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Th. Romd{i. noven d Scnstr.d ns o*n t.0ction Two of dic don pmditrnt nrurcsof rhlt r@tion }@ T E' l{ulm., who*$ kjll.d duringnE FGr WorldWd *6 rnnu'nc.d him T S Eliol Hultu sdislit' bv n *-*.-n"tpo*tv "t'o "ia orRorur;Am,.\p;sed in hk csav Fo,rari.Dn dndc/'rJi! ia r dlhr sbila 10rh. Ronutic GcdC. Hc Egdds Ronudcisn s a disa' d stin Eigion,'' e ov.mo*ins ol El;sion inlo d Pardvins cdvlc h' mM*s of $c RoMtic citcumdhicnt sd" id sNt or rh' infBr'' Bv wikisreiddcy!ofltonitorh. hc;-r.;.d trbphysc'l md n.crNical PGEvtnatwa cbMtd"d koF*.d dDtibllcd ro $at h ;ir .nd irny. x is no'.urporins HLIr'r $d liort ctiticirm a gFat uolena on ln' N'e critics ftvival ol inrcd ir Doda HuLt 's '; A@*js Mon.d Pe'1 ond th. frolri,n arbck Romdtichn for rc&m sinild !o Hulnct. od Rssm! dsBd lor "Plslonic psL'v is a v.sion of Hulmt didir' of d.Rosdticp.nchantt4'drassiightheintNb BulHul*wsitavibbiviprctlctof son 6pect orln.norehcmh'anack'd of lE H.tui BerS$n( 1859-1941) adopcda pdiloso9hv FDnth.IE c[ philosoph.r a vltdisn. d @sickm, dd lnu! bv hi\ oM ldfr $ion acc?oEd 'inna mgdicisb in Col6dsr.ln s.{ror '' l/ko? dJ,4, hetgr.\ ln,t Bdg$d\ rcounl oI Eiljlv tuPposniodin mv terl'snr of di aagM ll].t e iadsv uiv6 ar;rclGior fq .mplc ( I) lhd reiriq n a tM lsciable bv lnc intcu'cr (d* {ti!t oajrbjl! .f;cdtud.!bf oncofdr.etusi..rwavctdd(2)oalbornin, v ndr6lomtt w wei'c ontyonvalionil tyPa *hil. d bIEb dos Drhisv'il v'nicb xu;io ; inNs.d bt N qi.nbtion @wirdptrcic.l dbr ud tv!'lr to B in' id!'di& t litv ctu inlo m ocs@dof th@ oduiot'colld narrn. Uutrrommrs TbusId HulE a'-i conua wirtr ene mo coosi@!i4. an @ld b. ul.$ a is r 3!itl Dod. of lroyinE Hcrbc. R.od t6 .dncd No volm.t of Eulme! oncal wirinS: s?t'rtan"6r Bto\t on E@Akn andtk ihiloroptt .f An (1924)ed N't's on langtuq' datl sNL r l92q. A fiid.oltdiotr of BJlm.3 cnucisni3 lxdtf 5p'"t/"i'4 4"d' @d OPt_ by r r!62,.edir.d ssmu.lH)Tcr'rtr Nmrnbrv s. A R.Jon6 It :ffi i L E H;tn2 \t.g)), Md Phllli( Rr kin." Hulm..Rhhatd:. 'l'L\. D.lclop ud m.nr ;r conr.rtutr$r Pcti< Thar," loundl ol APrvti.t ondAd Cnlic@ v'Xv F.d * r9b7 4l l-25. ltr cotuatioD rlnltu,n. oft should l l.nri B'rgsonCzdiw r, ';rolr;io4 uaBl,Gd bv Ainu Mi v},.rt trsrr t nd Laq'ht: Eltt! onth' ll'a' ^' L; Cont., tust"Ed bv cl@d6l.v Brrton sd FEd Roriku ( l9l l ) On iM ol 8.rsfl onaRow ti' Lnhtioni:nisl4r' md Anl s;sen s A,O Lovcjon sutlnst,Th. A.tth4n fhzoO oJB..sson t't9t1t

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1888-1965

( l98r); Hdold F. Bdts, I t E d 6 Ln.r.rr Oitic (rgsi,iF.i-pa.tx, T. S.aid: Th. Dttt.diet Strctut of Bk Ttuot, of poary 1966)i ALli^ Atstj.,I S. Etiot: Ihr Uha.! andSo.iatC itnn\r9l|t.

41 4l'rJ

TIE in0n.ftc of f. S. Elid i criticisn duringrh. tist hrll of $. rwri.ih enlury sd p.niculfl, LlEiDIDcrc nt ideo par6*A in Ttuditio, andth. Itulivklul ?iLrr, war iJJmrs, Lit. Hulm s Ro@ticitu ond Cl8ticltu, tb Ny it n t6cr q ccnair criricalcnphrs in RonedcGa lanicularly tnc alt of sisindity itrd tfi. id.a llar a rdn is prineily an.xpE$ion of $. !.Mmlily of th. F.r Eliot aglcs &!l . gHl pcm alwaysa$c*s its r.ldlon O in uorL of d.dl pet3 anii lnhE ed rhqtrhc pd. mu$ &lclop ! s.ns. of th. pE..Ddr* 6f th. p6! Thc p6.t is Dot.xpE$ing his Fuonaljty but inscad i mldiu H. i @nritually ilEndering hirelalo tomlbins which nor. riluabl..' Pehy is not a oning lilsc ot is ehdio. but m .srp. fron emotion. sotu cdm.lialdr haver6us.d Eliot, oD itE bdt of snchrnaitr, of miipcric cold6s. Eliotl point, howlcr. b noc lik. rh. on. Kcdr. dal.s qjd his tcm nqdriv. ca?aDili4 Elior is sugg.sring r $n rhat ol pttctial .,itldc., b ve Flwtd Bulousht eda ii ! .ondnion of r@.$6n codpditi@ Eliot p!trvides *t{ muy Roouric criti.:sbd.d 10n.elt r cotlM fc lhc nedila in *hicl' thepdt nusr wort ud haDoEstl th. salld Rmeti. yi$6 of qisinality .rd s.!f4rpE$ion, Eti.N'. EMla annEn P.obLdt ir pnn&d b.low h..aus n .o dN .h. w[reu Emida ebouldE objctiv. dddi&' shich cui6 Elid i cmam ror prblcns ol tne ncdjun inlo t dim$ior of disdcpEcric.. Th. r.m ir p.rhaF fiully n@ oyslitirg lnu usful, sin@Eliofs d.fridon ofn ptuvid.r nocld say ofdd.miningeh.nu objeriv.coftlativc Gpe or in *hat it Eally co.rists, E[oa3 lia ot ditical prelic. .mphdizs li. abilirt of the cndc to Mrl d! lireq' k{ brror hi-,J.fullyfdiFi'n.l} ftis an.nrio. d. kr;d conm vith lrsuag. had h.n nisins iD nucb of tn. aidcism 'o Eliofr intudilr. of Elior\ critical woitJ ioclud. rrr Ja.r.n vaod (1920),Tr. Ut. of Poetryohdth. Ut. d Cnticin (r93t). Alr stronseGodr lr9)1), E ert Anci.d o,n Modem (1916),Chtit'iaaiD ont CuhuE (19.10), J./zd.l EiJa}s rer .'1, (1950).e'j O, Po.rr, dnd Po.B (1951).On Eliot s.. F o. Mnnieis.n, fl,' ,{.Liv'n.n, d.fI s tri,r. rcl .d. {r91'); lJ.nad Uasq, .4., T- s. Etiot, A S.t d.a Cnliqu. (1948): Mdd Bronb.r! n. C.iknn of,: S. fl,or.la{sjt Elizibfi DEw' I S. Eli;i flr. D.:itnofEi! Poetrt(19!9):5.8ticy,T. S.Eliot and a ld.o oJtraanio (19&); lt*it Ftud. X S.Eli.t: A.nh.tic' arn gi'brt {1962\iHrEh Ka']IH, .d.,T. S.Eliot: A c.tl.ction oI oni.ot E tar, (1962)i NonntDpFry.. I s. Eld (1963)i Rocer Ko).&i, \ S.Elidk sa.iol ctiti.kh (l97lI Alla MewbRt x 5, El@rl rnprBaruI m.ory of Paetry(911)i twh Ft.ed, T S-Eliat: Th. Cnft ot PrilDnph.r (1919), Bn^nb."Theott anaP.6aMIity (r979),Flwd lJrbb,I S.Eliot a theRtuntic 1^!,T. S. Eli.tond th. Poclict olLrerury itory OincalTrulnioh(\gal):CtAiq

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x i. d io ht plMtr .noriotrsi rlrc.no o$ Fq vor.d b, pdiculI.v.nb ii his rifc, rharrhc pocr is in y uy@d|b|.6'n!d.sling'Hisp,n b. lihpL. or nd., ff nz! Th..odid ii ni, Fxry silt b. lhiog bur nd vnh $. conplexity of rn ir lsy mpli dm in lil.. ch..Nr, jr fd, of4cliEicity in pecy is :o i.l fa m* hmn .tuioB ro dpE td ,ftlly in ln. 9ns pld tr di.@v.6 rh. pdv.6a Tn. bul.6i of tn. tocr h nd !o ,ind naw 0* ordiE, orcs and, in wdkjis !i.n up i o psrry, ro .rpcs t4lii8l whici e rcr in {$zr mdions d rrl. and .mrim vhich h. be Bvd dp.rjcncql will 5d. hir rum a wll 6 the f.nili& b hin. cons.qu.idy, w mun b' Ikv. rh. .dion Edlldd iDtruqunit'r i5 s in.xad f.dura F6 ir ir i.nn r ddion, n djsbdim of r6iig, nnquiliry. r G 3 o'c.nF'idrd.Dd r Dd rhing r$rins fhf, dE 6dr v.ry 3d mdb.r of*Fd.ms whjch to in pEcrisl bd diE F@ *odd id sn ro b.4Fi.ns r :n: ir n I Mdi.d *bicb dE d h!p!.! .6cioBly e of d.lib.ndoD.T b.EdFitrB@ 04 @ollEr.4 odtn.y fu ly nd& in o e6Pb.c which d[ n t! r p{siY..cddins upoD .v 6. id qlik rh. sbol. nor}. I}|rc i! 3 gsn d.d, in d. wririds
of !qEy, *hich 'Br b. r(W,Ns ed dr[&d. ti

rlois !r cai br ,tpridl by rr'd r.3p.rsiLh p.mr iir.utrd i' p*rry, To diyd inrcrc! rro r|r tnt ro rlr. Iery ir I lodabh tm: tor ir *ould condro to r ji{( csnnliid ot adual po.ry. so.d od bad.11'm a. mdy peal. wh. rF pdilt rhe?lp.ssion of sin.ft ?nodonin $e,.Dd rh.c is r hailr nuftb.r of p.opL *l'o cri rpp.oir& @noicrl rn4 n an !rp..$ioo of drr':iL,nr cmrioi. mrid rij.h is jB lif. tn k po.n dd nd itr hilrory of n\. po.r. !t 'h. is inFrqll Abd rh. Dd cod reh hi

rir.nriq rh? rab.d oI rh. .iids ot 6. ly.ri4nrh llsl e i..d!ridi' ohstuinsfi n rhcy trc* t.s .hour p.y.totog)t dan fr@ E.i( Hhlcr.riricq blr $.y @ rc@r ln spiri ro Sh.k6pqr'r d: od s ln.y iEnEd o rhr im. pdie of |no .fidi of 6. N,]otc dher $d o, rlE Imp.'r'ne or j. r.rdins chtui |]Ey w ndd, tn rh.i. otd.tuhidi.n *ai ro rh. sd4r or dMrlic d in g.Dnt.

md

Hamlet artd His Problems

r.. ,;,i* i*. ** "a.io.a prin{y probl.ln, sd smLt dE chr& p.crzi tenFriim for d.t n6t dms.6ur 9p. of.dtic; L\. .riic *i$ i ftinn yhiclr ir Btully or $. Miv. sd.i bd whjch rhmsn sdha wrlar islrin diicirm h @dv. pod.r.ris istad. Tn6c niDdr on n fiod in llamld r vicdiotr! .rhir,"rn",r?,,n phyisr',.

in., ehoMdc orllrnl.t ! weflhq a who n:dr or Hmlcr r Cokddg.i sd p'r&bly tunnq of $.* h.n in widns $our Hrmld En.nb.rcd ihn his f6t b!.ir$ ra b nu'ly . voik of d, tlc hnd ol &dcin rhi aelhe rd c.l. dse prcduc.d,in nidns ol Hul.! n lh. mr nirl.lding kind p4slblc, Fo $.y bdn p6cddor ibmndr $c tuE phudbr. br rhl ,lb.ritudc .td.ir orla Bdld r& Shrr4p.@ F Nchrh.kffirl!. 3i6 ?ild. w. rho d b. rhznlCulthn W{!r Pab dlt ior 'r\yo vi6 of N owo ti6a M.. ,. M. RobedoDDd Pror6s Sbll of $c Univ6i.y of Minlst! h8y. isD.d rnull66*s wbich.D b. prai&d fd novire in 6. orhe direliod.|l{l,sbnp.'omsl$d

III
66rn s i;6 e<6r.Fy ai Ml dm}a.- ant..

cu edt of 4 ri. vod. d, d c'Mr b. intr,.d: bft L din3 m InkDE: wstrd rDsb rdrd4 tn mhp,iro b olna wo,l, of f ;4d for 'l cfp{edM" th. chiathk L rh. pa*nr.rior of,.l.vel h tricd frBfilch $.E d4istroresuodbrno* Mr Robdio! poinb oL v.'y partndty. how aidca hav. tuLn In lh.ir 'ld.rpruuonof ddr., b, tgnflins *hd otr8rr r. B v.ry o5viod: d:r tdr.r i, : rm tiBdd, drl n rF.kDG dE .fid ol ndd ot n ' h. rurd dr of rh. wolr of hh F.dE** t r".r.r sh:rapaE ejll lppce r, o vcry diafftdrty ir, i6Ed ot "r h!ry |nc vhol. dior of n. prry G de 6 sh*s@., da*n. E p@ivc hir a@,., b b. rlFrpo6.lt !!o; huc[ d* mhij *nich p.Ei* cvci iD dE fr.l fom. wc tId tur drc es e olda plry by Tr,oms Ry4 6ar.r!"ddiury dr4nic (ifnd poclic) eni6 wtr. vs in .|l pDbrbnny $. Drh* of M ,liys ro di$inita 6 n. spqidr Iq.d! rnd Arn i ol F.va'hu: nd st t\is phy uG lrk w str !!4 fM lhF i4 ?"rug.d, ielf. flm rhl uk ar 3 Kyd'3 ,loL! mu! [:E h.d br.d. rnd tbn I v.ahn r.rd iD Gtuy in sh|'rsFct lifdiE !fich b* nms .vjd.E or h.yitrs bi t'r{al r6h rh! .i.ri.( nd rmo rh. re, phy. Frm 6.* dne rn rh. .di6 Phy tn. md% *r r E ba tu Erod d d.rrr i sux!, B i' 11uWhh rrar.d\, rordy by rhr diftidtiy of e8iFrjrs I md@h rF turd.d by 3u2'ds;!d dd $. -nudr6r' of Hllt.r p. Lis.ld ln od.. dc.F 3trlpicreo, 3@6J y tn E rd 'd fiDr prlr or sbd.pqrq on s. othd hmd rh.E ir r IIE rirc *bich n M inDotur tnr. dd orivdg.. bd whtch piiin.d oo 3tunds of @$iry r.rp.di.rcy; bd rh?.fier or.\. rrdK i! ndrolult b ro sou* rtEriu:,u. Picior 'In. altEdoo ir dd mmpt c ddsh, h@d..o b svi4ing, Furitmoq itd D vdbat parslcl, $ doe b m. slen Tr4dr s b t.lv! io doubr $I tn

pre6 shrl6p.e *a m.rcr,,riii, rh. dr dtxyd. .d fihlly rh.d c ur.rptriFd Gn._$. polo !;rlfu rdd rh. PoloniN n.yddo qn.Ff6 ehich $4 n rdl. .rd&r rh.s *ad G id in rh. Ee n L of xy4 rd Dd b.)md dr$. in tn. sqt. of sbrLrle tte ML Robdtm b.ti.v6 b b. RnB in rh. disirt phv of Kvd Ee*.d by r dird hDd, Fri|F Cir@D, bcrc Sh:t .rFe buch.d $. plry. h. @nd $ow of @m. dw r ^nd digrnrr pby Kyd w. ik e: "f bl dE. Evds! prry!. ir rM lrtu or 6E d eh. rn. W$d of M. Robctunr .x6ii.rioD ir, * b.tj.vc. iF tnssbL: rhd sll,l.5FE,r r"r.r so f, r n ir shsr, !F@ r. n r pht d.:li4 eifi $. .fid or r mrh*k sdh np.n br or ed 6.r shr6pd. wti $,bt. b ifte rhi" di* up(o,rh. "intubbt." h.roi,l "*6stuny "r of rh! iotubbitiry rhd e b. no d@L{ so fr dlb b.ing shrrapaEt nsrrpte., ,E plr, is md .dinty E mnric frilE. ln cr.nt *rr pt,y i: ,utjii, |; d,4uruit a r id. or rh! dh6. 'n. jj $. prry, r i. ,n of ,mtsr .d i! posibry fi. oE d *hjcfi sh*6Fe spq! mr p!n$ rd yd h. ba Ln il i! rDp.rrhoq.nd io.siG br rca *hich .v6 l'rty Bidq ,h.uld t v. mi..n, Tna vdificlion n vd.bl.. u.6 litd ..Loot( rll. ir tu*r n*u. drd, / w'lk o .r dk d., or 'l@ Fn bjsi .r:6 'n ad V cE ii.

sn, iDny bd L\4 ks I kind of fishd,r Thds u|dnl dn.nep' ' ' Up fiqn ny sbii. My o.gom sfd ahdt c, i. rh. drlr c'oltd I to 6nd od rh.B: bd my &drl Firy.rtd d.np:ckdi or bir qul! h&F Frtod Bo& *qlnsrl , 6d '. rhqlhr E Itr h D$uU. p6.ldd. w. o Mly iuiiir! L fribriin! rh. pt y, wnh fi.r dld pDtondty in@i.r pby or "ir@6k t'ei.t rnd udishms v.dituaja M.6ut lN MN\E, b n @ion of aid* rflq yhjcb roliop rhc hgjc rK* *hjcb cbtmitu i\ coi.tua. Corre'6 my b. id s "fiEcd,g' s rozL4 bm n i{ it]lA ont ud ct .po@ sn*..p<e tstu @d. tud glb:bty n* p.opl. hr. rhNst! td. L'rwod.ordb.crue6.yrMdirin c*int.d{trE rird n ineBdtr! beak n ir. ldr ofd, tr I. dc,r,rtu n. gEnndr of trnk! frituE E d idn*diarly obvjN. M. Rob.tudn L undebt.dty 6at d'. lsrnri'l .ndioD ot .ha ptry ir rtr fdtins of. s ro*!rd,!guiltyhdl*'tH!mt.f!lrd.i!rldoroEwlo

Thi *ry FDp.r.r ro hah d rh. fdnda.t nd,lhyi icsenysrichn,adsnfin nsdf ro,udhpddicrl6mtu.

Pc|ldhDD'fth'!funJ,da|lq iqF![rcJ1D*'a!'!'ldd'F r4 rn.hyrs.Er(&F,rdbrts6&dd!puhtuFd

ffi*ffiffi ffiffi

Lwing Babbitt
_-erG,1_,
IE65-191t

-_

ffi ffi ffiffi

Wdliog of th. Fr.rch no!.lisr Flaubdt, Bibbtu rcnrb, . Itc nd rho rhu3 ltlrl! bcautya r $int +an. !,ho dms noi Er.r bact bn qucn oarhc .iquistu b socdhic.l(ntd,willspcridhnlfclrio-litcrmbmcin8phanoms., Tnccnicno ol Bibbiir. o.r ofthc 1E nijor figlEr mon! rhso-cdt.dNd H@uisrr (rh. olhd ws P l Em. Morc), tu hi8hl, oocalkdc md mij-Romeric, Brbbin fiic*.1h. .!bnih& r.lisioN of d dd ,ciene $.r in hl view fluish.d in $c nin.|enlh cenr!.t.lr R.uti.ar onARoMtuicitn tdwhich Rotuntic M.larcholris t*.n,h. &picls tnenjneB n c.nrury asdc vicrin otlD unloly oeiagc bct@n RoMrjcnm dd udlnarimnm;dE villlin of hn da. n j.u,rocqus Roussu, Acco.di.g ro rh. .riric Malslh coslcy, de NewHu@istl .dva3r.n ..a rr.F iical.riricilmoI IIc sd kr6 \hKn Esb utLoaklyon d. prcp.iironltlattM diff.N ror !lor. in coipl.ritt oi oBmiation, bur in tind, iom rhedimat tud In{ bis hlppincs depend! up.n his @otnirion dd cultivado, ofrhrr clcmdt ir hjsb.ir! lijch kdkLi,(rn.ofhin ftjs d.h.nr. q hrLts / nry b. colt.d. lpFs in n; 6 tt'. poMr of s.lf-Esrainr or d.corom.Prop. y apptid, it lcadsto hDbd hoppi, nas. Thc hubL rh Rom,iricisn is rharit subllnDld ror sclfdjsiptin. dd qo* ''rm.r |ry Iltutingon shm oI mool $d r.np.mcDl rh. Blbbinl olposition ro RbDmnci$nm, becoDpatl md conrasGdv'$ dEr of Hdnq rho d@snd inva!. .inicdl principt.s ro erpc$ I sinne disbne ft. Ncw c.iics, *ho llso sckr.ll, dGlikn Romudc 'er.cs, , re nc!.dncla ai.ical of dc N.s Hu6&isa, *hos. Iir.rary cndcisnrrh.y folnd rob. nm, md rdc, riv., usurlly h.. e of ns cmphmison cdicd conbnt and drm,l 6@ ot

Babbink tujor criricar*ol*r @ ut.tdt,a ond theArenmn Cotks. i.],g.A), m. Nd I'oknih(1910), Manc\ aJMod.n French Cnticitu (r9)2). Rocedu ann Rtunticiffi(t9r9), Or B.irs CEatir. (1932),ndm. Sp@ithCharftt.ru,j Oth.r &sars, vnh Bibliosmphrol Publiediant onnM rnna tu Hit Co|ct.d wo*, (1940).For 'vi.*! on Babbin s NtudaF@sto. en,,EMitu '!it a,n An.tu4 (19J0);C. H, GEftaa ttr. C'irtq!. al E@inQq3O:Gds.Sz tys\nt e.rn t rrudition at Bo, \t93r')i P E MoE, .Iridg Babbir!,,,znto t yi.a rU (1934),23--4qt5.Elior,TneHumuismof IritrsBab6itr and..Sc.ondTbousht AboIHuediso."J.r..r.dErra)rELd.(1950);R.pBlacldur.,Hun nismdd slnboli. Imrgination in his ft. I;on ond it Eoneyanb(r9s5)iJ. D. ttev.l.r, lh. NN Eu@isn \r911)i,Tn@a R N.rj\, tnks a.bbijt: An tntelcttut Stkrr (l984): bd S.C. areda od S, R.Yeb'ou8h,rFus a,rrrr ( 1937).

Roman Jakobson
,----*a@1896-1982

4d4l"rJ ?

t.Yobsu's enty m. M.tcphoti. ord M.tdtnie Pol.t lllts''r.sttccqnpt'\i9 oaEllIid5ltirs thatoav .xisr b.rwn $c @s of Frchologicd lilSuisti's sd li'_ .td crnicnm. JaLob$; hrd rNkdsc of borhI'.td. H. h.F n rdnd l[' Ru$id .nd Lt.r ltr. PE!I. shsl of lingulric! bdi of shich @t Fodtli3r m4ftn. 6 lirndM. tlt drnM . d I hgus.. t.tob3o bc8i4 eil! t di$lsid likoE of1tc El.lioshiD b.t\@ c1lphd rtd $Mvnv .nd rh. t*o pold tvp'! or !pb'" i& ! bmjn didrt r iffccdns stdh H. rhd ob!.n.t dtd d' dididjd b't@t Rommdckn ldl cdnm ficain rh. Ftltiv. dminm. oI muphor in nMtciso or dd nElonymyr Edism H. ss!68 $!t fidgl $.8 hs ben mBb dis$io F?uDhd, ih.c hs bcn link $d, of etonvmv Fd ' cd:i&Brid of tlE IsSug' of rikn dd or p@,. $@ry ot fttonvmt L | @ssit lt in*sdgaiiod suh s @n[ib!tl ro o' doDd' ,rrobsdt. qidcnc In*uc.ics, od psvcholoSv !r'.lcrdEn'cb' Ru' For a li3l ol tltobso'! Forn in pubticrti@sin Ru$id c ian Fotulin I lg65t,ft'.253_89. Fd r bibtiosnphv ot hit Publn'dd s oE u.rnft Fd Rolla Jor;itud (19s6).,alob$o i5 d* tuthor si$ MoFii Hdlc tnd C. G. M-F m ot PEliniun t to SP..ct Adlttb lr952t tt]d vitlt rl t' d Funaa' in Nonul oI n rhkaf hrtut 11956)t d Piomtogy in R?ldjon b Pttrd"" pt' .a,t'|9ilt.,n nM.us worlt bv t*obse rvtilibl' r^X,i*i Among : A coad.a.d stdt, \1955\' S'k'I''! wtitinct ia r.,r-c. ir rrO"r * si,,i" "dW d; vohdd ( 196r tr i, s'dr I tn u.ftal Ad lrn tl' studt.t d ChA ltu3we' t't I Alhatia nsitr, P"hHn a.A Hi' cdtotzt Mt'h (n lv15)'Sn L2'tuft: d sowtd RB:id and staek ol las4s.ltgaot' i,ainc n. l91AI Tr. ttow (t9a1' sa '"a i.-*,, ina"t Dit-tgat G tss'r't. xd taqws. i. ut.ntue t App@ch to hnswS' l& 1976):a\dund' N' i., {lm. J,r,ts E;sEordst wu{\ RoM JokDbtunl Sct.d.. of tas@s. (9'6)'

The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles

B Nd@s tnd dirce td drot Th. tuidl.rof $h.i rhd o$illt b.@D dt tM pol{ t}".s Jlr d.sib..

Evcd foft

ot rehrnc diiulblE

*.i. ..*

d k* **q

.iu'* or ,h

rr'bt+rt'|ldg .d Mi* H* rrtir.'@ b F,'&

rd rub.rirudd d fq onbindion rd of cblin8uiitic oF d dnidid i.volvd r &tdidio' .ddN. vhit. th. hnd &h.36 rh. al' ity fd tunt'h_ of ljnsundc uDi! ft' Fhtiot o{ lm 6. hirtrbv in d. roffi dE al'don of @ri_ i! reprcd ii;ilri'y guity i! rh. lrtur t}?. d rphai: M.hdF h dm b b' dd' nniLriN diedd, rd Mtrvnv b rh..tu8liv o.Y rrc C@ rb!8 ot . di*de rn d4lMd uB: e bpic mt ldd to rdns rN diddr *!dic . hd ddgh in ir sifrlairv s rhd8h rhtit dtgoirv'

1h. Mdaptu,rk and rt@. imPrcsiv. nn!' or Pdsihtt onturnt6 tm *FB-ri Po'6 ftrv p'v 0 laiar I ri.i. I rhc r*o :.'!r{i'al i,om pr.donr-" u hla in dr hmic 'tr IL' ftrontnrc .r r sN pol. itr c.tuio ltrkd Ft f*him, e. @fil rniiv.it rd smptiro "r $.ph.,*n. ni6 rhc*hot rjid-,ii drL\c o:-'p"drtr8 typ. or rphair k m in!.drivc $r rnjoint c*irch by lxFtu ir pgrchoptnobsy, Psltholos, lirgun cq pocri.s, of s .nn &ridic, rh. s.Erl sire rd md id dims.d !pp.6 b bc ot fiml siliifr.|F ..guc@ tor lll vdbrl b.hlyior rnd to To idiqrc dE pdribiliti.N of fi. prcj{d .onpuriei E*.rch. w ch@ q qmllc ftr i REsie tolk bl. whi.h .oploy! prnll.lism a . co ic ( add tl,Jr' ,rldtr b@h.loc rcamirh fi nnMi.d" d?rrr"). H.E rh. prdicdE in rh. r*d pnllcl cliust G .sid.n by ,irlldry: dq e in ln. lrlny'inr'n'. subj4t ol horb clrs6 @ mculino p,npd n.mt ud h.0.. md.?horogicily linila rhir. fl of 6c d.roc rwo @dig!s3 iffs p..lom id.trticrl rcdo* Dd lna ro jusdty $. tre oI syc ony@r prid ol pEdicd*. A $nwn ol rh. smc condru.tjd @uG jn r rMiur wdding !oi8 ir 16 hy in *hi.h .xb of rlE wddins $dt l. pahtrynie CLb it.'ddasqr IYaoria b@ndd NstFr'l.ftr k rdodi.d. vNL bo$ pdi6rca nym. dc Ehn6bip b.rwn tr t*o srbj4B tu chrigld: borh @ FtrF ffis d.dtin3 0. 3 o|llr u'n cdd3@d, 6 . mcd. oI poUc rdiLEs lo d'. q@!or rrcn &. foL t l. rh. .K Fnll.l sEE! ol cLls rfd ro *o r.rer. f{6, $. ffiid 'Inonr ud rE dnild tur of dand! I h. w t@ rhc r*o chus d symdttn. mg, li.w, 'ddlry rldrrlDdy rcl@k $. libry of th. se in , ':M: n q.pllto4 Nr iDrodo Ydb:l h}?otu! ltu RGda nov.lit Olcb lvedia UsFis}ij (13.10ol bie ltt suIf. 1902)ln lhc ld.y.s r$ involvins r sp.eh diedd. li6! dm. rd prb nymic, CL, ,Mrdvic, ftdidonauy.onblt.d ii poli6 idcr 'ft du*. for nid rdn i'b r*! dkriEt n !cpe@ b.ing.: Ghb ea .ndo'!d wi6 rl1 hi! tdu6, whilc lYmovi!.6e ram! Ekdns !h. crmc tho ifthnion df all Uspa$krj ard ot $ir lp|n Fsoni]ny i6 tn. pad.Dfs inrbility to u$ rm.ynbok fd tb. ffi rhi.!- Dd ir is $B f .iDildly

Pokt

tut

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h. di. rrr .i hr!.b r ro rhepr er ed, r c . lr ur r r r dnr Eur b r n t hJ r . $ i y n . c r r t in N.S. Trotrbdstoythc fathd of *ructu61 lirsn;!ii6, but elsewhcrc his writ' iolsiris E.tdi"and de So{$ate. vl|od.r it d2r'b., Livi-Stra!$ holds ihd the ,d!oi oI eructumlistlinguistics Bpescnts in rhl socialr.iencerd'c sane so( oi soluion lha nu.lsa. physis did in th. plrysisl ici.nc.s. TlE m.in ad' d vancs nade by Troub.Bkoy,dc SAEsure, al.! vcre to esxblisl th$e p.inciplcs:G) on. ntrs sbdy the uncon$iousinfraslucturc oflinsuisricphenomcnrhies; cnaath* rhanthc cohrious siuctulej (r) termsar. not indeperdent (r) on. m!$ studytfeir rehtions {or in S.u$urco trms "ditre'cnces"); o& m$t 6r.blish rhc conepr of 3ysten and cln.idar tl $rucilrc o{ sy$c6s {!h. linguistic! k) onc musrseckolt gcn.ral S.$sur.an .ftphrsis on synchronic llss of structuc. Lavi'Sr.N ac(ps (hh prosrah.nd appli.s it, in 6. c$ay n stionea ,nd to Th. El.n.ntary Sttuctar.' of Kinship Gea9, trans. t969), lo rh. qu.$ion of kinship.He holds in ih6 works thr, lik. phonhB in lins!isti6,ljnship ems *e cl.ncnte of hc.n'ng but.bd th. nc,nins idh.r.s in thc structur. of rlations anons th. &rn. ra$d than rh. t.ns as s'.h. ft. 'o iDDonance rh. !i.lc on the m.tcm.l sid,forqanpl, is to b. unde6iood o{ o.ly h a hrger syn m of rclations anong fath*, morh*, siser, brotlid, and rhc haieto sr.sp it asoner.l'iiotr in incai sboo. To undd$and lhe avunculatc$c r sy$emati.whole.

lider.bl. i.llu.nc. on lirda.v dhicisd.It I rict"orc woithwhil'to cxamin' r'isrrcat.*t ot z litoary rc't {{oriih, litdervt.xb and6vrhsa" ditr'rnt' wrh oco' \ in colrabomhon ii."J I" i".. .+*" .t,,.4). t hBrxrm'nrtion in -chad's Bld'1tr'\'Lcs chrB ' pp. trr ii"r?" l"i"o*" r'cr rC 'E"e|nh ' in '6) se' a iumbcrof collccdons la'qu" Dt' i qar) ;ra i, *"il,tlc i" ' th* on ol Livistau*! .onccpt qrucrur. rh. eround hison_ ;il.ftiou. of blr c.DrioDlic; do6norimpDI 4nrcr. --i,,i"il",i".'L ut r i"i si,,qe' kanJn.d inrotnBlnh'r' snu'tuol Anth@ te"rl' l'riholost4,$' J rols |eba'68, F'n's re6t ff )i oJ* i n, s, 'i,Ai ""*. iaa rci'''*"; ry6'r PaR"dd Hi'toq t'e\!' rans tet3)i Ki"lhip ltele, ians. re6eli 'rti't6 TrcPiqsd si*a't* it ue,i""ntt "t nd " r'".. .,"'. S.. Ednu r"'n, cld'd. I dish'tsi E N Hevc!3nd ';6r). cbud. uuishaus: rn. Anth,o?oto|in o' H'to: hns i;;* i ^ in f;o, sy,',roh' roS,tu.tu,'hsd:Ldi Sha'ss 4 ut'tury Tnditiod Boon.: "d'.;

THE STRUCTURAL STIJDYOFMYTH

''!t wout.l &.m tht mlthol'siol *orl& nav. b.m 6uilr uP only b b' sh.end .9n\ .nd .hd ncs wo'l{tt w'. built tod thc tr.sD.n6' Boas' -frrz th'm' tr demps ro $n. Ddpit '.new 't6t s.nrv ,.ns sEn! rhaddtusrhaP 'nrkoPdl ogy hitrnd.ningly tom.d tom rtudtu in rh' hrd oI Fliom. Ar !h. n6. imr, tnd pdadr b'trF ht3 &dtoPolosiss ol pof.$io.al lh. i;rd .ll tinds oI tnt_ t om prinitv. {i6dEw. '.lision' E!6 wlo d.im io b.lonB ro othd anciplin's hav' 3.i&d d'h ooDotuturvro mov.in,$.iebv toming rr r ' in,o *.ir onu*. pt,v*-,nd *hrr w h:'1l.tr qt.hn4 Thc Prclp..s lor th.3.r.n 6' 5toJvof r.liBjo lMv. thur 6.!n undmincd in N' w'vs Th. cxplanariot for rhn titu.tion I'.r to son' cx_ 6in rpP'nld n or rn F.uL'. 63, no t7o locbkrh, d ot ^nIid .d_aa P'bl,,h.drt bsb.r,tJJl, 'h' ^''"'" Follddn S.d.t h n rproduc.d hs. kon rrrydld' " bv rrrcdr.' b' o:!d. L4q Srru4 ..tvnBnt 't6J i.q nubl$h.* p(p'i"'.d bv pahkion d &i;3.;i*

r..i i. thc l..r thar tll. .nthoPolosiel ssdv ot G licion wd nrt d by m.n l,tc Tylor, Fnz.r' ,nd *.r. ptycholos'ellr odcnr.d rl' D;*h.,m.'*ho rhoughnd in a pqrion o L..p !p wilt rh. prcr E$ oI .ivrholoQil rck:r.h ,nd ddrv r h.rr r' bv viti*d t.em ott'-o-., .o*riul,m, wnic[ rh'v rh; o"6od.d esycholosrol .pldd th.n bsn. Altbud tn.v sc lndoub! !*d.. .dly ngh' in 3'vrt fi.r imnnon b iiall.mrl Drmss, th. w1y th.y firndl.d rh.* Enrin.d e .dd. $2t t dncr.dit d ilEn .lt s.th.i Thn is pre \mrcl to 6. rcsrct d. tina, .r Hdrn s I foundly not.d in $ indldudiot to t podhtrhols lh-! v DubBh.d.'Dsv.holoFol inkryo_ ii(ll.crull frdd lb.N -d rd. *,rhd..-. f.on 'h. Inrlr6.ldofu fdivirv loilvrob.inroduedrsrin or th' Pt(ho |,hu; rddnB to th. mh.FnrJds flr ; bsiel (+m1... lh. misu!. ol d<rivin8cl.:r fmm v rgd..noti onr. 'tD oLru. rh. lr,n.mrl d.r... ol ou loe,c b incldd' proc.$; *hi.h, whad.r lt.ir .PP.r.nr di6'r_ op'n.n6, bclons b !h. em? Und o{ inellft.l do.. 1n:ivc sft6p' ur m.d. b r.dua rh.m to in:di.ulr. mouontl drivd, whi.h r6ult?,1onlv ou: studt.t in hreF;ns olth. An krn FotLloa Seizq.v nres,,' r' rt lltl :Edwnd Blmd r,tor ('3,!-rr'rl, adnh :nde ('rtr ssih oolod*: kns c.oc f,*' 'e.'I dd ;a;*ion. fto' or rt? Gorra !oq, 'd -*.iri.s, EmiL Du hdm, ('3r3-,t't ron' ot -n';nh stioto6;, |}'o' d rb. uddhn rr.n r.ipolr rr? rnd or|!' ftrL' tEdr'l '^. M. Hoon,l{d/orFrllildo

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tt plr..d in rh. s.mut ol linsunlic -ad .xprcsions ri th. .M oPlorn. ro dd of Pct.v' in !p;rs o! ,ll th. claims shi.h lllY. Dc.n m:d. to vhi.n pr6!c 6. conta.y, Po.try n . tind ollpeh cxntur br rMslrtcd .ic.p. :t rhc @* oI *riou! dnbnio0r; shcics'hc mlrhiel v.ircolrhchlth n Drcscd.d .ven thoud $c eotsr tisl.tion. our is.dane ot lhc hnSr.sc rd tlt wlildd slNr. or 16. p.ool. \'6er. n onsitrtd, . nvth is *il LIrae. mlrh by int rcad.t.ntwhcrc in th. !rnd. ks submnr. do.s not Ii. in i6 .tvl., ns oiginrl music, or is syrrar. but id in. to'7 which

r.rd fron th. s,'n Lind oI n PdJrion, ir n:lllvs:1: qau.ne b th<Frtnch rns.:i:v.j!! orpr' Lpn.nina,,, mFryt'lk I

*:x,ff tr+'=,.#-"llltiiH+ffi iffi

d. &toalh dil ard iir nvthol@v !

br r edrlyckim.d

tfirt th. purpo(. of

'n!r. a.ioussn!. onwithrh.iofth.liiEunt in $cp'!_ or w. s.ic.t'6c $,8. n not.noud. As. manc( ract n,yihurb! l.ddly fon orcdihtultyb anoth.r' lnft n r vry S@dr.rson {h/ n}th dnrordnpiy 'sc, for iBkna, Sn R.A. P:e.t, '$. Oieo or Lrn' sde, /o,ruJ o/wor,,t ri'rdrv I, No, :l[,NFlco,

' ro

th. myhorosBr ro ompl.

hE Pr.'

t,ddr ncvoluhon tr borh r F I hu tollo*cq 'h. to rh.his'ornn- ' qd.n.rb.lonsm8'o th. pri-.s snd: nm.l.s prtr.n whichonb! ddd.d'n 'hc which Frctch soci.l $rucdE onrhpor.ry 'nd prcvid6 a.trc lor it int.rpr.titioD. .lcld from ihG Doin6ri. rt:nt.d, r l.st s r Michcl.t' lor ;hnh o iiL! I"turc da.lo!-.ns. norrin. byNrh6'! so @nFqud(6 wr]!!'rcY: in{rnc.,ss r pohi.ill} nrind.d htrrcri:n H. dc GJTti[liL. $a-n oi h"s..E. i' n'd. "p oI <nhs rh. Fnn.h Raohd,on thur: Tiri drv (1r n6c rc'!nN!!!!]! .;;i-ot a.rtthing N.3 losibl.. . . Furnrc ba:'n. Pr6 'i"ii". n i5, no doa tin , a sliDFc ol ciqc.r .., rlmsrih(hi{ori' niry. k E 'hndoublc{ru.tokdPhin( how mlth which cal b wii[ 'd 'historiril,rhcr..ln of p,'oh'andcrlling ]

Fd,inins for in .xplmatjon is such,a3{.ll xr b rhat ot

aGo 2d.b$b. i,,e',. I" iii* ;, r, *p*"*a, -' tbousn i.mainr n tuc.ntity thid locl wnicn, oni Ut-"ur.Ur,",r.n r"r,r"-, tiorftMqn tv i
i rmk rhir qmEdon Inm M. i{dls! Panl, tI Aaa' tu6 a.Ir dbhdiak \P\*. tl, t' 27) lAr-l "t

in widdy diffR!!,E8!g!1

'sJ'f";k struduqk

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"N"tur du ,ipr I'nsqi!'iqu.. r {,rJr)t hd Chr|kr v h lEir,l l^!.\se Bd6ilk. ^r'ttuDntazy.

'n isolai? .hd. g.o$ mnsritu.nr uni6 6r myth.m.n

'rftttrot. bodinoi: $ R'n^. i:$6.t,! En l

rhrll .c pc..d

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311

CuuDr Lfvr Snrlss

, Twa.onp:risr my h.lp o apl.in whd w. O.diplt hyd' hzsonly re,chcdurund.rlar. tomt .nd rhrowh lircr.ry krnsmuhion! .onenitl norc vnh.shcdc rnd 60!rl prsauparion, r[.n snh rc'isio$ or rnud ..cr, wh.rv.r ih.e h.y h.v. b..n. ar NC rhrl not ini.rprd dc o..lieur hy6 inlii.ral i&ms1dr.h le$ o(.r !..xplzndon lcptrblc to thc rp.cialk., Welimply *jsh billui rrle-and wnhour r.r.fiing ,ny .odcl$ionr wirh reipd to k-2 Eniin r..hniqu., whos. usr n riob.bly !.r l.sitinar. ih rhh padicolr. tsEnc., owins ro 6c p.oblcba cd.m.n6indi.ated.bov.. Th."dcBon.tdtion rlDuldnEaiocb.onc.iv.d, bot in t lds of wh,i rl. s.iorin m.:ns by rhis cm, b$ .i b.r in rerm ol wh.t irn..ni by rbc !rc6 pd,ldl.r, whos. lim G nor to a.fii.v. r mn.r.F r6uk, bu. to .xpl.in, .s sucincrlr rs Fo* siblc,th. {undionins of in. n.cfirricJ ror uhi.6 h. ir trying b $ll b ii. onloolc.. Tle 6yth *ill b. F.&d .s an or.l.trn soa *ould be ii n w.E unsiringly condd.fd A z milinor r.ri6i our Bs* is ro re-.s.blGh rbc.orr amng.ma. San ior io$dc!, *. s.G conlronk,i lnh . rqu.nc. oI th. rypc: r,r,4,7,a,1,1,4,6,3,1,4,t,7,31r,.,t,?i3 A.t,6ia...,rh.rsignfentbe, in3 io p!r all rht r's ros.rher,rrl ir. 1t, !h. tr, sc.i

Tr. Sttudnnl studr ol Mtth

Art

I I I I I I \ \ ,

w. lnow rn3r th.,/ c.nnot b. found i6ons pho ncm6, moryb.m6,or s.D.Dcs.bur only on . hisfis l.%l; o6.eik nyt! rould b.co6e conru{dsrh rn/ orherkndofsp..ch.Tr(rtor., tr. rhoulJlool ior rhcmon rrn(nft k\d. Thr 'h. onrrm.thod w.,c,nross$ .hisnas. is ro po 4 .c.tll?nhirkbyrrial andsror, uiins:r,.hecl prin.ipl.s shichs.rv.rr a b?sis lny Linrl Iar of 'h. nrud!r.!.i.lysis, rconomy oiexphreioi! unity oatulurioni 3nd ibiliry io i.conjr.mr ihc shot. tom.lnsm.ni, asrcll aslar.rsdg6 f.on p'.vi-

t t us 6sr suppos ifi,i r(h..olosn! of.h? n! tuc comingtM ,00lh.! pl.n.! would on. dryi wh.n 3ll rhud,n lia. had dispF*d lron rh. .arth,.xcavdconcolou!libnri6, Even itd.ye.r. ar 6r. igrcdni oa onr *ririns, ry sighr iuacJ i. d.cipLding it-an unddkl'ng $iich *ould r.. qlirc, ar som. .any drs., dnov.ry $r rhc 'h. ilphabe..is *. 3rein rh. fi ,hirolpi!tinsn, rhonld be r..,J l.od lsft io rigirand &om iop o bortom. HoBer(,lh.y would i@n disosr thr: wnol. carqo.y of books did ior 6! $. rsrl p?n rnri6. *ould he th. orchc*6:cor.s on lh. sh.lvs ofln. muricdiyirion. But 16, trying,*iihou. ru.es, b d.ciphers.6r oneafi.r rh..ihd,lro'n $c dppddosn io rhc lo\{, fi} $ould probihr, io Llr rht sm. prhms ol ndk, kurtJ r 'ic. 'n, flri.nh.r in tull or in pd, or th* son. p3! .ds nlc srongly rubiiilce oi .arlnr onei. .nc. rh. hyp.th6is, luhr rlllrcmr thosins:{. niiy, inn.,d ol being consiJ{.d in succ.sior, i\'cr. to b. r$!ed rs on. omdd prft.n rad re.d t.s 1$hot.? By c.ring ai trh{ $r q ddorr,

luru,
/

an arl icv.L .r. 6.d. up ol rcl,.ionE and lh. tru. d'ft rae b.!w ou. sro$ nnis rrd !h. dh.* r.n,iB rn*pldn.d; s.ond, wc srill 6nd ou$lv.s in rh.r..lmof rno.ra.sibl.iimc,sinc.lh.n!n. b.r ot th. .rrdr @rcpond ro thc unloldins oI th. n ndv.. Thur rh.5p.c'6c.hrDd.r ol mylhotogi (rl tm?. rhich ,r w. hzv. srn i ho'h 's.G'bh :.d non{d.sibl., Itnchronic ,nd di.chronic,r.nl'ff u.a.couni.d lor. Fton lhir spings r n.w hy, Fih.sin which mnsri.uB th. v.ry coe oI olr 3r 8um.rt Th. iru. mnsrid.nt units ol: myrh t ror th. jsolai.d r.l4ions but r!,dl.s.tsu.h tlt ,D,. rd nn orly 6 brndld r$d rhek rlarions c b. pri ro us. lnd 6mbis.d io a! ro trodue a oc.nins. Rel.tionr p.rtdning ro rh! sse buldte m:y.ppa! di!.hrcnielly ar Emor inr.rik, bur sh.n E hir. iuce.ded i! grolping ifi.n iq.rh.r q. h.vc rcoBaniz.d our mytfi .c.ordins b a rioc , ' ..idnr of a n* natuc, @r6p6nJids io rh. prc, r.q!nn. oI rll. initial hypdth6;, nr6.lr . Bo, dim.nrioml tid. r.Lr.or Nbich is ljmuli.nouly dirchronic.nd synch.onic,.nd which,c@rdingly int*rat r rh. chrld?dsiid oI l,,ak on ih. on. hMd)2nd iroic oi prrdir on ih. o$ri To prr ir in .vcn mor lingnnii. !.mr n n as thor8h 2 pho, nfr. scr..lNiys mid. ur ol,ll ns v rnb.

. ;" ld,"y"ourd d;; 'l:i -.h.',,"...,., rlongon. /nanin8tul;mNrh. rc,d-dhchroni.ally larn ,hn n, p,sc rfrc p:s., rnd fron kh to ilons d( orh&Itr. tl lnshr-:nd rln.hronicrlly Irh. nor6 \iiircn v.rtislly Nling up on. 3ro* n, or Uoositu.,i unn,rhar o!. buddt. r.tr o.s. r Th. orhercorFikon i! soDo hrt di6.rc.i !,r ot lu, !2k.2n obs.*{ isnorant ou. pLyinscard!, lsirins lor r lons !'h. siih r fotun.{.ll.r, He lqourd kjo$ $mdinE of rttr vnrcD: rr, .sc, ,i'd:r.n, crc.,in lphyri."l "ppsEna. soc'"1 'hc lsh. s3y r {. Lnow$mdh is oI rh. Jif..nr tu1rur6{ho5em',dr n. ro stod}. wo,ll ll. I 'ry 1 so ki.n rp $. saane! .nd r.ord in.m s cs io I b. .bh to go6v{ r!.n !.d 6:1. comprisdtu-ar I N. do n+.n s. list n io mrrn{ellins ,nd rco.d it, !lM.thdsdchm 6 ston ! hlv?pui r!. pd6ld I lgcc ih if th. n.n i,bngfii 1.d ii ri. nrdi,l ldaih6l.ronim n.u6cidr, h. n.y b. rhl. ro re lonrirud thr mturc of th. dal oI erds 6.ins us.d, ftty.M or thiq-M snl6 .o.ding o Jd'a '5, l.h aq m.d. !p ol fou: borolo8ou sB onsists /ins ot dr smc u.its (th. iidivn url ards) {irl bnly oncuryine {.1s.., lh. sii a Now ior a onfttc cx.mpt of rh. mdhod *. drth, xnicn ir \ propos.v.,hall uF rh. Ocdipls vdr lrdn b d.,yoc. r d R .w'i. rhd . l] .L

. \0e sh.ll en.mDi io Edo.m .r. gEc lind oI oFcrasonon rh. urd,put 6y,hi tryrns olr s3.dl

'-AIT-rLdon,

h.ro"ging to th. ram. mtum. .$ibiron. commodf.riur. which ir ii our i$k to dsov.r, For in$ane, all rh. .v.n6 solFd in d. 6si c6lunn on rhl kfi h,E emcthirs ro do *ith blood r.laions *hich,rc ov...npha5iz.d, thr is, rr. nor. iodrar. th ih.y llbuld b., kr ut Fy, rh.n, rhr !h. n6r.o'unn tr. 4 n. coonon I?., dt. rh. or.,atins of bloo.l r.Ltio,t. k i' o6rion' tnai lend coluF. .xpr6s6 rh. rd. 6ins, 'hc htr inrcn d: td.ndtiry of blood khti t, tlt thnd colunn ..t s r monn.m b.in8 rlain. A! to th. fond, 1 f.w Nordr ol cldic..ion .r red.d. Tl. i.markablc @nnot{ion of ifi. sulnan.s in ocdipui faln.rlin. hil ofi.. be.n.o.ied, How

?v.r,linsuirburullydific8,rdn, 3inc.brh.m rh. only*.yrodc6n..h.hcani'sot, rcnni ro inv.} ri8,rc.ll rh..on..xr in which rpp.aB,rnd p.. n ror.l n.m.q prei$ly b...us th.y .r. B.d rs ru.h, ,r. nor 2ccorp:nnd by ,ny mnr.xi, wni in. o.rhod E propo ro aotto* 6. obj.ction dnlpp..c,.ina th. ntrh n!.lf pbvid.snsown6nr.xi Ti. sieni6ar& is ro ton8.r to br soustr jn dr .kntuzl manins ol dch n.'n.. tu in rh; Gd lhr,ll rhcnan6 haE comnont,tur.: AI.hc hyFth.tic,lhc ing,r ' (*hj.h Dayveltr.hri, hyporh.riol) rctu .. dilf.uhnt k v.rkihs ltdiztt
wh4 rhcn is .h. b.Nen rh. rqo 'clatioflrhip olumm on rh. rishr?Column rhrecrcf.6 b nbnr.d Irr drgon n : .lthontrn h.,ns whi.h har ro b. rilL,l in o'd( rh,r mrntind b. born tom rh. E:nh; $.splinx b. nonn.r rnwrlting ro pcrhh n'.n b liva Th.l,$ unn r.prodnc., th. fiN onc which hrs @ do kjd th. d,b.rthahtu onrin ol n,.nrind.tiie rh.hohs?6.rc ddlon. btD.f, , wc hry thus lry thar rlc 6nEon L:iu,. .{ ti. $nd .n]Jnn n denitl of tb. d"tochthorc$ o.iein ot hai.' 'w. rrt no. hins ro b(om. iivotv.d*kh,Nirlift in :n rsuhd; rrit *ould [. ,rsunDroor ,,d ne i3h$ oi or r,,. siia rh. ord,ru mrh R -.n L ion. !h'[onh mruR ,( h.d b rh. slh,ni 'h. mBhrrEn4.rn5hs, r. lhJtr(r b,lt! Enid.iv r hn. *koun 1n ,h. nrhft ksodi l3h.trt anr;k eh ot rh. Erdh L Ue,"A,,!",";'&lr.to'diD.o, ryait tLq. te4l, e. b3) No nrtu; how rnqr r,.m D.touni or m.L\odmry b. tid ourondu,onr rh. pobto h d!?,h),i, r.,ir b ui,[n |h! hn on lnansrr Bubti5h.d,h.nnsor,hlsph,nr r l[.n. dft nrdibi,Em(tnrhloti hnrt.;o6Errho tr. Dc! dEp4yolnafrn:ino'h{$!diri!Dsloof adon orr tunn. h.iry {trh h rrd,on "t,h.,s, InE.rpD$ {hh r !h. h,nd!om.norc.nihy @n. p ir. dby Dd o u r n r h . n d o r h q r o r k,.( ;.;d "o n o :i! i{r'3 tolnd ; ,n Nd.d !r ctrrio lid a E $rll pn'rt od b.tN, q '/dnh- L'E o.dD;! ltftd nrd,* ou hB'.fnpk b({E o{ ,h. ,ni(,ns r;|e 3K rnn kn b.xtrr &s..n cnrii $']6 oi rd+r. uRr :nd .f rtr. tu.bto In,lum. r,om 'housht '[n whohkh0.bo,lowdrh..rrmDt6rhnlo[o..rD E rerpd nlhdld b. nord r[n rhris,rcof,h.te[,,i.n korhcd br D.rdi, o,ncidd s rMiorc!r Nonh nl otoe (qh.,,ob.btr h;g. inb o(). v.^n.liqtr :n afdn4 on rh. on! h:nd.b .ih. h- " qn.h ihon FhFnrt:!r-,""* "|. r 4pukiq "probhn" b ",.,_;. rounsh(o. h( !ot6"inE Drob. Ln-'hr n, i{'h. Epondr b h. d":@ot fi. jb,< c{,u*_h. iitr Fnd ,n hB 'h. u t d.

11, \t,\ tuatsh t, ![Mrth

Ar5

.r|ql!-e r.1rr! ru (ll.l.t:l") ' " ,rr r r... j/ i.rr) ro nr..cr rnr. At,t,,rt, .^,.",.,,,. ;,,,,
reo r.mrk $oitd b. d:J. I rJ[{,F.. I ,,y,t,, s. tr,r rnt.. I h od.r ro 'n(lprtr,h. lpoi,r whid h$ soiin,j rh. aF.rrtr,, ud,l truw jn edi d {Ham.n4 { ,!,{ r,r rtr /mm.l y, 'hr 'h. / ud,pB my'h, 3om. barc d.nmtr rr. tarrlr,, och r Joo*, Lttms kGda :nd o.j,n* / | .,.,,,r hB ow n.).s. Tf6.dmr do J "- "tr.,r..,i I nan..or rh.frr'hrhhou!,rrh.y.in.n,ty b. i,ra I srrcd. rh.6B' oi? r: nR cr( or:uroJ.nru. rh. $cond I I tion (olumn thad orhtr .rr 'rd I oi dippl.dm$ kohhi tos). Ar rh. lrhc iinr | 'h.E is romdtjns jisnfcrnr ,d .( Lldnnn( I sinft 'h.rhifr fbm r@t b hddnro b..or.trcd rh. ihin nom.mo.Lhonous onsii ro *ll. | "rh uoAtru(rod. Our mdhod rhlr .t,mjn.r.s , probl.m wh,ch . h,r, e tar, b..n on. oi rh. hnn obsJctc( b r progrcs or n') rhotqrst judi.s. nam.Jy! quat th. ror th. t!. v.iriod, or rh. .,rrd on. On rh. (on, rarr, $. dc6.. tn. nrrn I @nsn.ins ot : iti wF !ons; or ro put r olhcNisci , myrh rciuiis rtr t."g* tr 6 f.t, s *.h. A;.(,is*a_;i. -,ic,' n ofir-d by .l. i:d orr i,,,.,p*,;,.. ;," 'fi{ iik. icoLn' rh. Fkud,.n u5. or rh. O.d,ou. hrA 'nro n .tn ntFpptiahr. o tr. Ahhoush;hc ind r(uo,n plobrm h:s ei(d ro b. lhnot2uro!1,. rrl,r bisddt jeprodud,on. tr ni rh. 'honv n.obkh or undenrnJing IEw ora on^ bc born torh rmi l{ow n n th{ *. do nd. t,."c oDl, on. prort.,tor, bd a nothd phs i Grhs? ftecior,

l.

-*uffJli

oncR ro olumn No. T1.,nrb,tiry snnr( No b kind! nt r.lJionshiF B o!.rrcm. tor Hrt.r fpl,ed) byrlE rsenionthrt onkidicror' Eta.ion, rhips id.ntisl in,imucl asthc/,.6oth *lf"r. conoadrtory sinilrrwlr Aldoust rbi il$i[ in, a provniotul formularion .hc srucor. aI of drthicrl rhoush!, n su6ci.nt?rinl {.@. n

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mrnnD sopl,(ks.ttrFrcld hinL*r,+.,ra*-j dud.drno,B rh. (rcrd.d sunnj ofrh. O.d,pus

" " rhdtri. \(eods.i ' l

n:i4 rdB qon:r" ot ^d hoE -'b. <Iitd.prdtudn. h! HoprhdDtr.rhn n, rphrlicnoaa.a.xR oa. (oDrn $n.b;ido,.d by h( muo jn dt! ritr rorn3 @mk or, dil6tuLnLsnrion. iur ralh.;*:;om b pr rnh xhafinh rh. w{&B iD,h. dd<n s rh. Morhsor^rinrtr. {hkh!h.*irhhotdrtrcmhunrr. .in h. B,n(<tron,-orf, iidlh!rld dEnD(h nF htm,:h( \hKh rh. rdndr [,m w'lh rnfiitior R'v"'j..'.rh.o-,b,5"--.; -.6|-h'.ii.n.H snt. a.t<nqnr," FEE C.t,,bu, ttb@n. p!6th.jor No. 3r, Amhopolosiol Sd.s, vol. II, No . tchi.4 o ,,e o r ,PP.r r : J rD dr.]r,, L t^u.l

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bou,iturpn3$on qhov t 6nf!r F*r uDo, hn f in.s rtF r c.r'r Mr). ni.9rh,;, on,i. o,n(

rditror. oln :lhd M6nn r".b.. .i ;;;1 shrd rourd pruyidc wirh 1 shd@ us 'mzg6 bowr.de.. Hos.E,, snoukt @ mnrcR b. fi. obuqu.r/ rh. numb.r minorihrs6 routd *r, oi ntuEc kry h,Jlt n.rdd6s, io( or fv. $ch rn.8E huld v.ry likt siv. us,it nor onpl4 in-

At thn poi$ th. obJ.ction 6ay b. niscd thar t[. u5k tr tDpo$ible ro p.rtom, sina e! cs, o,tv \o.k *nh lnown resiom. k it n6i posibta tna ; ne* v.rion mighr rl!( rh. picor.? fin is h. cnou8h Lrrm.m No \e6io6 n.zvr,Lbt.,bur 'ro rh. orE.nm brcm6 lh.ochol$s@n r r ftr, so.abrr rar8. nuhbd hayeben rerd.d, L.r I 63k. rhn p.inr d.rr bI2 coDp.rien. I irE f!ts n,to4 oi a rcon and i6 aiirng.m.nt Erc k ow, ro ur.onty .hrough ns rfl.ctio, in M oi.rec phcd o._opposnc w.th, sc Jl,odd rh@Giely

Th. Sh!.t4t.t 8t6 CUUDE LfvlSrMUs made .! . .onp sn of.h. r.iuht wnh simil.t mythr in o$.r Pu.bb rnbq W.s..o md E2*.m. Fin.lln 1 !6! {35 lnd.d.ken witi Plain nvtholosy.ID all c,se, ir m3 (ound $2r ih. rh.ory w.t liBhrvtslhrom,notonlyon Notrhln.'i_ soundr cin my$olosy,bur rle on. pr.viouny unnoti..d o {rr 6nlv kind 6tlogialop.erion,6.on.ln.*! in r *holly di(etnt .o.ftt!, Th. bulk oInd.'hl whi.h ..eds b. hr.dl.d Pr,..i.llly ar rh. ous.t n,kd n inpo$iblc to ..ier inro dc_ ol rh. $o!k 'o iaili, ,nd *. shtrllhav. to limir ouGclva hr'. ro ' A iinpiiF?d chln of rh. zuni .m.r8.ie nvth

strdi ol MYth

8t7

wr fo.naiio., ar L2d, ru$.i.ni cov.t!s. s 'h3! {orld iEl suc thr no l1ry. Pic.. of tumnur. is ni$ing in our,l.$riprion. On lhc othtrhand, ir c.nnotb. ioo n!ongl,,.nphAt.d rh rll avail2bl.vri,nts slould b. hk.n into :eou.i ll Fr.udtr!.onnrnb on th. o.dipui comp!.x2rc r Fin ol .O.diPu5my'h, 'enqu6' oirh.zuni .iioB sNh.5 whdha Ctrd'ing'svssion r.lained or dis.jid.d b. igin 6yrh should b. \(ron.{ on. rrtlcvrnt. Tln. r no3 o8h 'rda hich .ll th. othds r! bu! .opns or dil'ofnoni !Y.ry v.sion belonss to fie nyth. r.rson lor th. discotrdsing rcsulG in woiks - Tll. on si.rd myihologyon fimlly b. did.Arood Tfty r.m God nvo cau5.s.Fiat, comPfidve mtdolo$i! hre s.t.kd prclftrd krion) in q.:d ol urn! A.n all. S..ond, w. hn< *.n 'hr ih. $rudr.l rnzlysir of o'. 'arian! or o,. mtth (iDlome.!!es, cv.n o,'ri_ b.ldn8ingo ott tih. l.s.) .lr.rdy reqliF No di6cn.ion5.wn.n 'e us syd.l vrti8ts oI th. s1n. myl| {o lle srm. trib. or vill.e., rn. fnn. of i.lerenc? bao6$ as soon2r vc rry io.nhrs. rhrFdir'sional,.nd ri.omp.rison,th.numb.r.tdim.rsidns r.qrn.d quir. inposibl. to ha.dl. i.cEl* undl it Irp*6 t!'l pbiidda th.m intuitiv.ln Th. cortusto . r!. ourcoo. al c.mparaiv. nvthologv whidr 'I en b. .plain.a by th. ,!( d'ar nnh'dio.nsioftl lah.r of r.i.!.ne rr. 6ftn isnortd o' *c !:ivelv r.pLcd by N& o. thr.e-di6.rsional on6. Ind..d, prcgrds i. omp.rttiv. myiholqy dep.nds l.r3dv on !h. @p?n!ion oi mlthenslici..s who ituld u.dcdll. ro.xp6r in synbolsnulti dimensionil aLiiotu *hich dnnot b. h.ndled oth.n n. i. To ch.c! thc rheory,'" xtt.mpt*!s nrd. kom ]n :lr 6 is o f r9 t1 t o , rJ 4 r o w r d r n nc rll known vrdons ol - [ r u aZlii o,iAin :nd 'hc and r396isitv.'_ '. d.rgdaoyrh, cusfiin8, r33l $n, t9o4; rrsons, rgrj; Blnzd t9ti,1r Fuith{mor' 1 Prtlim'mry at npt rv:s Lst Antsin a. fi.alz Pqtiq,. ds H11*' ituds, nf l'ondds d . n 8 f t L ' g o r g ' t J r ' q r ,F P' e _ r ,, Innk {. du<hd! b itr :id ,eJr-,11.pt.:7-e. mqR'.db!'dqly]IlPRutdy:n'hnrt<iurJ r of Andiqi E h rclw, { dlm d l r F n { J 3 3 o ' 3 3 ' ) , v nh in sr o i D.c:,33r! od,na ifz!i, czdifr MFrr Bliou \I:*iiF or Ao.dnn [,hnclos, r ]$ ,{niualR.Pori, ror D.c.: r3ed.M.C. skKlci, Tr' 2!'i r'di,'r ol d6.ridi lthmiofl. rrd AroualR<p.n, nuE.u

lrdnb.stownih, *.. th. otid w.y.ou.d 'll r di(er.nc.s 6.lren $.$ v.$ions o. b. risoF snn rh.* bati.sdftr... oudv coii.laild Tr'u $. fir.d rcsios d.*rib. 6. sr.4 $r wrq.d ht rh. rnc6torofrfi. Zuni:8:inn, mvlhi into ion,rhc Xtrnals., bv ol;opul 'nrcnunn8 rh. nliirnv? rign,6dnt vrrirrio (1) in lr ) in rhl iri.ndlhiP or hcrilitv oI lhc sotlrt ,h. gdnsn8 of fin:l vidorv to o.. omp o. th. svmboliclu^c' th. .f,.6fiion ot od.r. {rl 'h. tior to tlt 'n Kya.altw., d.sciih.d 5om.iim6 I hu.ted (*h6. bowr !a truns wnh .nim2l tin' .*) and $m.tiBcr .t s.rd.n f {wnoe bo*t tr'

mdh!ft, hlu. ot plrds (!sd

dnds.ic ld bt D. ldtJ TNiB

ihliry in' .6r (ong'r dwrcr)

cod,, KrurE

\ dk4qEr. t &.'ft8d {d6br

(rEt{,'bE,E,F &,dr

ei.,b!.*

cod,.I

rrJ.4 I ,rEv'4

tF-,G,@ !* lid Mr.

I t
,doPkd lii

gx.nrse
wnh'!c;, D.c-, rto.. EC ?:rcDr, n! oisin M{h oiz\ni: tod't il aqdnca fohtod,xx'cr" tez\. 9: L B!12A, )natt"diod to zni ci.mo4ar RE'hnoloax l;. 5uR{ or r7!h ^nnun ^m.noi columb" ui,(R,ry c.^,nbu'iotr' ;ror;e 'o ' -l', rc. An'hrcpoLos, a', N.wYol,,cra lA! I

ilE PtobLb n rl]. dtmv_ As ih. .n.n i'digtc, ery of . lif.'dath m.diation- For tfi. rr.blo, rhis i3 dificutq dEy und.6t3nd thr oriSin ot 6o..i.lly hun.. laL in ed! of r. modcl ol pltnr lil (4.r s.nc. tom tt. ddh).Tn.yrhirc r!,rheli.Isnh dt. an i.nt Gr..b. ..d n ir o. rhlt s. .bo* ii. O.dip$ mvth .s our frd .x_ rnolc, Bu' in theln.nen lndi,n.3,.'Ih. hishbt for; o{pl,nrlir.n b bc round tsriculturt wli.h 'n n D.riodiol in n.or., ihar n, wlich @nd$ in an bN..n lil and dcr{'. lt .hit is dn" d;d.ton Ag' (ed.d, fi. onr/dnion .pp.r6.lrwh.ir: prddd lood, ih.dorc lir.t bdt hunr .;lNE ine orovi;4 idd md r sid ar b Mrlrrc shth d. n. fi,e didlrmt $at' s;;! ddrh. H.n( 6t h.rdlirs rh. p.ohled. ln rlE cuthins v?6!on' rh. di$cutty r.volv6 .round :. opPositioo hcNm rcriritiE yddinS.n imn.ddrc r.5uk lml' Ie(i nsw i l d,ood)l ndrcnvi 'i .\,i .l di nE . d.l ,v .d d rc drhs,r Gruk-Jathhrrrob.o4.in'.s'rt olEr. can .xi;!. Pmont r.rion shifs {lom nun! ins r. isriculhE, shn. St venson\ t sion o!.r

Sine fib.! srins (lsridlturc) n al{lvs sup..or b ,in.w nrins (hnntind, rd sinct (ro 1 r.!&r dtnt) $. sodr 3llianc. is pr.fct$l..o i!.ir.ntase'cm' it lollos llsi in Cushinstv.sion doubtvunddoriv'la.d (hosnl.so&, rinR nnng)l prirlced (IrrndlY r lh.sk"cn;n 's,on,do'blv v.6an..nlonr go&,6b.rrnngl,whil.Prsods us wifi an in(m.diity "iturnon (ln.ndrv sodt hur si.c' $inBs, .ine o.n 6.gin bv b.i.g [ut'

Buru?lt ve4ion h ot !h. $n. tvP..s Cnrhing3 fdd . $ructuil point ot Yis. Ho*dd. ft dif'6 iisn(h fom both Cushins! rid s'enron! 'r !h. hari eo .rphin ih. rn.l8.n his pitilut @ndinon, whil' n.ni ncd to ed. Bunz.l r v.sion d1l6 it rh. @n*qu.n& o{ . qll th. inv.n.d se iiom th! hrghd p.*.E-h.ne qum(c! olrh. m.:ni rbirrd to lor rh..m.B'nel

8r8

Cd!o.

LfvLsrMU$ ]t hre. h.* ombinrtion.l vrli$G or 6. stn. I!n. on in diat rcnt ont xs {h.n.. th. wr' ,! trlbur. ol rh. .lownr, which hro giv.n rn. io so Tl'c probl.h, of... r.s?rd.d ! insolobl., vi'irh.s wkn n is sho*r rha lhc.lowi!-3lutunt wlo n?y *nh implniry m . .xesik uF of .sti_ .ulruralpraiuds-h.v. th! t.nc IuDctionir r.l.!io! to food prcductiot as thc w:l3o&. frhis i lunction .ptc!E, ir th. dial.cti..l trca$, as d n$tna, t\tr is, ot.kppihs tlJ. lto,ndci't nlnrins tor bcn in*ed ot lor.rim.ls ao(tuman

1\e Sr"dtttl

Stklt ol Myth

8r9

In borhCnrhins and srcvcnF., d.y3o{romphnr ro rnimds; in Bunz.l, fdft han,n.h .o in$cc! ind lron ias.G to pl"nBlNblo rhc losi.,l:ppro.ch Anons th. v.*.d ihcn2dinBpoi .ndrh. dwlysr.nijnsth.eo.; point of lriival 1r?sinpl.s, Dh.i.rs th. int.mcdi' {. $rd. ir char.ct.tiEd 6y inhiEuiry:

nain.d o lar a probl.nri. nsur., wny k it rh{ 6roo8houtNodn Am.ricl hn roi. ; rsignld pr.cricrllre.rywh... ro dh.r oyoc or i.vcn?ti r s. l.cp in nind m,'h'ol rhoustu :lw4r I po8fts3 r'on 'h* .q,En6i ot opporiionrk- I 'h. tll. *.rd.h.n rdaludon, cron lor th6. cho'es I h..odd .1.r.. v. icd ont dsum. ih{ tso oF- , ro . krns *idr n6 ior.rn.dia.y alw,r d.d io 6. / Igplk.d Sy vo .quivd.nr kms whnh rdBn oI ! ; vhil. thndor. .s a mrdi,br; rlEnoncoi rhctdlrr rc.ns ,n<lth. n.diltor h.com.rphad br a nlw ri.d, rnd soon. Th$ w.hay. a n.di.rins nructur.o{

UmLc.ssiul n.dhtor bdlc.n Edh rnd

Hdcrog.neous p:ir oi ncdjatoG (srandmod.r rnd gondchild) pair oi mdirton S.hihonoBd.ous {t ds..Boy lnd Thown,twq) rnons dc Pleblo (zuni) *. h2v. rh. cor.-

Som.crrtrl rnd Ett rn Purblos Foced rn.

or[{ s1y arornd. llcy bqin bt naring th. id.ncukiyadon(6r(6m 6biiin.d riry oiitriting,.d lh.y by C.m.'Fadr. sowi.s derd.acl.*r,.M k/ to dqivc bod liL rnd d.rh lrom ihd en!1| limpi. notion, llen, insci ol cxt(m. t m, bcinB .nd int mcdi.ry on.s duplicr(d I imonB rh. vcn rn srouFs,th..rtm. t rBs bcsm. dupli_ r c ed (i....'h! Bosi,r.Bof &t.rnPt.blo)whil. simpl. m.di:dna sn om6 ro th. loqround (ror in$rcc, d. PoshaiFnn.of rhc Zir), bur.ndoed *irh .quivocil dtdburc!, H.nc. th. .ntibuFt or rhk hcsiah ' cr b. dcdlc.d froh th? pla.c n oc.upi., in $. tim. kqu.n.:iood $hci { ft. be .qnndl in th. 6iddl. @uni. Cushir'8), BinDing (c?nkal P!.blo), bd .t rhc ..d (zia), aepr in SunEl'l v.*ion. qh.r. th. s.qu.nc. k r.v.E.d 6 Tnc lrformulacd rrsumlnr G .r tollow,: ^ ddon{.ring &im.k 3dlik.b.d5 o( pr.y {rhc), I lil.Iood plbr lqt animal iood), b($!),.r!.1$ lprcdueB (tfi.y do not kill w[rt th.r .:t), Or to lpli n oth.tuir., Pu?blo$ylc (Ioi Ptr.llo agticul. j! nor. m.anirsful rhh nunii.s): nEns lru{ rr. ro s.rd.N ar b.,* oI llcy a( o hduvobus J But i! is lto cl.ar ihar h.rbivoious aniIririls. lnak nay bccalbd n6rto.ct r! ncdiabrs an rh. i a$lnprion rhar rh.y ft.lit. colledor:nd !arh. (phni-iood eij), shil? th.y c bc us.d is I d* I rDiod food tho!8n rhly ri. iot th.rs.lvs huir J .a, Thur * hay h2v. n.di.bG o{ t6. n6. ordcr. I or $c sond od(, .nd 5o on, $h.rc crch r?m I s.nd{s th. h.xr bt. doubh proe$ ol oppoli\tion dnd con.larion, ThnhndoIpd6,c b.Iollo*rd in d. mrrl! old8} ol tlE Pl,inq Nh.rc \@ h:y o.dq lhc dm {-

Suc.c$ful n.,li,tor

bc$en

E rh and

Sm'i-homq.nous prir of ocdro* (Uylrcwi ind Mas:ilcn.) Horq.ncols p,ir ol fr.dirbB

F..d hlk of lll. inih'l |IjntAm,lin ia4balinJ' Dchdion ar

16,r ,r.z i, c .antodidion ha.oenNb th n tatio, ol nt - d4td. ,,o,, ,d..,

Ti. Iacr ttri conmdi.tion ,pp.16 in *E niddl. oI r..!16 in r doubl. k. oI rh. dial6n.2l prq.s drc<uk prn, rhc pupoq o{ *hich r ro h.dDt l. kR . . n. onBcn n 8 t r r n s : l

oqlln.thod no. only hasrh.

brnd,nd ulo

od Fii., ed;d nol|). /nd 8r.n&hildl

rro, /nqln ippli.nion ol maho4 s. or hdy A lom v'nxb:so llrrli: 'hs S'rucNd tldd\' sunl.y DDnord kdr, cJhr r Bntrt. &etr; 'd Ho,or o/ rdkl Rrrr lNs Yo'r: ted.).PILJt'-.! l^dl

O, $. orfi.r i&d, coRLiioro n2r .ppa. on horizonal di! {rhi. is m. .v.n on t[. li,guiriic' ldd; *. rh. mrnilold onnouiion oI rha @t t@ ir T.s. laordin8 ro Paa6n!. @yot., mkt, *dr, d..). Cbyot (. o'.ion-at.r) ii i,rmkdnry bF lwed l.rbivoroui ..d edvorcui iun .s nirt be sen sty ind E nh as s:lp b.Ma *.r $d riolbG(slpisl*arcrop)!8mo.Dutb.s&D Nild .nd oldv,Gd planq rs s:rmB b.sen yilt.s. 'nrtu.c' an,j dltur"; I Etu* be.a d d 6h6 (or !@t) b.tu I md orbid.; rco{ I Glqholt)andimnh(ii.h.souDd).ThGclinol \ ncd'arois, ir o.. r.y ell thm so, nor only 6'ox p.ns of NoRh Ad?ricin nythot\rfuhi on .rtir losy $hr ln. DN-cod hay b. ar d. 'm..im: ,nd rh. sj& al r3indE .nd b. I th. c,ncMru p.Bonifi.d ar ln Arft-Boy'i o. why ielps ,rc .tnn.prodnciry; or siy tll. crhc,Moth.r is 5$F cu,.d $nh com smlr; .tc._bur k 1t$ poubty codcsponds i. : unirrsl s:y of orsanizins d:ily spftim.., S<, ior ins:nc., $. Frmcl {o. rlani smur {,4/,e, tum r!i'r ,.6,1,); rhe luck-brjnsins po** aftnbui.d n' Eu.op. io (old she) dl '.fcc {h6 lki$ins c[ihn.y sw..ptj and omp3a rh. AD.rin Asi.Boy ct.l! fnh rhc lndcEurop..n cidd?r.lL: Eorh r. ph,llic fsder (n.di2io6 be sc.r ftal. aid t m.lc); nr$.6 o{ !h. dd .nd .lE rnd sirl saFq own a ol fDc ..jnsri 'ncdiabF

31o

CUUDE kv.SrMUss osdricprnllll.nc$hh, pr?s?nrsinDli,n.oudti and whil rh. toinr ol d.parrr. 16 on.nrihlr tormuLrcJ in erru ol , !prc. r.tc{!r (sky rnd E,nh), thh was n.v.dde$ idlli.ntcon..ivcd in r..ms ot, rim. rcld.nr(6ritlhe me$i!h crls, !rs' tlr djo*uri dd..nd). rh.(tuc rh.losicoi myrl contro^6 us siih tr dotrblc,r.ciprocilexching. ot tun.:ionrro whi.h R shallrrlrn 5ho(lr onl) can w.r..trnr forth.lmbiguouschs ^*or rcd of.h! iii.k"er, but w. lan dso undcFrand r,'odqprorefty of n,ydi.rl figur.srhc*orld ov.r, mm.ry, thr lh. srn.sod ir.ndokd wirh conrldicio.y .nribuks-for in*nc., hr 6xy b. 3ed and D,l !! rheiam.iin,r Ilwc conp.rc rh.vrni!$tupologic.l *udi., ,n'l o siy. n . noie jn.l!5iv. droEtic2l inr.rpra{io,Finth wh.n *. hrv. ru(r.J.d r. o,Rrn..er whol?seri.!of!:ftns r tr;ndotp.;h!Fi;n 'nb gtouPrw. ar h. pcnion to iormuld. rh? lxw oI thtsrcup. tioushn ij not posibt. afufiepr..nr sas. b mF. doser rh,n.n app'orimr.6htrhilon *hich will edainly n..d io L. r.6ned rn th. lurur, n se.ft rhr..v.rr nr.h (6n5id.r.d .s rhc 4sr.3it. ot all n vrriub) cotr$tonds ro r lor mul, oi th. ioll.win8 ryp.: F.(,): F,{b) eF"(6): F-,(y)

'th. sttud,tol

Stedy ol Mtth

atr

nfryins inb hish clas); bur th.y 3r. {ld.la$ inposnbl. to i.r.rFft throud Ec.r ditJuion, !s h4 h..r cont nd.d, sinc. Arl.Eoy&d Cind(ell: ft tynn.diel 6ur i.v.ftd in .r..y d.iiil {whil. ih. botrow.d On,l.r.l,3 bl. in Am.rio-Zuni TlrL.y-Cid-k prnllcl ro rhc proroiype). Hence

build up rhr...dimdriotrrl mod.h .nrbling on. toomp&rh.v,ijantrsderi .!6q.Jsrr..rc, 6s.rv 3rd llir in torn r.qun6. $.ciour wo.k, ifi 6p, 1 mmmodiryp,diculrdy unav3il.bl.h We$, ern Enbp. now .yr Fufth.i6or., ar mn .3 $. tr3me.i r.I!r.nc. b.com6 nutd-dim.nsionrl {sfiich o.cu6 at an rdy msc, s has b.i droqn lbov.) ih. board sy*.n h,s ro b. r.pLc.d by pcr ionied ced! shi.l in tud r.qtrt? laM .quip-

s.:

6nil.

.IraEf4gllrks

mrv $n. T mmrusiqo.

sar,"&r

r4rr

nobod), lild [.r nipp.d oI usadrhrn wktr

r ant or d.l ropinyd ol thcorisinofShahko, w. odc. ih.m in krmr of (heiolloeing eructor: 'my q (Ilrsiuwu: :) = (Muyi.s$,!:Masrnwu) (sn3h!o:Muyinswu) {y: Masauwu) =

H.e, wnheo chs. , 3nd,. b.inssiv.n2swctl

, lh. :nss.rtr.b\,vu5: Th. lun!,o; ro rtDJ.r rh. rn'.turc .t rh. mrh

wh.r. : r.d ), repasent lrbinary valu$ otu' spoDdiog rh. fur thrin $. No txn.m." variro ans thc sod M:sauwu, whil. app.r'ing Tius' lil. Ash-Boyand C; s.lh, .hc rick*.r T i:ih.r ihen assciai.d Nnh oorh( god, .s ;n'lon. !1ri I is i m.diroi. Sine hisned;ri,rgnndion o.cnpi.s sDtnro, orbei.g.bstr., ai i. vrnrnt thr.q *ill r.po.itio. hiltuay b.N.dr rEo polir rcms, h. 1! rain5i.riinsicrll/ a rclariv. vrlu.. I. vd i o.e, o{ rh* dmtny-u'ndt lnln idin sodhiis Mrarwt (alon.) k .l.pid.d 3r helpitrlro m.olind ihbisuols and .quirccrl chri,dci But th. Fn Ghoughnoi3shelptulr.h.ouldbe),.ndinv.Fion irn&$..69!Eis noi th.only 6nc.iv1bl! torm ol Iour,htrmtul ro 6an!n (thorsh not a h.rmirl as cdi.rion;:om. !,y.hl sed tu be.ntircly devo&d h. couldb.), His ol. ir rhus d.6n.d-ai lex$ imo ih. tas&oI.xh.0rins allrh. po$ibl.soldnhs rcle shich is rll? pobl.n ol bridsing ih. gip brs.n ,?o and ' pli.nly-in cobt.* with rdi{ p.sibl. bui !ot!p.ci6cd andshich ir rcpres.nr.d r.. ro nrf<, r comprnson b.Nr.n r +c ller by rh. valu.s:and ),. ln vesioi so, on rhe rlianB of fi. zuri rnogcna fryth provides us olhcr lrnd, Mltiigv( ii .ebdvely nore nrlplul *iin 1&ri6.l m.d;a;ns d.vic, .achol whichBtn, ihrn Masmw!, .nd in v.sion riree,SLalalo nore .r.6 dr. nur o!. bt 1 proc$ of opposnion and h.lptul ih"n Muyingvu. W. find an idrn.ic?lkdes Nhcnoderins ihe K.E$n vrriMBl n.$ith > di6o.i > fticl*.r > bn*tral b.inA > siblidgpair > frfi.d couple> > iou.iern srrn'lnoth..s!...lctild sonp > h.d It cusbrs! e.rrion, .hn dirldi. G .$ociftd enh r chans? lmh l spitill diB.nsion (m.dhiiotr hd.m Sly $d Erah) to 1 ftmponl dim.nsian (hdi{ion bNcr sumhc..nd*ink,thris, b.scn bidh .nd ddd). Bu! *hilc th. ,hitr n b.irg n"& troh sp3e io ti6., th. linrl $l ion (rhd) rci.tudncer sp.e, sin.. a diad consth ol2 di, (lo,h.iy2!*i: ,) n {L.r: Posh.iy ki) = (PoJhaiyrki: Tiamoni) = (),r PoshdFnli) Tfin blicrl famryor! n p"didltlJ, ine(csins, dnc. arth.opologiss ac ake.dy acq$ini.d wiih n on $b oth.r l4?k-6*t, in r.s3rd b rh. probl.n oI $. p..li4 ordd anDns h.ru, id second, io sllit d1i, wfter hs ellcd g?,.r,lh.d a.hang. in th. 6.ld oi Linship, 3y rNerizi.s n d$ an th. l.vcl ot nirhic.l rhoughr, *. tuy 6nd oud.lv.r in z b.n.r posiiion to rppni5. it! br!n iDpoa,n.c i!

r! No n'nciio.s, r r.d 1, .i th.s. ftins, n is re suh.d rhar r rchtios o{.qnivrl.ne .xi$ 6.e..n tso siE.tiotu denDe'l r.sp.crivel), bI3n inv4sion ol irr6 .nd reldrto,J,u.d.r No condni.ns: {r) drit on. ..ro b. r.ph.ed by iB opposn. 1i. dc rbov. rordrh , and , - r)i (:)ll)rt an inv.aion bd n,dr b.N..n dE fu'.rto' !,1u. zrd th. tern ,rtl. ot Mo .l.m.n6 (2bove, ), and ,). Tbn formul.licom.siishty rignidcadv6.nE recall th:i Fr.d ensid.ad rhn i@ tdrna: l2n!J nor on., .s it e @rhonly $id) r. neft$ary in ord{ b aen..ir. lh. idividurt myfi in which i n.nGE .orrn$, By tying ro .pply dr iormtrtato rh. drr,/sis of th.s. .ruhr' {rnd .$umi.s lhr rh.y.oq6pond o condnion:r,nd: r.sp.clivcty) w. ihould n6r only b. abl. ro provider nor. pG. cn. .rd sobus forbulnion of rh. s.n.ric Lw or th. Dyrh, bur sc Bould lind ouc.tvs; in rl,. -,"r dsn.d posnionoldd.lorinssidc b/ !d. rhe rhropological hd rlE Frycfiolqicat asp.c6 of rh. rhcory;qc misht,ho t*d n io th.tabonro,yand subjcctn.odp.nh.nbl v.ri6.2rion. Ar rhir poinr n f.ru unfonuo.t ihrt wirh rh. limit d m.ans 3i dE di$osl oa frenci anrhrcrologi.,l r.s.ar.h no iunh.r zdvan.. en hc n.d.. Ir " rhe H5k ot rnrlvziir 1 should b! .nphrD.d 'hr butr,, I nl'holosisl ln(;tur, whrch is *r.ndy I ind or br.runs i' down 'nio rs rcnn,rutnr uniE, j r.quir6r..mworland'.chnielh.tp.Ay.ritrnroi

I av.ns.leosd r.'rnirc..v.ral hu'dredcadsbb. pmrny ritF.d, To dnoq I sun bl.Fs.rnof I r .ow. dnd mluhm ao. thos crrdi, spcirt drvner ' ri. ncd.d, co.sGrinsoI vcd.al boardi ,boui six tcd lons ..d four and a half i..r iich, *h.r. cards can b. pis.on.holed.nd nond ir $.i[.Ifl orJe b

8'

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!r A. r'nd oI I mr& !h,n rh. end. TlEy rE .qurltrw.tl md.. \ d..Gt di{.r( vFu-nrn.li ble n prh.{ *.ud rr!!.irc6$,hno. _ lbu,Rti, qur d,ftMr tbn 36e rn lh. sm. I r*'v R Mt b. ub ryrh.rft!tulo.idl I-I994.::!5r+g-*!Ef !!l!!gltq!I9!4 r*ql.rjiyf .h.,4cfltlurrpilBt bnr h rh. N. or.nk in nrt,| a in ri.E, rnd rhr . . plldg tuE ol k rhreg *'yi ilE!d!!d rhm Etl dnhrJmyth.Gn6i iry.qutt wli rhcie m $rem. *nh h ,to.hn bsn F pFh't prcv.mr ti.., nd in .n .lt.!.d prcs6 ot mr! |h. fr.ld or rfthnoloxr: vll{ @16 . rkl * sF-'n ;rd. bd in rh. dnffd oaw .H b et dr n rior o. ,@n.u n nd lhl 6. tur d. ir b.ir.r n.r rprlr ir undss.d.nd und$8iiS psrB

Roland Barthes
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