Nina ALm'lnitit of Won',t: Ax Id"' in Fictio' Cal:i' bridge,Mass.:Harwrd Ul, 1978 rh AEi: Gilbe(. sJndn M.. ind S|.',Ji Gt:htr. Ttu Madwnas '' 1ht w|',aa wim abd th Ninll.dth ()ntury Lihary In4tiraUq 1979. ,1". Ncw Hrven: Yale ed. Wonen Witifu aul Witi'E obwt Wr't"t New Iscobus, Mary, York: Bdnes, 1979. Mi[er, Nancy K., cd. Tht Poetit 0f Gdldtr' New York: Columbia UP' 1986. Poovcv. Marv. rh Pnttt lah md th. Wolwn witzt: Idlolq| 4! SIth ;i rh worl: ot Miry woihbb.mf . Mary Sh' 4 ' d Jd'u A't'U ,. Cbicaso: ofchicago P, 1984.

Ehinc. / Li'.. Showaltcr. dTh.ir Of,,': Bituh Wonor N,'tlittt UP' Princcron 197' Princeion: Brnt n lcsitg 'ruft lrvn c;ricirn: B$rt ot wont t, Liu'atun' ond Thc Nat'kninirt -, 1985 Ncw YorkrPantheon, Trro4y. linah Inagirntian.Nw York:KnoPf' Spack, PrtriciaMcycr Tht 1975. Marxist and Chss Analysis Tdsr: Pnbk"" in Ma'xin F'ni Brrre M;chtlc. Word\ OPPft'lio,' n,
Vc6o. 1980. tift ABh'i.lrndonr it.r. Dclanv- She Wiina Wotsn: lVowt Wittn and Wo t itt LiElt' 1983' Ncw York: Schockcn' ;n. M.din'sl k -Mod,,1'. and Brrban C' Gclpi, (mhanc. Nannerl O.. Michellc Z. B-osaldo' eds. k''inin Th.aT A Citi?k { Ituolqf- Chil9ot .u ot. , tty thc ChicasoP, 1982.Sccspecially cssrys hlthr'rn, ,cn|cn' Krisrc-r. Madinnon. and Mffcus Mitchcll, luliet. Whnat \ EttuE New York: Pantb.on, l97l' Montcirh, Moira, cd. Wotttrn\ lviirg: A Chtk'A. b Thtory' , , by rhc csPccially cssayt Mon1986 See Eng.: Harvcster, Briglrton, tcith ind Humm. Ncwron. Iudhh l,owdcr ' Wono\ Ponxrettd Subecrtit't:tubl S'nEtitt In8-1800. Athc^s"U ofccorgir R l98l' in Bitih F'ttion, Ncwton, tudrrh, rnd Dcbonh Roscnf(h'cds. k'nini$ Ciricir'" rnd gxial Chtna.: 9-'t, CIatt tnr' Ra.. i" Littmtltn Lnt Cnl'tft' Ncw by York: Mcrf,'u.n, 1985.Scc.sPcciJlyrhc cssa)s loncs ard Smith. Bobinson,Lillian. .s,t, Clttlt,andC bun. Ncw York: Mrhuen,1986' Womn's History/\'Vomcn's Studics Guy Shlirl' <ds' Bcll. Ro$ann P. Berrvc I&ker. and B<vcrly J. ' Studt BIafi Bndit: Vnior'!of 8!Nk lVo"t in Li*mntft' Ncw York: Anchor, 1979. Bridcnrhal, tunte, and Claudia Koonz, eds. Itr,t'i'U V;tibb: wo"tt" fu E*npan Himy. Boston: Houghton, lt7. Corr. NancvF.. and ElizrbethH. tlcck' eds A Hiiegt ofHt Oon: Nev \orkl Towai a Nr}, grial Hitwt of Annilan wow Simon, 1979. Fidcrmrn, Lillirn sr?A.oi,g rh. I'r. ol M.tt: tuna$n Fi'n*hiP.''1d t*, ilrt*'" w",;* f;- rh. kwi'salc' b th' Pft$nt Ncw Yorki Morroq 1981.

l,to

34r

.d" Hi,b,r.,."d;",'S"t.y$":i;;:' &. . , :* cy,l wo,:u,:+ 5chfpptr,.Minet.,.cd.Unhad

l,csbian Issue, Thc.Spcciai isuc, Slru 9 (19S4). Ncwlon,,udith L., Maryt Rvan- rurr and

dcconstrucrion. cspec;ally Mary foovcy's .,tintinism and -Ste ucconsftuctron.'Fcminist Criticism and W"th.tiq Eci,hts Boone,)osephAlhn. ,,W'tthd,g Htbhs: UncrsywcJok sd UnquierSlumbcrs."'fnd;.-", d""k tndin;: bw ,d thc Iortl of F;etiott.Chicago: U ofphicago i 1987. t't-72. Gilbcn, Sandn M., and Susan cubar. ..I_ookine OoDositctv: Emilv Bmnti'! Bibleof Hetl." ThcMadw,,,ar i*;Afti: +h, Wot8n WriEr E d th. Nirltbthth-Cr"t ry L;tt w! Irrlrgi atifi. Goodman, Charlonc. .,The t sr Brorhcr, Th Twin: Womeo Novclis$ and thc Male-FcmaleDouble Btldto4tn nan." Noecl: A Fo,1'nM Fhtk' 17 (1983rt 2843. Ncwman,Bth. "'Thc Situarion ofrhc Looker-On,:Gendcr,Narra_ fion, and cnze in Wuthdag H.ightt ' pMtt tOS iteoll, 102941 Snf,Gr.ol.A. "Enily BrcnG\ Versionof FcminisrHisrory: In rrtrr_ ilg H.bhE." Btqy in Lit lnt"ft t2 \tgA')t 2}t-t4. Yacger.Paricia. "Violcncc in rhe Sirrinq paomt W,th.tins H.iqhs ' nd rhe Wooan's Novcl." G.nf fl e98B)t 203_29:

K-t#;v{!;f#;!LKf1i,,g,ti;;t;';;.iii'7'
Psychoanatlds, Rminism, and Literatlrc Chodorow, Nancy. Th. k?ftnntur of Mo.,

Wn*: Wonr,,and Lit atuft in Afr;rr.

"*if;l#"Jf"fipr1tu'!

*, r..noo, u"r.,,ifr?'{fryyrr",,a ^ ..v,qrEG,,d,,. s.t,ftin:F.nni,,,, p!,hoa ad \tyi,.


4,1dk .Mrrgarcr. E -p.rirftc i,. N;wtknth-c-rn woncn\witiS. 6r,*g;iu rat;rEffs"' ry ta,r'r, th. Wod: IaWU.

Camcr,Shirley.Nctson. Chirc Kahane, and Mrdeton Sprcnmcther.

n' n ii "|; w *!:'"yH:Jm' uewoa nao r' ffi i' i Homrns.


t*ff"Llaffjs,T*,lrr

M,o,,.rrans. portcr cathcrine -. Gilian Gil. c. ,i#:X#X:{,!6"9{:. *"'*" rnns. o";;#lz inrhis rcxt)-N,,n Lii'i', ,ti!#tzYr:man
IGistnr. Julia.?tr,riruann llazl.Z Ed. Torit Moi. Ncw york:

serecrion fro i'ii)*u'ifiili'L",I)],ii;f;r"rtspecialv rhe

Mit hell, ttliet. pqdburTrabn Fern;nitn. otul Nervyorh Random,

A FEMINIST PERSPECTT\,T ON WV'I:HERING HEIE}JIA

Sprengnerher. M{reton. Th. Spta Motht: Fwd, kninisn, ad pg_ eh*rattit. hhacat Comc Up l99O Fcminism and Other Critical Appoechca Armstrong, Nancy, ed. Lidmt n $ Worw,t

t# JYffi?i!.r,li "{!"K:TK; " Hlii;,ffiffi !+


"*i[i; jtiiilddTT:"#'#W;'f#?J' jL:,11,,T"''
t+ llStt). Spccirlissue dcvotdro fcminismand

Mitche[,Julici,rnd J1qucline Inrroducnon Rosc. I and Inrroduc_

n"i"ioitlio

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D.spiL a ber8.ot trpbrirginghd ctuly lhilMphidl inbrcsts (or pcrnaps, finally, b.c * or G.f,), simom d. B.duvotrproduc.dpsnlp( dr. gEde{ cLsic ol po{-wa'ld we U Lminhm, wh.n fr, 5., on?Sa fGirDEGd in 1949 s.auvon esa@c*.dbtth*phorexhqsao.u of *ob.n,r liv6;s looh..vily bed otr hcr D.rsonal cip.rida ed h.r lniddl. cts vatu.s.Sh. *d d$ cndcir.d fd h., hbrodcal iFemct ed dthrdpoloeicat supposirioB,tnoF eho {Lted.d hcr 9ointcd(o (h. sop. ol $. strL lrd.cd, it *s .*tctop.dic jr iB cddac ofi.dlg tktoric.l, bioloeiql. ed psycljologic.l F6pdrivc s woma. @tuidaldm ofd; pE*ili.gpafimhalnyhrboutth.D.mde@@dlotfort.lor.Id&xu.tily, i. vitu.Iy dt of ir. fm!. Th. irctt*tolt to**df *ircntni{.nori; / ". hs loginc chrimship *iltr ,tu-Plul s!ft., sbon rh. clrdjLd .l".rr r mrt"i I he a d .qu.l. Sh. v(ifmsliEtu*d $c mdon of . f.rEk .tff. p.id io hdi_ . vidu.l .:isrc@, dd .n.clcd rhcpdddtd drds of eorun $!r Faube $.r f.ts Both ded@ cle from tlc sd@ of Itu S..drrl Sd cntid.d . Mlai.', Th. pan fiBl t dE summary of Chatr{Td.ntidd .Otwoo& in Fiv. AlrhG ' h tt.r chaprd rhc fiw auln6 d Hdlri dc Monlhdldl, D. H, Lrvcocc ptut Olud.L Ardia adbn, ed sr.ndh,l (Maie g.tri a.yt t. OI t,ldc St rdhal @ru oir b.s! Beuvoir hc8iff hq discusionof ht so* by comdrjng. ,.1lid i! a rlictto coD. urn . Ee who livB Mons wohcn d fl.sh sd btood,,'Ior B@woir. Sl.ndhit do4 rot bcli.v. in th. eyib.r oI som.., . hc tovd d.n s ri.t c.Iy e..' wmd n nd, in his witin$ Pl dr.rity bul..a subjcr in lEroM tieha i! Mlrn o (hc *ay sh. k prcjecGd ih. orhd in fie {o* of rh. olhd fo!. wir.6 studi.4 4 Sdll, .v.n in SGndt.l wobu is ax!.tcd !o playuilailiqly .h. rclc of atruisr Th. \dod kl*tion i: ChalErEI.\.n. Ho c Bd0voniotu, ryoBr rh. onil I or wom4, dar wommn a bringmrd ia ,.toF burnord.cto* *i,nihbh 6 \ I otld in natueTh. mr1h rhi\ my\redoul ol ob.m.$ hs iu$i,i.dnur.or aUrq. \ . T h o u g h n c t r u d s otr .n a i n d c.d m t{e r i o u .r o .a .h o d F,m .n j c.th .* o ,l d ,r cn I tb.ir @inrot riew6 ab,olur. ' a.&!oir speifi.allt E .ftd ro h.r asEncN Rid th. vi.ws ot Vdinir n'@r I '6 sct fonh rwn, ycd bcforc in A RoM of On I OwL L herttt , y* st u* \ " hfi o*D trfludc. o! t$ung.r g.r.hrion fen niss tilc KaGMiltcr. SinoDcd.lcauvoi. w6 6.nurhor of nunerous novcts, ofw ch rr./dnddrtr (1954)isFrhapstn h.sl tnown. Sncpudnncdfou votuD.sofaurobjosFphrM?roit of a Ddiftt Dtuehb Q95E, Th. Pntu of LiI. (9@), FoE. .J cit@d.. ll96t) ad Ai StidatdDon (19721.A.li.u: A Fzawll b sad,e tr98t\ is.o*id.d by $tu . tfin dum.. Sh. ,jso qd. Awnca Dat b, Dot \1947)td ou As. (1970).AmoiS lE philosopnic4 c.idcalsorts a pJzl,6 n cirlar ( t9.1.4), !d rr?

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Elrirc Shopalrer publkhed in l9?? o.. ol lh n6r innu.mial wortl of @nt faLie6iricis6,A brotuE of lh.ir ot.: a i'lwone^ No'.li'^ltn Bmnta to Iz$t3. rn lwo l.t!r rsays, or. of which is apri!&d he, SholdEr call.d fq r "clcely qtiolcred" fminGt jft..ary rr.ory, Sfi., heB.ll Rosnizd rh. pmbteG in .his dcmrnd rhat havr b.rn voic.d agains n by dnes-fd .rdpl., rh. ddgd of a uniw$alish rb.t weld bury f.niiisl cdtical activiti.s in I parimhall, foutu cd dtcou& ed /d in sldtincadon. N.v.nheles!, sic pr@d.d to offd som d.$riptiv. c.G8orid rhar in hd vi.w would at l.6r chify f.ninill pmjets od hclp ro slbnd 6 a@k thd r4!$! f.ninist c.ilids of Educlionism ro singl. ir3ucs.

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b A ut.t tot ol lhzir Ox, (1977),ElaincShosdrern6 wrien nt ? F.NI. ^dAin6.o WonenMadn so,n CutuuE1330 1930(1985).Sh. is.di6 ol aladr: Wona'! ub.tution and ut.totuE (tgtr), Th.M Mad.m womtn: Aiobiottophkt o! Anliun wmn in th. 1920s (19?9),fir ,Vrw F.dinsi Cniic'ja (1985),md p S u tcin oJe. d.r (1939 J. s "

ril. o $rlyrirtlF runi!.riqr,ld It t I l ibially gr@id.d ilqriry whichp{bcs 6. 4 lotL|l eungrrlli ol lirdy plrnom.n. Irs subjb i' .ld. nt lms6 rnd s'!gtYF3 ol co onld.B ot md nikoi.cPloN zbou licnrv hiltorv r n also !d rhl fii@r ii ml.{mshd.d yiln thc .rploiunotr .nd nMipul.riotr or fi. tc' .ftqi.d iul. &di.E, .$dhut h popuk olrft ud filmi $d ii3n ii sdioric rv*ns Tn' vld ? bnytir ofMmD{ |6d t1. of f.mini$ cririccd n @ eoIH s r!. produq ol trNll mrninS o d.E*irb rhn lh. bicey. $m4 3.m' ed r br w4 ts sbjcb imlnd. rh. l'tl'.dvn ss or r._ tnguidig rnd de F.blrn of ! renal. lu_ ml..djvi.n or dE bdsdurr 4 .olldd\ r.srl. !ur: 6. sjd.ry llea crEi hkn'y hiiory: tn4 ol6ue .tudiB orp[ dlr ei@ Dd srlt No &d .*i$ h Etrdiin rr sh ir.d dieol#, ud e I brE idtgd dt Ftrh . rF (rlrhou8hth. ti8iifi_ bm in,Mril4ui 'sloooticc otv(mn'' vd! .N otr$. mlc leuddyo in dE himory

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Toward a Feminist Poetics


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