MikhailM.

Bakhtin
t8 9 t-r9 7 t

*4 At.r

Dnata. inrh. Nord re7r, re84)i [V.N. V'ldsinovl, Madistu ar.l th. PhilcoPh, ol Lrnguas. (re1e, rero, triis. !9?r); [V N. Volosinovl, Fr.dt rir,,:,4 Mmxtu Criti4t4 Methodin LiEturJ S.holor' Ge17,rans. r976)i {!. N. McAwdd),'rh.Inndl tbip l\glEt tAns. re78li Th. Di.losi. lnrgi'.tits \6say' vtittc. in thc r 9ros, tans. re3r). S!K.r.nna Clark.nd Mich.lHolquht, M,tra il Bakhtin(t934).

665

DISCOURSE TIIE IN NOVEL

MoDERN STYlrsrrcs AND rlrE No\,'EL
Tlr. orcn. s.,ic oa qu.lrions pokd 6y a siyliliic ofihc novrl rcv..ls, ,uU/ rnd cl.rry, th". all rhe ore irional lqlnri6 r.main Bori.s and m.rhodr ofk incrp$I. oI d.alins .S.ctively wkh ti. arliiic u.iquends of di*o!6e in th. nov.l, or wnh drr tp.cj6.lit th.rdisolG.l.adsinth?novcl. Pdri. individulliry oI l,nstrrs.. imrs.. , l.nsu:s.,' , trmbol, '.picaryle"rndo .r sen. l cr,.gori.s I sorl.d ourrnd ippl,.d by$ylirris,rr w.ll:r 'h. stylisiic devic* subsun.d J .ntir. set of snd.& I by ttd. stsoiio (no m{t. how dilLrtndy un' deiirmd by individnalcfticr, !rc .ll.,rMlly ori| .n!.di6wt<lin. sinsl.-hnsuc.d!n,i rinsl.{tyl.d g.ncn rossr'l th. podic Fnr.s in ih. nrro* ssns ot th. md. TlE onn.ction wnh tfi; d.luiiv. ori.nEtion *pl.inr Lumb.r ot in. padi.ul.. LatuEs d limiGrionsoi tiirionrl srylktic..i.Eo. ri.s. Ail rl.s c,r.gorid, .rd $c v.ry pbildophic,l oaeprion oI peric dismuc. in which lh?y r. and ensrolndd, k bo mrrcw.nd.nmp.d, .or .comnod.G rh. distic prosr of .ov.bti. . l ^ I I I JI rl L Ttur .ryli.ii.s rnd !h. pfiilosoFnt oI dihurF ind..d onnon! 1 dil.nmr: .irh.. n .cknowl.dsc rh. nod (and ons.qud'ly rll rni'ft pro,c 'ddins in rn un:ninicor qurii-.rirric 'hrdn.crionl idofuid.r or to Fdictlr !t @nepnon oI s.nr, po.ric di*ouEe in whi.h r:dnionrl $y'nriG h Bround.drnd shi.h d.Rmin.! rllft e'.3ori6. 16r Th. Didotk bn|kdior, .di..n hr Mi.ba Hor q!kt, trrBl*'l br Gryl ErcFn an b/ p.nisiotr o, ih. Uriv.rity o, T.x6 Pds, .dpy-

AbNc Jll, arlh'r d Lhsri( ot g.n,e.padiotrrly o{ . nnvet, h.{orv rhr 'r Id n:tJrc or wFnh (rh..tuo Jr. oae for h,m) h. defriocr in. ., * *y, .";. F$EnB rhr ndel wnh.,hc pom, .mphaiiTirc th. ..f,c.dom {or rhc r;tr of qs or dhe6 b rkrl n tpotyphony) agrjnq,hc nonoroccrl I pGm. h .$rys 'h.nrlvct.in o,he! rhM ,h. on. h.rc. h. !.s in rikrary hisroryrhe I hNcria.iM_ Brr;D,l of th. pom. Th. nor.t rnd n\ (nd.nq, rN,rd potypto-"y.na I dkrosEl rprr.y(.llcne ih Do{6yey.kr) [. riats bkk inro , ..car l$. nrvrr\ric of rh. wodd rhd krds ,n l,coture rhroush iB toytut Et,. I nrrry" .s.nq $d -vnrliry" remph^i, 6n,re ha.rcghk irvmrion snd nukiptc I sry|4 m I {nsle wo*. Itc.no\.tinic (,nd c.miv,tisic) runs in is cartyfonns I du togF rhrcu8hrh. !o{r t'cd Mrrippd n ,rn . h, n;rion ol t rom sc)or*k truth r rh,r ot $m.rhing bom bcMrn pcoph rarh.rrhan po$*rd rnd rhrn . , \ pE . s cd y rn,u r\or, Su c h nu dr . p, oduc ro( di6c ( c n( er b r r r t o u g h& k h r i n d^a nor us. Lhirrtutur.h{ ,en. rhsrrE cu,,urutand hnrdi it .," i,,t wryr I di,lo 8ia la,l/s,n,h . io\ d. Tf icr ur hori\ r hnc bt r , . , r "t. ( r t s o i i \p of Rl. non ro rh . chr'r,kr, ( \ r , or r r uA 8J t \ , in m J t . r hh. on( . p r o f r h . n o \ . t _ isticspread .v.ntulllv or{ alt tir.hry d. ' htu lry,,Br lhrin\ hi)ronel t i.q mpl.suh rhc indreiddal rtwlys mutriptc, A covhe.l by shr( hc calt) -hd.rogto*,r'.: r Lho\r(ondirion,rharimpingi in rnt.nommr on a hunrn dmr. r6(ring h.rnjnB. Thes.6ndirions \onrribur. io rh. tde. rharrrurhcod.s io N only diitosiath. T1. nJ or wo't,of B.$rin in En8rish k.;stad;n ar R,reldiadndHi,wottd { rc6J.lEns.ro 68 ):P'o bl p' r oI Doaor @t Lr \ p^an! t Nz ei r * . r 9 6 r ; r r J n ) .

! by no m.,nt u.iv.r Thi! dil.Dm16d4?r, s.lly !.6g.i2.n. Mon ichoL6... nor ibcli..d to und.na[. a .dicrl r.vi5ion of rh. tdnd:n.nhl pfiilobphiel conc.ptionof po.ri. di*ouE., Mtt do Dot d.n se or rdgnie rh. philosopni..l root ot ir. stylir.ic (,nd linsuisdct i. drich !b.t wr4 and shy.wry &oo inylundrd?n.el phildopl,ial Gsu6. Th.y uf,crly lail ro se hthind their nolat.d G,sm.nt.d styhtic obrfttio's .nd linsli*ic 'nd probl.ss pokd by d.eoipriom :ny thor..iel principhdnov.lislic d!cour.. OtIEB-moc m*c a a!. {or on.ndt individutism in th.ir gu.g. rd $y1.. Fi6. znd toi!und.Brudi'soIl no* !h.y sEk ir rh: stylktic ph.none.on r dnd and rnm.dbt d dpc$ion ol zuihorial individu:liiy, ind suchan uodcdhndins of th. tobhm n l.ai lik.ly of .ll !o hcounS. . reon.id..2tion of 6.:ic srykiic.Lgone in th. p'dr.r djrdion, Ho*d.r, rh.c G,notherblution 6Iotr.dildnm' rhlt do.s trl. b.ri..o.c.pb inb zeounr: on. .ad onty .onsid.. oft-n.gl.d.d rh.toric. *hicn aor c.nuri6 h4 includ.d rni*i. p'oe i, iti pudi.* Ono w. $.v. rabr.d rlEloric o dl itr ..ci.nt !isi6, E mr/ .dlEr. ro th. old @'c.pi oI podi. dir@!s., r.lcsri4 to thaoric.l aomC'A!'y_ rhinB i. novdnn. pro& rll{ dod not 6t lhc Pro_ .ru*..n t d of tudniond $yli5ii. ..!.sori.t' Gusiv tbp.t' in lit rim., popd.d $cll I solu.nd tion to ir dil.mm:, r'ith .lt duc risordrn.* rcnriri..cy, Hc rftnr .xclud.d lotnc prok .nd tu t..lm a3liznion-ih. nd.l-lrom ils uliiF,t

mtdns 'Su.l r $ludor b thi pbbl.n m3 4Firly to .'lhddu 01th. ,oo|l rdl|'l in podi* i. r:d, rL. ot Ihdoric J i6 ndq erly r<,blid,lnr 'nh d.n. n I rEMh.6 F.mrLi Fri'ioo. Flm:lii 'h. b !";"h' r;,ry.ddhs" wE blins o@Gdy onrnrcnt *'!{ dt.y .p.1. of ih. pe'i6 (oi .nit A qi'iis Adoft,lorsid. '.q5i9 ka.M. t$.n[itn, Liddrr|Litdrtnr|r..ninsd, Jcsnv thF ('r7e-rtr7)i prot Mr, UtriEsiq d

u*".' i{&Gi ru*.^orvr.

of pdrrv and .sis&d n b thc.{.go'r ot pli.lt Th.rE' H.r.itwl'4Shpdszys:bodth.novcl, ognnion thd conr.mpor.rt lormi oi mo..l pop..or :pnnE kon Po.tj. d. ,o,./-do *J..L-i..., .r.,ti,,ry brt r. Put.ly lh.tori.al .onposnioni, n 2n rdmi$ion, .nd r conc.Fion, th,t ippa'.ndy ..nrc! rrk? *nhout immdil.ly conlionring i lornid.bl. obs:cl. in rfi. Iorn o, 6. univ.6.l itcr nov.l do.r $1 .erition, d.spn. .y.rydi.& h:E . erbin .c{h@. vul!., " Shp.r uft y ddi6 thc novd :n/ a.$h.ric si3rhbric'l nif..n.., lh..ov.l is :n.x(a...itri. g.nE, th. co.tcmpoa'y fo.n of mori propa_ grd.'; ltirticdir@uc. is.x.lusiv.t/ po.ri. dit cou*. (i' rbc !..s. w. ll.v. iadid?d.bov.). Vilbr Vinqhdovr .doptd .n ralogous poin. ol vi.w in hn bsk O/ ,4/nrt lo.r, .signing thc roblcn ol ann . pror. o rhdo'i., \(7hil.18i.. ins wirh shp.tr b.ric philGophisl d.fnitions ol $. "p@ric ' ind t[. 1h.bidl," VinosFdov M., b. ren' ho*r.r, not so p,rado*iolly cani{c.i sid.'.d rn. novcl . syrcrctic, mixed iarh { a h/brid iodltion")rnd adnikd $ai it @nrin.d, .lons .l?m.n*, son. purcly pciic o.d' snh ii.loridl Thc point of vi.q ttd comphdt dcludct nov_ from rh. por., :s . rhdoridl lonrtioa, diic poi.i of vi.{ $.t k bsislly r.alm ol po.ry-r n.v.dhcl.$ h.v. r c.nlir indispuEbl. fils.-dG in n.rn. lh.ic asid.s in n .n dinowl.dgn.nr principl. .rd in rub*.rc oI ih? in.d.q!.cy oi ,ll onrcspor{y !iyli3ti6, .lons wiih i$ philosoPhi' crt .nd linsundc b$.' wh.. n rcmes ta d.6nitg rn. rp.ci6c diijnctiv. latur.s ol nd.liltic pros. And rnn i! mor, rh. Ery r.lirnc. on rhcto.i.al ifianc?, One .hc_ tomr hrs r Sr..i n.u ritti. sien I tori.al dk.our* is brouchr inb ii. study sidl ,u jr livirs div.Biq, it a.noi Lil to hav. a d.eplf rcvol ianinn8 innu.nc. oD li.guirii6 dd of, rh. phitcopfi, of Irngu,Br. Ii n pRci*!, dros. p..t of dr dnouGc (ihc incmrllt didqic qu.li9 ol .o it), oor y.r diwu6., .trd th. rh.noo.n. 'GI.td i!6cnndy r.!.n i'to r.@unt .'d l:rhom.d in.ll Fqs-ab lBn'it.r&n tu.. 'o@aztty '4t' h6l rh. Ina.l r?'rrl! , m( ^4tr.dt *Fd h .onrl.< 'tr n h ol t h. w ottt lv ftn^a jdjaf@ 'h. turl tM., I eL7| ro lotm ltab, ?. 'vtu'driajd jvirbr vina,!o' 't.lti.) ('3rr-re6el I iv v vinornddn or r"iJ'n PDr I irro, !r, 7J - ror, IAu.l rrc?], Moi.d-Idiisod,

Di\..tr.

n th. Nor.l

667

w'di rhct cft in lh.lil ol llnrhr .normous su,B.,rhr ft r.vel.d wnh scat.{.rn.l pKilion in ihdai.d loms,poid.d. ordl and!n' i3 Sucn pr.jud'ccd .pporh b tho,.lornsir uscd. $. s.n.r,l m.thodoloerel ..d hcurnric ti8nifi_ onc. ol rh.o'iol lormsfor linsuidisandior .
1l..hl rsn'fi.rn(. al fidonsl fo'ds far

in..t ol m.rnins btrt !h.t brric.ono'r.orirs .|1n t.ii. .onrcni it o'dnioncd bv unch,nBd, d6ini.s ol E!rct.1n A? tp..ifc siohiroric.l l,nsursB and br rh? d*tina ol dcolos'crl dF .ou'k,.nd by rhd. Prdi.ullr hn'ori(al F3r3'h:' id.oloiol diKolrs irs ful6ll.d in 3p.cinc5.id sph.r;.'d .t trecihc n.s.s in i$ o,n hi,ioriel dis.ou*cconditioncd Th.eorls.ndd.nin'6of sr..i6c krbtl_idoloBiel mormdb, d wclr .s vrnous rp..,6. 3!nrcsol id.ologi.rldi*our. rnd ulhmt.ly fi. rp..i6c ph'loiophic,l<onc.proI dn_ coure is.lt-in panicuhr, d. on..Pt 6l po.tic diEourk. vnich hd b..n.r th. n..n ar ill con_ Thc it.srh rnd ar thc i.nr rinc rhc limii.iions b.comc llpt nt o, rkh h*ic lryli$ic.lksdd ac $.n ts ftndition.d b/ *h.n such dtsoriB ip.ci6c nidorial d.liniB !tu| by ttu irsk th{ Ther o!.goti6 ri id.oloddl dicou'* s3!M. no. {ori od *c :haFd bt ,hc inbne Y ,l_ ilrli foca .t sork in $c Er5.l-jd.olosicd .6lu' don of sp*iic rGhl grcuF; tlt.y codtri*d ih. th@rctiol .xprdsion of rctu.lizins t6.(6 $:r

rina wnhii t hderoslot mnonll Lngu.8. !h. 6an, nabl. liisrisi. nuckusoi:n o6.i,llv EcoS_ nizcd lncnry larstrrs., or .l* drfcndin8-rn .lrcldy (orm.d lin8ua8. fiom d.Prcsur.or grow_ in8hcr.oglo*r, vh* ft h:v. in ftind b.r. is not.n .bek d

/ li I I ; I I I I : .oun. n podic dnou.s, bur on. $* des ,ot fit rrhin rl,.lrrm. provid.dbr lh. on.ept oI po.nc du.os( r tr nos .ri$. Thii (onapi ht aiuin undcnrins pEuppoliiions $.r ljmn n, Th. v.rt conctpi-in th?cou*.othsnimoic,l lonnulrtio. dat-h.s b.en oritom Afttodc fic ptcni 'o rp.cifi. "ot6cirl" sencs md on. . .nt.d .o*.rd n.ctd sitn sp.cifc hbbnc.l.cnd.n.i.s ir v.dal id.olosici tif. Tt* . rhol. !.ri.! of ph.nom.n. ..m.in.d b.yond its onc.po.l horian, Philosophro( l.nsuis., linsuistiG.nd nylisdc li.c, luch d rh.r fiav. con ddn b ut h,E.ll po$ulatcd a ,inpl. ,nd nnm?din d r.l.tion oI sp.ak.r o hL unitry and singul4 "oM" li!_ slasc, .nd l:E po*ulftd * wll a simplc rczlizrrion of this hhgu.sc jfl rh. morolog,. ndqrha of th. indiviaul Sucn di.iplind rct!:lly know only Nopol.sin r.IiL o{ l.rsu4c, b.N.en *hi.h.r. loorld all th. Iinguistic .nd ,tyri$ic phdoft.n. th.y Lnow: on tfi? on. h.nd, ih. sytun d r nibry 1nd on rh o$.r rl'. ,, ditidttl tp.aLiw l"'rs,s., va'io* scndh of lhoustt in .h. ptilosphy of hnsu:s6 in tinsli'ic {d in iryli5nd ll.E, in dil t rc.r p.riod: (and ,tayl in cld .oDnection vith lh. dirs. rcncatc pctic td idmlqicd sql.s onepa oa . ern .pch), intmduftd imo '!.h is tyn.m oI lms!.cc," nomlosi. ut r.tc.," 'th. !p..kin8 nrliad,,,," ErioB diif.rins .F

.fil.onra;on

wnh rh. Dt@!*

s. ArirbRlirn 4ti6, d. !cti6 d on. LnF.8. po.ri6 ol ih. h.did.l chud, o{ \h. ^Wuinnq pen6 oI rdcl$iciti\ of r h." rn. C.cno o{ Gbniz rh. rbrnd eEmmaii..l miEslno (rn. i&. ol, :!niv.61l gamna."), Humbotdtt in_ *r. in tht pGds of oatins a lift lor lil8uz8.. th.ir dEe, {h.d.r rn,.nc. on th. mrad-2ll J Ine. l!t@s & thclotat thdt sddo nit' and b $. id. in nunc.l si!. .xpction di6.*rer ) @inti.. the ufta!-d@lasial @id. l .nd id@losic, {oiet in scio'li$nbri. corip.r.l lii.! th.y *n. o.. :nd rh. trm. Prcj.c. ot an' r:l'zinR,od un,ltinsrhc Europ.rn l:nsn.36 Th. lin8ds.is vi.ror/ ol onc hsnine l!n3!:s. (drld)oEr th? ah.4n . A 6;Brf6* 'inrq o'h.r, rh. iupplrtin8 ol ltrs!:8.!' !h.ir.nJ.F ;br Km.rhins t",'ibur tsrr,,Eh.r(ncc sn?n pto6! ol illum'n:tns rh.m with rh. i posir.d Iadd,l- rnd.t .v.rt hom.n 6fi6 linsuis_ not, A. :nd tru. Vo.d. rh. in@rp.onon ol barb.ri. t:Itri6 ol hd.roslo$ir. ;i. hL i; ir oppord to lowr *ial *rara i.b. lnnrry lan8ugc of dttut mrl.s is r..l pr6.n@t lr th. en. tih. n'h. Bor.r of id@loEial svrml' ind nu.h, rh. a.oiarion .r a forc. Ior ov.roning thii 6.t roglo$il impoe philolosy with ns nethodr of tudying.nd t..i'in8 n, ins!p.(i6cl'miEro gu.mnRinsr..(:,n mLF dod !.nsn.sB, langurBd rh.t Ee by th't Ert dum of muru:ldd.6undins:ndcrvii,ln,ns 'n6 rn linsuniic wilh iB f.cr "unni6." hdo-Erot c.l. .hhonsh $iU nhiv., rniry-rli unirv ol Gon l.rE!1g. plF 'th. rcisni.gconv4, ioni (.v.qd,v) .!d liEr.rv Iocusoi an.ntion, dned.s,y tlir d4ts nliq, to . 3ingl. protel'nsu.sr (hnguzs. lrneurg., dtr mi'd rn. contenr and po$dofth. e&gory or"!f,i' unnrryLngu:8.* i rln.m of lin A common l:ngu:g. in linguBnclnd tylBic rho!8ht. sunti.norms,lutth6.nomsdonotconsntur.an ul' rnd dddmin.d rr cr "qttvl.*hrpi4or.inrh. rl'eyet ra6.r lhc s.t{:rjY. rb$r.c. jmpcr.dv.; n2joriry ol th. po.tic g.nrd rhd @l6c.d in th. ldrd of l;ns*.ic liL, rores lhet nrusdl. b ov.F ch2nnd lomcd by those enc ccnriP@l {orc of cotu rh. hcF6glo$i.' of lansu8., Io(.s rh:t

nniGendanEaliE rc.bn iddlosiol rhbuslit' ('Hdruslbu|$oI@ndbN!dI!<qFlgBofi'rcF *. hiiiins iodi, tld drd rn inda(m'l

ol &

But ih. c.ntip.tsl IorG ot ih. lit ot ln8!.sc i,'. dbodi.d in ! utibry h4!.s.," opcr.t 'n nid$ ol lEEioEIo$i., At tnY FY {ol ion,Lnsu.e. isdBtik nd onlyinb Iinlit

568

M!s^rL M. B^rHrrN
id.ologi.d liL, th! iovd-ard iho* r(isik-pros gcnrcrrh*scvnzr. romd n-ws b.ing histori' crlly rhap.d !r ric.urcnr oid.Rnralizing, c.n. ki{ugal fo.ccs. Arth.iimeRhcrl.drywar !cco.} plnhingtlt &sk ofcuhunl, Mlio.aland poliric.l centrizlion ol rh.y&balideologlcilwodd in lht hishs 06.irl socio.id.olosiel kv.ls, on lh. lotrr levdx,onrh.*,csollo.il&nsrndarbu(oonrp.c' hcld, thr hdsoglo$i.6fih. clown soundrd lonh, ridiculiigtl bng!'8.J' ,nd di:l.ctsi thr. d.v.l. opcdth.litcBtordo{th. /r'rria,r 'nakhuanh.ot wl*. rhi. $d.t srngs, folk!ryingsi anecdarc., w* noLnsMs.'enGr3t.ll,wh.i. dd.w$roL. ionnd r lively pl.y wirh d'. 'lansu,geC oI pcs, schol2f, no.k, Lnisnt !.d orned, wn.r. all 'languasB werc ,nlks and whele no la!s!as. coull claim to bs.n iuth$nc, inonE$bl. L... H.t.oslossi3, is oerni-d in rh.* low s.nr.s, wi. m.r.lr hd.roslcsia vk'i'vn rtu..c.r!.d 'or l,rrHn LnSrrB. {in rl, nr rrriou, s.n.ii. .xp,6. ronf. n, vn i vh,he lingur{L..nkr oI rh. 'lr r.'bJr'dmloei.i I'G o{ nlon rnd,h..poch. 'r. bu, qn r h.(roglo*ir 6trnrdJyoppo{d rothn lit r.ry hnsua.. It wr prrc,lic, .n,l 2im.<l snt.plf lnC pol.'ni.auy asainn n,. o6.isl Lnsuagd of its siv.n dm. k war h.tro8lo$i! rhd n,d be. <lialosiz.d. li.guirrics, sqlG cs rnd lh. philo$phy of h.Eul:s. $rt wer. bor. rnd $,p.d by th. curcni ol lc.h ta lizin scn d .n ci6i nrb.l i Lol l hsu.s.hrv. lignoEd titr dnloeiad h.t.roglo$i:. itr which i! rtfuitusxl loras in r life of hnl.mbodi.d 'h. rculd nrl.nop'olsd:sc, Forrhir L.ry r.,son 'h.y lvinon for rh. d'rlosr nrtoE ol hnsuus.. {hich 'w.l 1 trruggt! honB r*joljnglistic poi.B ot indiI vi.q noi,n indr lrgdi8c rdsgj.6.tsfr. vidurl will! ar logicrl mn@didioB. MoEov.r, .vd intdl.ngu.sd dialos!. (dr.mltic,.hdo.icil, @enitiv. or mddy esual) fi1shardlyb@ lbdied lidsdtislly o! *ylisiiqlly up b rh. p..s.,r dar on. mishr .v.n say ourishr ihrt th. dialoBic as p.cialdi$or6. ind,ll tltr ph..om.da ftnn.ckd wnh n havc rm.in.d to thc prc*nr Fon.lt bcyond thc k.. otlinsui*i6.Siylniic h$ b.en litNi.. complekly d..f b dialogue. A lncrry M.t h:s ber onc.iv.d by $ylilii6 2r iI n wer.2 h-hcri.3rd selr-su6ci.nt wholq on. who* .kmcnts conslitu.. r cl$.d syn.m pEn,nins noding b.tond rLemslves,no o,her trnen.c.s. TI. sy*.m comprningan :tut ic sdrk sas rhoushl to ticandogourwi.h th*y!

D6..nB.

t^ th. N"EI

66t

icdiil.ds in th.nri.r s.ns.ol iiN word (...ord,ns b f.rFal linguniic nrrlats, *pecirllr pl$n{].), tut rlio-rnd (or !s .his is rhe.$.nial p.inr!ocio ideologr.rl:lxngu,gs inbl..gu,g.srh{xi. o{rdit groups,"prol6sionr" lnJ gcncrn Ln' gu.g6tl,ngxxg.sotg.D{ationsrndsofoth-f.om ihi!poinrolyicw,liEErrllnB!rgciticlfironlfo.c .I th.s. !.teoslot Lnsu?Eer-antl in ns tun is als sdiifr.d into hnsuagd (B.n.ric, pdiod' hlurnl lnd oihcc), A"d thn sm.ificrrion lndl'.. .'osl6$ia, oncc rel;.d, il ior onlr l ndic invar hniofljtdktic lif., bur:lso *h! inlurrs its dynrmic: $r1ti6&don md hckroslo$ia 1vid.nrid dep.n .s long rs hnenagcis rliv. od dev.lopins. Alonssid. thc cd,tip.bl loras, ih. cendlrsal fores ol llnsuas. c,ry on th.n u.int rflpkd worh; .lonsnd. !.rbrl !.dlocic,l cenrtrliz,tior .rd unifedon, rh. uoinBnpt.d pioce$er ord. ertr.lirdon.nd disunifeaon so ioNrdLvcry 6nodc un.Ene uI r !p<.|'np \ubi.!r /re brgtdr Ilrrrcc-r, oI !npd+b+!: '9:b.ir. ffirli,Jrion ,n'l d.enn,ltrfion. of uni6erion and dGuincadon, ini.a..t in $. ut rana; thc u! ta.a nor 6nly 3rsw.d ifi. requiEm.nts ol its owrlenslrs.rs $individualiz.d.mbo'lincntoa! 3p..cn xq bu! it rnsw.s rhc Fqunemsns of hc. .roslosir 3s w.ll; it is in f2* rn activ. paiticiplri in su.i spe.chdiv.isi+ A.d thG ttiv. pani.ipado. of.v.ry utt.Gnc? in livi.s h.t .ogl6$i. dt?mir6 rhclingui{ic pmfile ?nd styl. of in. uft.r *.ne b no ks 3 d.crc. ihrn ic inclusionin .ny normlivH.nt,li,i.g sy$.m oI r u.iiary h.8urg.. Ev.ry un.r.ne D.ni.ioa6 i l. unn1ryI'n.

. sociil gloup, , goa, 2 (h6l ,nd $ fonh. !t k po*ibl. ro siv. : .onc..t. 3nd d?ttLd .tu1y. 3n of ..y uft.ranc., ooc. havins crpoi?d it ,s a onFrdiction{idden, t.nrion-6ll.d rniry oI so .mbltl.d t.nd..cns in th.litc or Lns!rs!. .., ihc T$c atrthcnic .nvnonn.n! ol u !n.. ..vionn.nrir whi.h n livesi.d talcs shape, isdirlogizedhctmglo$ir, inonyrous a.d socialashngu,g., b ut sir Dha..oudy .o.d.ie, 6lldd$ ra.. ci6ccont .r.nd3.c..r.dar an indi'id!,1 ud.r.n!r. At rh. timc eh.n n?jo' divnioii oi rhc po{ic g.nr6 w.r. d.v.lopirg und{ !h. influ.ncc ol rh. unifyine, c.nnrlizirs, entip*,I fores df vdbal'

ior h'surse r.d dkoua. rtut on. ecR in tty!iz.t h ot1hngu.s., r sy$.,n thrt muld f,ot !,i'l in r dhlogic ini.rclrtionship *rh od.r hi8nrs.r. tioni in ir?,'in parodi.s.ndin vrrious formr oI Fro6 rh. point ol vi.w oi sryli$ic, tb. ,flirric ve.brl nrsqu.nd., "nor bllin8 nniglq' .nd in woi< 1s, sfid.-*hro.rrh.tBholc 6ishrL.rhc 60r. omolct antic lorm tor th? orsrniz.. lion oi contradictio.,foms tht o.chc$!i. th.n is. slf'sulfci..t lnd cloRd ?udori.lmorolosue, gu.8.s-in il chfid.tdic on? rh.r pr.s!m6 orly pr$iv.lGcn.s beyondj!! !h.n.sbtD.usoil oqn banndJi6. shoul'i w. imrBin. rhdworl.s2 3nd prolouDdnod.L oI bov.liiic pror., ifl Cimr.joindu in a Biv.. dirlosu., Bhos.s9l.is dear ftlsh.usn, c:n.ni.r, Rab.l.ir, ri.ldin3, StFl nin.d hy its inre(cl.lion.hir wnh orl'cr rjo indd6 l.i, St.h. , nd orb.4. rrh.$md',l .gdr,i n'h.roFl ',voi rh..onK uI Th. probl .mof s ry l N ,6 l o. thc .ov rl n.v i rrbl y dG\ nor od* in l- l.dd o nft.s'tr ol .ns:s'ns : *nA ol lxnd: nun)-rh<n u)drionrl\qlNn, 'h. r dul os v .d /mrn' i l qu.{ ' on!.on..mi n3.h.p\' l v oph)ol d^ ,J.qri . m.).,l .r,pp'onhi fs.uch c D rn.!' .d } rh rhor nFd3 n !ry... l h. l hi i p-r:rd.{c'nrl l '/ no{ fr,' r.J l J rc r6.i ' tu6rc n! po- lJ ih.liL ol di*o!s. rhd hrvr h.d no lidi an on n,nit {rions ol .hn $ylisric .d.sory-rh. p,bnic, tI. nonic-rr. usuallyll in.nbylinsukiica.dstlLrjctronshi-rh:rG,w. lcmiel,tyl., 'h. ch$'6.d rh.i oi ,.rl :nd no,I pc i . phmom- l mui drl w i rhrh.l ' f..ndb.[:v ' oroId.\our(i n ^ enr. srylno.r lalr.*ry *yhn,c phmommon mh ( idrridco-yrndmuhihnsuB.dsond. F morolosi. conr*r ot a siv.n s.lasudici.nr rnd h.rm.ricm.rrnc.,imprhoningit, 6 nre.e, in tte dogsn of i singl. conGxri n is not abl. ro .xDrscouRsE IoETRYANDDlscouRsE rN ch..g. ncs4ca wirh othd ur.r eq it is r.IN TIJE NOI.E! abl. or..lir. iB oqn srylird. i'nplicrnoff in, 'or lliofthil *ith rh.E; ir i. oblig.d @.xhaui itklf ,n i6 oM 3i63l.krm.tic ontext. Lingundca, sryli*is and th. plilo5ophy .f lanlorc.r h .n. s c. of thc sR:r ..ns!!s!-ar klizin8 r.nd.ndi6 ol [urop..n v.rh:l idslogicll Iifc-h,v. lousfit 66rand iortmo* ior,,ttin div.diry. Thir.xclmiv. "ori?nrlio! row..d uniry" in rh. pr.s'r dd p& Iile oi l,nsu"s6 h:r mnc.nt.rd rhr lscntion ol philo:ophicd:nd linsukric mo* *11.. 1..* .ning.' thouSlr o' rlE fin.i, l. rid no$ dono-khic.rpecs of dncourozr. fu. or rl. tro*rr arp.c. 6dt olll-rhr tn6! i.mov.d aron dE chrnsin8 socio{.n,.nric t G tu., ih... ph.ram.nl rpl{.r o, dhoue. R.:l idcolosic.lly enr3r.d .hngms. conscionr.$, on. rhlt p,diopares in hrvc hgun ro .lrrfl rhc rft.ntion of iholets in Lrsuas. md sry'nn.s, but.h.ir fuJ,m.nEI r.d .cbll ndcoglosi, r.d mtrki.l.nsus.dn6s, has ftn.in.d ousidc ns fi.ld of vision- h ir pc.iFly l*id.{ sinsiisnifeneinall3ph.Eeorrh.lilcor lbis ornnhtior toward trniry th* ht compdlcd (dkod6. k $ill ia.lrom acl.od.ds.d. olh.r Ti. drlosic on.ntrtion o{r {o,J:mod sclDllr b isnor. tllti. v.rL,lB.nr.s (qDoiidir., (ar.e_ .r r[do.icrl, a{isric-phi) th.t wde th..:di.6 I wordr t r lll !!!!1rnd d.R .! 916!t.!:i6r I nN rnd iznifisd rnBh. Dormtirl m dncouE.. $c d.c.nrnlizinB tlnd.ncid jn lhe litc orhngurs., orrh* wca in my e* roo tundlhcnElly i6plic.rd in h.rroBlo$ta, Thc .rprc$ion o( ih; hd.ro. !Jr4! | i.chniqu. of n.mdon ihin'jryh. .s $dl $ polygjoi consciou5n6s in ft. tP&ific !p..d ot . lomr .id ph.nonirln. oa v.rbll lif. r.nai..d u. 'rji3,iii6 diowhdslr orly r n. i.nt wnhonr d.!cm i#nvc i nI uencc on linstr niicj infuo.ins:nd inrmixiig ot l3isur96. (rh{ k, om d dd.nf.d b, &qi:| .oidnion, ihl L h6i9io$ Tll.*lorc pBp.r d.odical tccosniion md vlli.i i! kom.d ir absEd li!@i!'j. drh.iii lph} e od nol'b.ro3rr). lAu.l illuminriion could nor be lou.d for !h.sp.ci6. L.l

67 0

[1 r ( r ^r LM . 8r ! r r N d*c,".-p!.rr!.

D!.o,tvhth?Nowl

5jt

{.io idolosi.:l conlcjoohcsrrcunn rh. siv.n \ohjcd oI.n ln.rrtrfti irnnor taitro l,.e;. an i. w.will rocusolr*cnrionh((onvrriousionnr lr'ivc r'!nicir..t iI r6irl dialq!c. Aft.r.tt, th. ordi,bsnori.nr{io' in dikou6e,aod Jl.nd dcsrcd /rtnna dnct our oI thi di,lqu. * r 6nri.ua, rlg rpmil p.k nl ror 1JEnn4vc pror.-Jrr .non or ir d.s r rcjoind.. it-n dcs not,p io 'h. . A! (.i'.'l by r:dnion:l sr]lB'c rhnush"'h. nhr(h rh. o5,.( lrom rh. trd.hnd, \sord r(knowl.dsaonlyits.lf(rhnIronl} rs own { Jo,rdr), io ownobr.d,itr e{n dn.ct.rprtsion h J .nd i's owr unn.ry.nd sins!|4 lMstr3s.. (, I knowl.dscrno$ft*ord,on.lrinsoucid.i6own otlir;ii. I conr.xr,only.rth.n?uFal*cdollansuasc.rsnrt wodofnoo,?in p{ricul.., .s 5ihplyrh.rotm&l II I I lo. ip4ch. Th. dtei yd4 ,r raditionrliylistict I I undssrn&ir 3.cou(as in isod.nr:riotrroward \l 'h. o[j.( onlytlr. iBnDna olth.ohj.dnFtl(lh. rlimposi[iliry ofi6 btins.xhrn*.d b . *ud, rh. I 'nposibiliiy ot $/in8 ii all),bu it d*s hor ..l.ounkr i. n,prh bwrd rh. obi.ctrn.lund,b.nol:norhd! rod. lhl{d richlyvrftd orpositior \No unchind.s'hiswo.d,noon..rru6 *nh it. / Burno I'vinswod rclaB to i$ ohi.d in 1 sr-

f {hdj*4i:!I"!-d 1r ric.ov.L
| _

le!/,r R,)r bcs..n rh. word :nd iis obi6t, be, lr*..n 'h. word ,nd rnc sp.r!n's ,ubicct, rh.rc l.xnt :n .l.nic ..vnonhhr oi orhcr,rlrn words rh.mc, rnd rit ir Fbof th. em. objd, lh.sb. l,n.nenonm?nrIhrt n ir olt r di6.DlttoFn.kk_ lk n pretu.ly iD rlc proc.s oi liying int r.ciion lwnh rhis sp..i6covironm.n.het $. rcrd h,r tc llndividu:lizcdand sivo $yliri. shzp. a Ind..d,2n), co.c..t d6co!r* (un.r:nc.) finds

ih. objcct{ snich it war dn cd rlftad/ as it w.r. ovc.kin*ith qutir.adons, op.n ro dispur, ch.rg.dwithr.lu., rtddy dv.lop.d i. rn ob,cur Fs Fnr-or, onrh. conr,ry byth...lishc,ofali.n *ords th.t h:!. rk.:d/ b.o {ok.n rboui it, Ii i! .dEnsl.d,ihot rhroush wnh sh.trd rnoushts, poios of vi.*, alicn vah. iudsmens rnd aeen6.

,fr,E.n r'opc), :ll rctiviq rlr dnDmics of rh. I onrllecl/ cxhau*.d br $. llimasc:$lod-is I plrr bds..n rhe wo,d {wnh all i. :p!a.c) ahd I I rh. obi.ft hn r, $ nn..6).Tfi. qord ptd;s6 rh I d conkrd'c'ory nutd. I I 'hr in.rh:uyjbl. wr[h , i llicity oI dr. objed ib.lr, *nh its v4if,d, nill I unur.r.d" nrtur.i thcdoE ir Drdnncrnotiin! of I b.yond rh. bod.6 ol iis orn concxt (.iq'! of I coua., sh{ .,n b. Iouid in rhe @a$r.nouk J Lngur8. nall) Thc erJ ro4.ts (h:r n! ahFcr h:r ju osn hn'orr of 6nri:drcro'y,ft or v(ibal I I r.cos.itian, ar wdt 6rharn.krcsto$i. rh.tniUrlls pr6cnt in $ch rts of rcosnjdon. I

hcnt and$nki%i dksnrnc. eidr orh{s,ir rLtc, nr rhndialasicd rorts, b nntc i6 awn5ryt'$ic proilcandbn.. l surhir ri.,t,c!.i, dnrn,roJr xndrhpinas. 6t rotl.tk pro!. i, px i.rl2t. ln $. ,h6phc( olrhsnov.l. $. d anJhfr.di,rc'l inr.ntion ol 'lt r wordpr.scna nsf.s somdfiins iop.imissibl] The pios rtii .Iry{( fi? soci.l hftostcsi. naiv?. som.rhine Gdnnposihl.,for nnida n, in 5umrndins obi..c irro rn imrs. rl.t hrs 6nirh.d slf, unda luth.nicnov.lndc.ondirions, itr.son codou6, .n imr8. cmplddt shot rfimtrglr $irl .hc nrtorcof .n int.nrl pol.Dic rid k con$, diilosiu.d ovcdon4 h. s.2r.i.disti.ily.alcuqu.ntlytli.logiz.d (in,Ior.xrnpl.,rh. qqrl D(th. l.r.d nurn.6 on ,ll th. Iund.n.d:l voi.6 lnd s?ntim.nulisa, chr..lbri.nd andi. :rohroy)- brcr ol thn h?r.roslo$ir lut I K I'uv. ,lrc y in S u c h . d i r l o s i z . d i n , s . . . n o ..u r i n a l l th d p o .r i . rijd,.vc.y del.rnisticprc$ di..ou6.-in y ol 8.nrd $scll,.v.n in .hclyri. (to be$r., qnhoui its forh.! quoridir., rh6ri..l, rcholadr-c.'nor sriry(h.ron.).'ii B$ such imas.c tuttynn- tiil to bc ori.rr.d tow d thc alr.dyur.rd, an th. fold,achi.v.Illl ohpl.xiiy andd.pd andr rtr . ".lrsrdy lnown," ti! '.omnob opiDion, 3nd.o i.m. timcrnnic cl.s!r, orl|mdd lh! coidi- J Iod,,Th. dialosicori.rilrionoldicoueir.phc oni prdcnrii rh. s.nrcotrh.novet. I nonrnon th:r is, of.o!r$, a prop.ry oI d'l di!. h rhepo.ti. im:se nrro*lr con.e\rd {ir lh.l In rhe po.ri. im:gene.owly con.eivrd coo6.. tr irlhen*urrl od.nldonolany livingdisI',1'h.l |..
colrs. on ru i6varioos dDhr roffd rh. obj(i in dl ft dieclioni rh. word.nou.r.c $ .ti.n B ord :i J (annor h.l p.n(ounE nng n i n. Lv ns , kneon 6ll.d mr.Hcnoi. ont, 'h.nryrhrtAd.m, uho appnzch.d l vir3in.l rndsy6ec.tily nr qril,6.d *orld wid fi. 6d w4 ould cdlv hdv. csop.d fom 5un b 6ni![ rbi. aid4i" inr.ori.nrxdon anh th. Ji.. wo.d rhat .'sts in . obj.d. ConcEr hnbricd huh:n diKuF. dG not hlvc lhi! privil.C.: n c d.viar. ton iuci in. ft.{li.nr.rion only on I ondi.ionrl bdis ra only

'hr

$nound!

. obrc.i

ol 1|t.n qor& 2nd tarioudy .v.luztinC..c.nq hrF mo.ninswith sm. of rh. .l.n.nE in drij dvirc,'"HiBhllr,gn,rar'in rh" r.!pd ir rht ral8t. rhImu$ iving u(.nnc!, hrvn,eal.n h?aniry 3nd shap.:t: pahiolr iGtoriol 6on.ni in r rci,tlt spai6ccnvtonm.nt, c&.ot fail ro b.ushup.r.in$ $our.n{k o( living dirloljc rhreds, soycn by Mtur:lim, Inpnsionim, A.mi$, D.J.ism. SuF E nn anJ indosou,*hdtr wnh rh. "ourti6<d" na, tur d o[i.d (1 nd$]. krioold bi g. id.. or r Rum '1. prinDdir . siou$6r. b oidnj .dn_ b kio si6 !,,o ,h ! o bFrw r rrti ,b eur FcF ,on,nd s lodl,. LAu.l

. For th. wrir.. of anGricpoc, on ii. .onr.ry. I th. obj.d rdsb 6d ol sll pr.cielyrbc scirlly nsoans,dcdnirionsaid I hcicroglor'nulriplicittof I u l t r . i u d s m o r . l n f l o d d i h . r t l sj n a ttu ttn 6 3 r ,d r I i n d h r 6 b i l 'q o l . o b j r d L t s.l t,h cp r o se {r n cr J .onriona . huhiodc ot toues,.ords,nd p.hs I dat h.v. b..n laid dosn n, rh. obi.crhy sociat I ..*.io6n.*. Ar"ng*i,h rh. i*ft,,t o;.,di.. I rn.5 in!id. ihe ohicfli'Rll, |n ol I n656 asqllihc unloldins socillftkrcstosi. th. objecq.h. Tow..ol Bah.tnixins I r/ro,di,a rhar lol latreurE6 god on,ountl ?n, obFcti e ldnkdi6 or rh. ot<' &c.desorrn strh rh. !G dirrqu. suiioondinr Fo. rh. prG. wrirer, ii cid
"Th. Hornrnrrnq viltoq tkr., rrfo4r., atrr.d,i :nd o'h.E-dryn. dr trfl rhs. rr. Ar(mdy 'hn

It nrl i6. norc Enirkdbl. ih,t linsuntiornd

fic phjlosoph/ oI dilcoui$ hay. b.cr pri6,dly oricnrd pEci*ly tos,rd lhn di6cirl, p(cohditioncd $atu! ol th. woRI, I sord qcGd lrcn di.. lq!. and iakcn ior th. bod (,lihotrsh rhc prihacy of didogu. ovcr monologu {rlqodtly prochih?d). Dialo8u. G sbdid h.rcly $ r em. 's poririodal {orm in rn. $tucE;nS oI rFeh, 6ui tlE in'crnal di.losism oI thc woftl (whi.t' oeus in 1 honologic uftcraocc as wdl rs in a Ejoind.r), rl. dialogkr !h.t pcn.F,r6 iE drtr. shdurq att i$ scmrn.c :nd .rprc$iyc hy.6, n .ho* d ftty is. norcd. surn ir pccidr thir intcin.t didodsm ;{ (hc*ord,\'lrichdo6 nori$um.anlcxr.nil@Dpa3nianalfortu oI dplosuq rh'r tud b. ne l2!ed as rn ind.p.nJ?.r rct, *padr aron th. soidt rbiriry ro form ! onccpt Ilo,.i?novatul oI nr obrrc'-ir n pecndy r& ilt nal di.lo8ird lhl hrs such .Dormo$ powr b slpp. stt., TtE

671

MrxH^rLM. R^srN ,nr inrmt dialogism. riii h!. ihe lnftnr ior a pe^oD *ho pr$ivdy unddouidr blr no( Ior o.c who r.tiv.ly insv{s a.d r..cGThclnb.rrnd his r.:ponr. i:cksul yh!.n into a.ou.i *h.! ir cooq ro .veryd.r dirlogue :nd rl'.toric, blr s..y ofi.r son o{ disor6. ls w ll is ori.r.d m*fd .n undcBr.nding rhet is ''i.sp..sivc -.lrhou8h rhi! oricnHtior ; nor p.F ticul3izcd in an ind.p.ldcoi &r ind n nor commarla. R.sponsiv.und{iandins iir Dosnionrlly tund.n.nEl forc., on? thar in th? loF nixl:rion oI discons, md it'3ricipns is notw.t 2n a.tile dd.rbndi'8, ane rln di@lsr *nse. $ nsG r,.c.orsuppod.nrichirsth.dGo!6d' lin8uGtid and tlE philosophyoi hngurg. ack.owl.dgc only . Issivc lnd.sbnding of dl! coDdc,:nd no.ove thk kkd p'.c. hy and l,rs. on lh. ldd ol.ommon lr8uas., rbai i3, it ir an $4.|st$dinscl an nn nnc.'s tis,iId|io, 'ectdl and,ar irs dnal heai\. Th.lingundc signiSclnc.otI gircn ln.mne is !id.6to.J asein* d. b2c*sround of hflsuas., shnc nr icEal mernins isund?dMd:srin* d. bxckglound oi orh.r .ond.!. ut&nes on rhc sin. thmc,. t.clcound nrdr !p of onr.dic' loiropinions,pointsoivi.sddPlu.j sm.nsihrt ir, paciscly th.r brckBround !h.q !r wc r.., 6mplic,i.s rh. p h oI .ry word bwrid i6 obj..t. Orly now rhis cortdicrory oviro.oclt ol.lien sordr is pr.s.nt o th. spraL.. not in th. objcd, but 6!h.r i. rhc @nscious.6s ot th. |nt n.r, as hG ,ru.lep.ivc b4kround) pcsmnt witn r.rponks 3nd obj.c.iors. And ev.ry un.r.nc. is ori.nt d towid thi, rpp.iccrriv. b.clBlourd ol un&rsod. ine,which ii not a lirguiiti.b.ck3ound bd rrth.r on. onpos.d oI.pcci6. objccc rndoorio!:l.xth. u@rrnc."nd 2n di.n*ord, sli.h nil. i&l{ lclt is 1 nlw ana uniqn. innuenc on irs sryl.. A p.iiv. undsGkn,lins of lingrisiic m.rning it nd trtrd*{r.tins :r .u, n n onry th..b*act !t p.c! or neinin3. Bur.ven i nor..oncrcr. ?dJJi,t und($rndinBof th. mgnins o{thc un.r:fl.., an udcNlnding oI rh. sp.1k !! int.ntion in$fir rs d.i undcGtndins r.mainr pur.ly pesiv., pudly (c{priy.,conFibur.s nothinsn.wto16.*oil u.der considerltior.onlyninoingir, *.Lin8,.tis mo$ .mbitious. m.rcly rh. tull rprodrcdon of rha! shnh is ilr.ady sivd i. thc srd-.v.n ruc!,n und.6tndirsr.vc!so6 b.yold thcboundsicsof lh. wodi ont xr rnd in no wry .n.icher rltr w.rd, Tl.r.roc, n$ohr .s !h. rff.kcr oll. rt s rnh n'ch : prsiv. und.6k.di.& nothi4 n w.:n b. intro. duccdinto hn dncouc.; rh.r...n b? no n.w a$ pec6 in hn discouB. r.l ins ro 6nsdc obi.cu andemotiohal.xpr.$ioii lndc.drh. pur.ly n.sl iv. dnnds, $ch ,r ould oily .6..sr Gom r r.$iv. und.^Endins (for inn.n.., r ned ior 8t1t.. c|firy, tu.r prr5 urii vincsir no.. vivid n $ sd s tonh),lerv. d.,p.ak.r in hGNo peGonrl conrxi wnhin hito*n boundari.r;.{ch..ga r. d.mands2r. conpl.tlt immanld in .h. sp.,k.r's Nn discourk rrd da noi so 6./ord iir s.mrnric or.rpr.$iv. kltsuIfi ci.tr.r, In lh..d!al lifr of slldh, d*y con.EE rc of und.c.rndinsn div.: it r$i6ihks th. *ord b b. urd.nred into i$ oqn @d.cpe.l ry$en filled with spdi6. objes lnd modon2l .xpr6si.ns, td n irdnsotubly m.rsed Nitt' ih. Espons., *nh : noriqied agr..m..r or di$gr..m.nt. To som. .xtmt, prinac-t 6.lo$s io rlE r.spons., er th. r.riv.ing principl.: i (cn6 r!. goud tor ud.r nrdns it rr.p.r6 th. g.ound fo. rn ,.tive rnd ..ga3.d und.4hnding. Und.Bh.ding mmd ro fruition only in lh. .erpoNc. Und.$hnding rnd G!.ns..rdia!.ftcilyn.rs.d.nJnlttrilly.on' dition .rch ori.r; on. is imposibl. wirlout th. TIu! an lciiv. nnd.dlrndin& on. tfir asimi lat s thc rcrd uod.r mnrid.r:rion inio 2 n.w ronccptu.l syn.D, lha. of !h. on. $.iving io nnJ.Eond,gtaunhet . &ti6 ot coDpl.x int.udr. tionship!, .on.on.nc6 hd di$on"ner Dnh rh. word,nd.nricfi.s it wnh n.w.l.n.nB.Ir is D..ciEtysuchi.u.deFkrdinrtiriri.D*ld;*" on, Th.rlor.hEorknution ro*nd th. |E@* 6 ln on.nrrrdn owrd r rp.cL6cmnc.prun hodm4 rowrd lh.3pRfc won'l ofth.lisEn(, r rod,.a boll/ nd.l.h.ns into hii dn@ua.j 'n. n n in dft w:y, 1'ld .l!, rhrr virious di6.r.rr poinb or ri.q .onc.pb2l horizons, ,y*.ds tor proiding .xpr.$iv.re.qv.iour3eirl lan8uagd con. b interdiwithon. aooth.. Th. spek . iriv.s ro sd r r.:dins on hir mn word, d on his o*n con..pi$l !yd.m thd ihh *ord, {hhin 'lekrmin6 th. :li.n oneptu.l sy*.m of th. !..l.crindiis rteiv.r; h. dt 6 into diiosiel i.htiorsbip, *nh enli' rsp.* ol ifii5.yn.m. Tfi. sp.aker br.,!r rhroushrh..li.n@Dcarlallonzo.of d.li$.n.r, con$rucs hi, ow, u({3nc. on 1li.n ftinory,

Dinotrc.

ir th. No!.I

67a

inGh.l .tidogism.l th. wod nnd5dpr.$io. in a sri6 oI pmlir. f.atorgin *hrn;6, s)ntax and thl hlv?..mrin.d trp.a rhc pr.,crttim. 'rylisri$ @q,lc!.ly hitodi.d by linguisticrrnd siylnicr (no:, sh.r ir norc, hrv. rh. p.cdli,. ed1.d. |crur.s or ordinrq di.losu br.. sn'di.d). fl. woA ir bom in r dirosu? ai , rivins r. ioi.d.r Nnhin n; th. wod n ship.d in di:losicinrcra(ion wnn .n ali.r wo.d rha. ii alrc.dy in.h. obi6, A word lorms 1 m.c.pr oi irs oM obj..r in Bu. ili! dfts nor dhr!$ rh. intdnd dirloBism ol ih. Drd. h ..counE6 an alj.n mrd not orly i. ih. objc.t ns.ll: .v.ry word n dici.d rowr.d !n ,nr-.i dd dnnot .scipc ih. prololml in0u.ne oi ih. :nsw.rins Bord thatnd;cipat !.

:srini his, ih. lisk..r'5, zpp....ptiw b,ckound. Ths n.* form ot incmrl dirlqr5D or ftc *drd n di{d.nt ton .hd form d.rlrsin.d by .n .ncounr.r siih ztrrli.n word within .obj.c.n$lrl h.rc it n no. rh. obi6r rhr! s.o.r.s ih. r.nr to. rh. d6unt r, $ur alh.r.h. subi.div. b.li.i iys.m ol thdlnt r.L Thu. dir diilogilm b.r6 r 6oG sub. jectiv.,psy.nobsial.nd (iEqud'ly).andoo ch,. ,d.rr ror..imd .h$ly lccomholnin8r rn. riD$ provooti$ly pol.nical. v.ry dhm,.st ci.lly roward rh. in ih! .ndoriol forn., r[i! olirbrion liri.n..lndin...lftdini.'tuldi.loBisoo,rh.so.d m2/ limply ovdhrdN rk obj.ci th! $ong rroint of rny onc..r. list*r baon6 r slt-su6ci.nt ldi o{ zftndon, rd o.. rh,r i.r..Iercs wirfi rh. mrd! ce4iv. uorl on iis r.f.r.ni L rho* .xmp!., ot ihc inarnel diiosiaiion oI dim6. dri v. l2v. chos.n(th. i!..mrl, .s @ntrz*.d wiii rh..xr.m3l, onposition.lly r.'t.d, dialosn.) rh. rchrionrnip oI rl. di.n mnl, .o in di.. ur.anc. .nt s in.o rh! positinB of th? nrl. Styl. arg{i.llly m.r,i.s wirl'in itrllindic thar r.:ch ou6id. irs.ll, I orrcspondcna ol nt oM .1. m.n6 r.d rlE .l.n.ns oI r' .li.n c..t.xr, Th. inGo"l p.tnc. o{ sryl. {how lh. .l.a.nB 3rc pui c poliiis (iB s.th.r) i' d.Ermin.d hy tu .r!.m:l rclzrionship 2li.n diiou$.), Di.oudc liv.s,,s b n w.r., on ilt. bound..y h.Mcn iG own onr.xt 3nd rnot[?r, .li.n, onr*i

. | I I I '

All rhdoriel toi6., monologjc in th.t snposiion,l rmtur., d. on.nkd row:d rh. lilrenn .nd hi, zns.i.Thir onrnhnon rcs1rdih. hrcna n sull, .onrid.i.d ih. hxr.ondrurie. Lrorc ol rhdo.iel diron6..'1li n hisnly sigri6ca.t io! ttdric thrr rhir rtl.tionsl p towrrd rhc con(e.e li.t.n.r, hkns l'im inro i.rounr, i d2rion.hip rhr .nks i.@ ,ll. v.rr iorm3l con*ruciion of rhddricil disonc.. Thk o.i.nctidn b$rd sn r. sE. is opd, blaGnr3ndcondd.. T6! opd ori.nGrion sward thc lkt nd and hir rn*.rir.v.rydiydi.loslcand io.hnoadl Id.E! h., rhd.d ih. ,n nridn ol I'nsuirs. Bur esdr rh.ft dlnhrsbc.n drci*,linsuisE h3v.b/ ard l*s. 8m.n no Iufth.r rh,n d. cosposnronal foms br *hich th. lisrc'.r is bl.n i.io rcounr; th.y har nor s6udr inntr.nc. splinsirs irom moE pbfoundFcrinB rnd sryk, Th.t !av.Gkln inro bnrid.rariononlytho,.lsp.ctsolnylcdderdin.d by d.mrdr foi .onpr.h.nsibiliry and darityt[3t is, pr.ii.ly !hos. rsp.c6 thI3!. d.pdv.do( booh o' ,{n*rt r'on, rh. .hrpr' " ct v vrcsnddr "nhdri. rd Pmi<," pp.7Jg" yh.rt d.6in$i! hk.n Ibft rh. olda lh.6 s,a iiroduad.IAu.l

In rnr rd'l

dirloEu.rh. r.joind.' :lo l.,ds

. I | | i

;uch , doubl. lit , ir G nructor.d 1nd .onepru. ,lird in dr mntxr ol $. 6 . *hol., 'li.losuc ('oND- irom which .onsn6 of iB om !ftrrla, rfi. p6inr ol vi.* ot th. +ed:4) rnd ol di.n !ft.F .nc6 ('ho* ot rh. p.dcd, On. c noi lrcit. rhc r.joind.r tod tnL codhin d dnt xi had. up ol o..! @r !o.dr ra A. wolds oi orhr *hhout losirg iB $n$ ,nd .on.. I. is.n or8di. prt ol . Tic phdondon oI int h:l dirlogit.rio., .r lv. hiv. $i4 ir p..r..t .o . sr.zt r or l.$c ?xant in .ll r..|ff of lh. li| ot th. qord. Bd it in.xtridilric pror {.v.rrdry, rl.tori..l, lchot,dy) da inio . ilosiado. usuiuy n nds rpad,.rrrulli8 rp.ci,l kind ol:d oi iB osn and o's ir. conrE i. ordini.y didogu. or in o$.r, @npoino.2lly cl...ly m1&.d torms lor mixing d polmicizing in ,nii, wnh th. dikour* ol ..oth..-rh.' pros., and .spEielly in th. nd.l, $i di.!osiu.-

674

M'rH^rLM. B^xuN th. in.omphr. @Ehnm.it ot 0,6?ll, ol ode! ltrll 6...,n9, to i giv.n langliB.. OI couK rhn r.l:iion iO .nd rh. r.l.tionslip ro hk own l.ns!rs. (in Bnr.r or ks.. d.s@) .ould ncv.r bc lor.ign b a hisioricrlly.riicnt pdr, as , h(m:n b.iq slrolnd.d 6) livi4 hn.rG .nd polrulo$ir; bui ihis r.lilionship onld nor fnd r prrc. in rh. po,ti. rrtlr oI t ii wo* wirfiour dc, sroying lhar dyl., rithort lr.nrporins n inb , proEicl.y.in in rh.I'rN.s rurningri. poctinto In podic g.nr.s, anisdc .onki6uin.$-urdcr n o o d ,5 r n n ir yo I.l l 'h..uthoi :.m ri c.nd*pi.$ivc inrdtions-iully r..liu6 ibdl w in i6 own l.ngu,gq in lhco .loe tu iu(h renlciolsncs fully imh.n.nt, .xpr6inB iBlIir ir dn cili $d vnhor m.dilion! vitnor o.dniotu add *irhod dn.rc.. Tn. Lns!.s. ol th? po{ n ,n lioimm.n.dinn,in..pa.abl?non B{a8.,b.nrRir in h. mt.. us. of .a.l' Iorn, .ach kord, each .xprBsion .ccoiding !o irs uim.diard powr to sjBn nenins (is n wrc, "lirholr quoadon n,ik"), rh.ri!, rs 2 rur..nddird dpr.$ion of bn o$n int.niion. No maftr$nar,:soni6 of th. word'ih. po.t.nducd in t& p.oc.$ oi cr.llion, in rh. fnish.d worl Lngurg. n rn ob?dilnrorg,n, tully i.qu:r. ro rh. :ur[or\ 'nhrion. Th. lrgurs. in , pocric Forl :.rliz.s i$ctt t son.$ins abour qnich th?c on bc no doubr, son.dins .hai..nnor b. dirput d,.omdhjnB atl, .ncompa$in8. Ev.r,/rhins th.t &. pqr se,, und.F *nds {d rhih*i h. dc6 $rous! rn. .y6 of a s'v.n IanEU,s., i. ns inn.r fo.nr, and tnd. i! nDlhiig rh.t ni8li r.qutq lor is.xprc$ion, in. h.l!oiIryorh.ror.li.nl.ngu.s., I1.l.ngu.s.oI rh. po.tic g.nE k. oaisry.nd rinsulrr t.otend. so d oubid. o{ qni.h notnins .k. .xkb d nolbins .!s. n ned..L Tb. .on..pi oI neny mddr d hnsuasc, dl .quil in .6.n.6iliiy b oncFru. alia .nd b 6. .rpt $i! ir orsrrn"ly dmi* io Th. world oi po.rry, no n&.r how mrr 6n@diction6and inlolubl. onflicB rn. poct dd.lop! Nnhin n. kslsrrr illtrFin.d by on. trnitlry tud i.diDutible disou6.. Conr.didionn 6nni.$ ind doubG r.main in rhc obj6, in thouslrs, in litins exFri.na6-in sfrod, i. r[. tlbi.ct nitur-hd th.y do nor .nct i.& .h. l.n8ua8. iB.l{. In rcrry, .v.n dihun. rboutdouhs nur. b. e$ in l discouk ihat airor b. doub!.d. rh. trngL:s. or rh. r $ /r JJtrA rc. ro.*Lntr r,url sol'drrry trnh c'(h olrh sorki Ap., r, ron?!, nD(s-.u.h it rhc lundrm.nut ' P4..qurnr. ror rcn( rhki rqi. b onRiv.J n totrr:d.qu.i. ro r rn8r. Dnalr8. :nd , \inst.hn surn. .on\cioan6r, Th. pocr ir no' rbl. b op.q hF own in. To ulr,.,t,m.'bihD ir

Dncowsik tht Nou.l

675

tion pco.ra6 kom within dr v.rr ey in whi.h rhc {ord.onc.iyd iro6j.ct,nd nr h.,n! 1or.,, pftsing ib.l{, rclormul.tins rh. s.n1nri6 rnd synt,ctiel nructuE of dnour. H.rc di"losic ,.r.rori.nrarion b.comca, ,s h ftr, ra .v.ni of dncold. n5!li, animling f@o $nhin and dr.nriizin3 dncou6. i! :ll iB r!Fc6. In lh. m,ioriry of po.tic s.n16 (podkin rh. nf row snk), rs w.hay.srid, fi! i.r.in,l dialosiz.rion d diKourc ie not pur rd.dinic urc, it doca .o..nt rinto fi. eork! .6ti.ric obitq, .nd is .nirici.llr.xrinslnh.d ,n po.tic di$ou6.. tn rhc e.l, ho*.v.r, ri it inr.m,l dir logitltion b.co m6 on. oI rh. hosi lund,n..r.l {p.c$ ol po$ sryl. lnd und..gm 1 sp..ific .nistic .lrbor2tioh_ aur i.rm:ldiJoeiuarion.znb.on'.tuch: cruci"l tdrc. for .rcltins form orlr sh.r. individlal di{er.nc6 and conaidicrions ....nriclql br :oci:l hct..oslasi,, $he.. di.losic rcv..b<r.rio.s do not $und in 6. s.mantic h.idt oI di$ou6c ("s .nd dr. s.rld yi.* a p*ti.ular l.nsursc has Gh. ink.nrl 1016o( dkcour*)-wh.r. .h. di.tosue ot voic.s lri$ di.(dy our oI r ocial di.logu. of ''l,n3u.s6, wlrr. .n rli.n ufuoie b.gim ro round lik. 2 $cillly rli.n l.nBu:sq wtl.i. ifie ori.dration oI rh. wod anobs ati.n uGbncc cb.n8.i ino rn ori.nr{ion ol. wod oonq so.ii lly .licn I insui*6 qirhir rhe boundarj.soionc and rh. srnE n.rioml lanCulg.. h cENrEs rh.t r. po.ric in rh. drrc* $ns., ih. !.toral dhlosiatioi ol th. wo..l is nor pur !o ar tisi. u$, lh. erd n su6.imr unb ns.ll d{t do6 noi pKun. .licn un.rr!a. b.yond ns osn boundiid Po?ricstylc by conknrior rusp.nd.d i, qnh alid dijcou6., aom .n/ nuNal infudbn .ny dlusion to ali.. dimu'k. Any r.r*h.r.y.rof rlludinsto.ti.n l{s!as6, to lll. p.$ibiliiy oI anod.r c.butary, rn..l.i s,nrnti.r ofi.r synr(ric ford .nd so tonh, b tll. po$ibiliiy ol orh..linsriii. poinc ol vicw, i! .qu,lly loi.jsn b poe.icsiylc, h follos rlur any s.nscof rh. bound.dn6s. rh. hnb.iciq, thc sci.l dcGrminiiio, dd ry.cifcny ol onc r own hn8u,gc is ari.n b po.iic stll., md rh.'.aoc:cni.alquJihd rclaiionship b on ! own l:nuag. ks nercly on. ol hany l.nEu:se in 2 hd.roEior *ortd) n roF .tn to podi. sryl.-ar n a r.lar.d ph.,oh?non,

kn,Dnr ro l',su:sc ,hr h. 6c,. ro, h. n ? tjnsurs. oI.h. sod.,i. .,pnl,,i, i.""ir"!i 'h. mmpkkr, s,rh,nn h,r onnor tu,n r pG,,) . /nd o ronhcoJtd noukh; pc;;r. h 'h.icro,. rr.d ro, un8uigr nG.nr ro h'm onty {,omin- _ ,hcsikn hFH.y hnsu:s.,_i sn.r 6on ro$. 's . \p.flicry fld J podr fiJn h. $ b d. *ptoir:don ot rcru,l rp@k \nk.di I i,r':bt. .o.Dt dkkcB. SftD, hnsu,B6r,.6 .d ,nsns.r,s iu I *nh .pR,n.obkcq qrxn, o,.ri r;.,lu.d rd $.3nkid1h. d(hf dehJ o dnsu4. (r.: / hmi,.d,\hit. rh?rn,6.i:[, q.,.d t&rurc. o{ {d r t r : n d h ! s n / J r , h m M d ti n h - n o ck,t,q ', p o d r } m u { b ., d i ,d t i n ( n b a tu t i n ;r G ,n0 nn*rbirF or Dnsx,g.rre rh. indnpmkbte p 's . q x t d . I o r r r r . z n m o f ,h . d ,'..r r b u tn o t sjRh*rJ tyf,rymdh?nriomtjdiJiduni,, otpG jr:drrqns!. ?n. rry,. , ndor n\ motroru8'! 'l l *J o 6 n o r n d 1 , o i . D d r., 'h "- r r r o Btuou,r pt.at. $u, s.i o r a p o d r c o d . b M s ( . si h p o si b i ti 'n .,.c w
I'mn.d, r, (rrrinl:irtod. for h.

.J?otos.:t & olp): h. on.n nrr{E hn osn bortd b), rli.n LnEUrri. jrnd,dr. A(J on\.qu.n{or rh. p,.r.qui,r6 n.nriond rbove ,hr Lnsu:s. ot pcn( s.n;6, slt.n lh.y rF prcrLh rhu rqhiri. tini,"ohn b.com6rurho;hn:n.do8nnic,nd on*^:itr., k:tin B. o& tof, rh. innuhe ot.xrtn.nry mri di:tKrr Tll.r.br!r!h id.:ri. a,r.ctrtirrc hntuE"

happ.n! rh. rhdori.:l s..B)bur p.nd..t rn. in d..p nGr of disdu.q dizlosi, tfsuls. nj.ll

q:i,Ba,rh.b.Srn,rnSorrh.Mri.fienturyb+ g ,,..to * "p - - ,n a - "* r r ,.4 "t..8 '; . ral, r\. sJnooti .B:I,mon,, t%nortrd tz@ v 'n ttr fururirKd,.mrd ol .r,rin! . \K,.1 ..t&. e .? Be r N .,* .","d ."." .,d ;;;;;;";, o re r' .owrrd .urins ,u(h / trn*u;F .do* ol \.Ktr cb ,,,o vJ.
C nrds or : .p(j:t ur,:ry rnd ,nRtar t:n.

/ I I I '

it obiciiyc h .pp..ro, in .$cnc., as kinp. n ^ ds not lic on th. rdr p1.,. wnh ihc r.at l . 8nig. oI rh. worl: it G .he d.picr.d s6Ne of on. (hrrrd.E,nd do6 no.,pp.,r d.n,sp.cr of '[. of rh. wrd doins d.Fmn& Et.hm6 oI hc(dAc sr6,i. dk,hs. d otrno .,t,n. ':.-:-:-=-,kd;mry r p o i n uo f r i .q . r h .p e tb r p cr r n ,o i :r sh .r ( .p 6 1 [.i d d o { :bo!r shi\h on..rn $y nordp,a{bt. in , u.,;r} *d Ln*mF rd . unn,d_ 'hn$ o(t ownhnsxrgc bi nrh.r D rh..,p:c,d oi j ronotosi, tty ""g-,., .n.i-o, n.* ia.,,.ii / ocPrkdrih8. L{n trh.n ip.arinSotati.n ",t.a-O fiin$, pod sp.rkrin hnoan hn8ur8..tb sh.dtishr ., 'h. n sor *'r {' 4hs v. (onru:1ry .. *3nd, h. *rc,,6-n,o duR rn n". ;". 'h "'.1""

l$H{d*t$ffiffi
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or .y.

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,1 p*iodr or jtxr, r LkHry D&rc hF

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impl?. h

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676

r{'xH^r!M,

B^$IN .Dh.dd.d dcnro, ,eds of rcckl h.troBl6,i! in *o 'h. h. dcr not diminrtc tho* l!.3urg. r, (Dot n. chri,c,eriz{ions .nd sp.d"n,nn.i;ns ial nlir..o.pcnonrliii.t Slinm.rirg b.hind th. *o.ds and iohs,..ch r! r difi.ftntdstlnce iro'n rfi. uhnnatc$m.0ric nucldui oIIis w.rk, rhr is, rh...nr( othisown r..sn,l inknionr.

Dis.ots.

in th. N.r.t

677

which h!worrr,. th.r. ir n6 ned o{hekroslotsocialonrxs.rvhn imd...nti.trprics.nat*nh In . condinon ol dual .onrrdicion, rh.r. arc n mor., th. ver,' nov.n.Dt oi tn. po.tic srmbol (fo. earfrple, rhc lnt lding oI r metapbr) pre. rhit d.kflnin. t6. m..is 01ot..i:ion ap.. ro $.pod,Tn.pcinun r$ufr. i comphi. sinEl.susG prs.c.ly rfiisunity of11nsu1s., und!!i. ai alid coreipond.n.c*nhnsobicciSo.ialdive4ity t.Foftd h.8.Dony ov.r hisown h.gtr4.,h.mu$ ,s!m..qu:l r6ponsibility lor...h on. df ns ae otsp...h, wer.iito?risei. rh.wo.k ind$..tifrit3 p..B r.d lubordinrk thdn lis ow., and orlt l,ngurg.. wolld n!1. impo$ibl. borh r[.norn,l 'o iL own, inftntionr Erch word hnn .xpr.$ th. dcv.lopm.nt,nd rn.2ciivity oi rynboL *nhin n, 'rh. very rhyrhm .i po.ric gdr6 dcs not pefs aurite dn.d\ and w'dout nediidon; in.r. dur h. no dis..n.. bcNen $. poet ,nd hil ^ lponote any app'Ei.bl. dcgft. of *rtifrcrtion. rtbatidbd kntvmdt wrd. Th. m.rnins mu$ cm-gc f.oo lingurS.!s I Rhrthn. by oabg.k : sinsl.int ntjon.l whol.: non. oI i$ *Gincaion. d\pdt rfth. d@t'at srte"t Dlth. I batL,,t" iu rp..ch dive6iry,ro sarndrhingof irs l,ngDlg. di- | ?rota (ft rhc no* i6h.di!e rh,/rhnic unitier, v.riiry, m?y 6. r.d.ctd in iny tu.drmcnral*ay in ll d.sioyr in cnbryo thos. rocial wondi or sp..ch ll rna oi pqiotr thd rc poicnti.ll,,rnbcdd.d in .hc To xchiderhis,!h.poer srriPllh. *ord otoil,eis' ll *o.d: h any ms, $yrhm puB d.6nn limis on inennons,h. u$ only such*ords rhd fonns h.d ll rftn, dfts nor 1., ihem untold or nr.'iriiu. only in $rh r *ry) rhdy lo,e ,htir link wi.h lj Rhy,hm s.nes io $r.nsth.n and con..nk*. w.n lev.L @ncrtt in&niiontrl 'h.r oi hngrasc ind thcn 'I I!nhr.rh.!iiryandheihc.icrluiliqolrlED.lxc. oipo.iic sq,h, rnd oI$.unitary hnsu:g.thdinn conn.cion *ilh sr.ci6..oners. Btl'ind Ih.mrds I olr peiic worl on.shotrldnois.nseaiy rypi..t or Ei6ed in,sd ol s.nres (.xc.F for rhc sin po4ic ,^r . asulr o( ihn ro*-$ipping lll $prcs of 1nd a.@n* o{ orh.r ll.nsug. ol th. int s.nft), nor prolesiods,rendr.ci.!, dtdions (ex- 'rionr apt lh. dnedon chden by r. pdr hins.lf), nor lp6pl., dc*oyins .ll *res ot rftia I n..droslo$i, mrld vi.* {.xe!r for rh. onir2ry :nd sinsll.r l:nd dr(6'ty ar hnBu:s.-: Enrni fill.d un'ryor rarld vi.w o( rIc pod himnll), nortypisl3nd inll:nBuzs. is,ch'.v.d in fi.pG'i. worr, Tfinnniry dirdu,l ir,g6 of $erkiog prGons!th.k sp..ch I mry bc n.iy., and prc$ni only in thoi. cx&c6.ly nanrerismr o. iypicrl inon?rlons.Ev.t Jthirs that I'lra.. .pochi or pftrry. *henpo{ry hxd nor yd.xn,n.e n5dl ih L.tte, ad .lokd, unnrq/, undifi.r.niit.a thc qo'k lia.d.d rk li6i6.l. p.ab" ',!n i,.tr tif. ottu .ana'B: tan I I 3ted social cncl. wbose lans$s. znd id.olosy w.r. Iotqa "t gucge tuat tnn.bd onlt i6 life in l,o.tic .aat.xt Moc oftd,h.n nor, wc.xp{; lliot y.ftd{if.d. ,lcie a profound ind sns.iour rcnsion rhrough lin tr.l, ca,hrE, ,.aevn, eten .o"d.x renti,klwhi.l, $e uln,ry poai.llnsurs. of a worl rkd oI&u6c ihert al*,ys exn6 r limncJ spnreof ilrom rh. nderoslot and l.nsuas.dir6c .hi.s .r fror. or le$ .on.reie cod.xb, lDd ? .o!n..iion l4,.lirerry hnsnrse mnt.mpdr.y io ir wni th.m mu* b. delib(aklr evidencsd po' in " ftn k how ihc poet proe.dr, Tnc nov.lilt *o!t .iic dkcousc, But rhc$ concxB ... purely semrnirgin pr.* (and .lno$ .ny pros. wrnc4 aL.s: .ddphi.ly Ji6dr.nr prth. Hc selcohs rh. h.t.rodc and, $ ro sp.rk, ..c.nkd ir th. lb*r:c!t i. glo$ii rndlingnrg.div.nityolth.l,t!rar/.nd.*' th.n hguistic dim.lsion lhey 1r inpdsoml or d raliirtaryhn8ulge intoht own ro.k nor only ior l.:$ no p,nicll,rly corcrctc linglistic sp.ci6ciiy is oI sp..ch *nr.d b.hind tLio. no p.didhr orn.r w:!.ni.s rhcn bur tv.D i.knsitinsthcm (far h. inrencts vith thei! partidlar srlf'6nsciot$e$). lnd so fodh, Do soci:lly qpicil lingnisrictace the I! is in frd out ol$i5 snti6cation oI lan8ragc, i6 po*ibl. pc*onalig oI th. n!r6'or)ned pcek ou! spc.chdi!.6iitandcvcnl,ngu,g. divrtsiiy,lhrh. t6n b.lind tn.m. Ercrlvh* th.E n only oru lh.s3'n.tim. h?m3in. conndc hisrgle,rhil.r t e-tn.lin$i5iic fae of rh?:urno!, ,nrwerins a.d hin: rh. uniryofhG Nn d.a.ive p(s.iliiy ior a.ry wo.d !s if it w.( hn oM, No nrft.r ho* th! uiiq (.fthoush nG, to b. surt, udty or rnorh.r s$liipl. $d vrd.d tlc* s.m.nti. ind r.c.nturl oldcd or his own style, $r..ds, dcirtidns, poinr. , fiins, corEl.tions fi. pr6s. writ.r do.s not p!rg. (ords ot inRnih.r rtu$. {om cv.ry poctic word, 6n. lusnag., rio.s.nd ton4 rhit xre !li.n ro him, h. do.s nor on. mnc.ptual hoinon, is ,tr6ci.r. to th.m all;

son.how nor. orl.$ ntt..ializ.d, b.om! obircrivir.d, lhar hc o.r.ly v.n'nloqud.t. Tb. Drcs. writ r 3r r n velisr do.s not niP rwiy inr..rioni ot olh.6 1106 ih. n.r.roslot 1... 'h. s!ag. ot his works,h. do* nor viol,rc lhos. scic ideolosi.,lculturd horibnr (bis :nd liftlc woild,) $r o[,cnup 6.hind hd(ogld langurg.! r her, l'. wcl.am.srh.m in.ohn worl- TIE pros. wrir.r m,l.i us.ol*d.ds ri sr.alEdyPopulat d with rh. socirl inkntionr oiotlt.6"nd comt'dr 6cm Io trv.l'ir own new int nrjonnros. r.r,lleclorc th. intn ons oI rk pros wrn r t (fttct .t. znd rckxcr<l d' difet nt a4ht, a.F.nd ing on rh. dqr.c ro wii.h th.t.trckd, h.t rc3lor l.nsuaS6 h. d."k wiih :.c rocio idmlosi.:lly rli.., alr.ady.nbodi.d xnd rlr.ady obi.divird ih. oientrtio. o(rh. w.rd anidth. ut nn..s ,nd hn$,g.r ol ori{s, and .ll th. sp.ci6c ph.' nom.nr c.nn.ci.d wnh $ir ori..rlrion, trls on ariri. signi6crn.. in nov.l ,!1.. Divasny of voiccsind hekroglo*tu .nkr th..ov.l rnd orylniz thmr.h.r eirhin ir into : rtructutd arnac syrem. Thi5 coninutB . distinsn;hin8 t.o..

$. {r.ii6cr.on ot l!nsu,s.g....ic, prof65ionel, soci:l in rha nrros :cn*, ih:r of paniculd warld vi.wr, pantcul,r i.fld.n' div.F .i.s, prtioli. individulh, ri. t,ciil.p*$ siryand LDgu.sFdiv.siry (dizlecu)of hnsuagr upon .ni.ring ih. nov.i .ribli:h6 nt o{n sp..iil ord.r witlrin h, .nd b.ro es 1 uniq!. lilisti. syv dcme oI tn. nn..ionrl r.m, vhich o(h.nr3B the Thur apros.Rritr.andttrnc.hinsclllrom larsus. othb.w. sor!, whil!:t th. !"6. ime dkt.ncins him*lf, i. v3.yins d.srdt, ftamrh. dil {.r..r 1.y.6 rd 2!r.c6 of ihc *oi.. |J. on msk. us. of hngu+. *nhout Nholly sivi.g himlell uP to or o4plet.ly :li.n n, h. m?y n.t ir ar *ni{lim

lltiE{.lr to l rohins.ll, wtil.6mpeui'sl2nsu1c. nry. tl hk own ini.nrions. Tic tuthor dGs nor ol ouh.,.(n$.po.E ("t' durc i l .burpo !D .dl i ':si v.nhnru1..{l omsh(h h.dn,rn.6 " p,M)$ i. h.s pd!' , r.l -*rroi e'*r,i ' ti sqa.s'-),bd l d( ' o,d, rrrn l .n$h' n,F:l rrrt has 4 lrhoe ioddri.s i' sdirllitt r.qtni.s c.nturiB ro ,! n s?r., t roq, llnsurse,: lanEuasc wnh I l unfold Th. nddisric mt4 howdcr' r.sist 's 'rrltr ir b sn lh. vqd5 & ndt lrii iru. undanz l l.xk m.subd.tyrh. tini6!shiiis.ndosilldionrol n. , I rhc $irt nmorph.r., ir dcr ro. mn(d.r, wh'1. i d:Ed *o.J', h!' t{. 2r h.\ x 'hin3r'lD' 'hrm

u'g"*'.er'.':"hor..'nrrro'nrAP'r li'l5jl;liL{ilj,l::illir,llill*1llfjlLliil mk*.th. @"j i h'dd.

;;';.r,"-;i;;i;;;;;;v;.;.i;r t !4!D-5.urcrot

678

Mrrurl M. Barrd
n;.J in dr nov.linto, ndcto(dsryliliic ryn.m rh crprs{! rh. di(sRnti.kd rnio idmlosi.rl p..nion of dl ult)or rnid thc h.krcslosi. oa

l $ h, i , o , n : i ' r nc rcso'l'"& thr lNin Jnd ihtr'o'i.t vo'(.t populrtns hnsu:9., rll ns vo'ds . ..d .ll i$ iorms, *ii.i proyid. 1..3!as. snh n5 p..icul.. oncrct. conapo.lizrtions, .r. oi31'

\WalterBenjamin
1892-r94o

s ,',^ "'* a "p r d e d ( h o Je l o r h ! L r e ,h . 'o ca o n o l In 'r r ) \ Y / ^ 'r ' ^ .i,ricnm, s it n,shr br dnr,nrJ"hed Lon, , hc P,uhsr;on Onc m'8h! YV sy rhat Bcnianinwas rlwats an amdcur, ihou8h nor.lways h.PPilv so, h. w;ot. ior lovc of ihc tctilitn tllizins wnh .handdistic nont that h. would prcb.bly nc(r b. abh to e,.. a livingatit. 'Ther.rie pltcs in {hnh I canefin ; minihun," hew!oe, "a'd pl.ccsin whi.h lcan livcon. minimud, btrttid. h oopl.eNhe'c I cando borlr' (Il!,i,crlo,r, r.1i). AI dre srne rinc, how' to crc., Bd,j,min brouslti a candorand an iftdhcrual iidePendencc ctitical wrnins iiai is nc. \/irlDut ssuine colkrgucr, rid thcretoe widout ihc inhe upoDrvhkh pofc$ioN dcpend, wroE Pssionarcltabolt sinrional support N r r , n g , ! r n r q tr ,i ) A cn ti Jl,o r l l .,sl ,zi n 8.n {i , d i o n \' Lntrl hE Lsrc su(rde in r9{o. pre;rproredbt , s un u($sfrl rd.mPr to B.njanin iras knownP.inaiily {or hn pc.etEtits:nd {r._ leav.Nrzi G.rmany, iotell<_ qu.ndy coniroresial .says aiid r.ricws. Ul. orh.r Gern,an'Jewish of tnah, Iascism nationalsocii isn prsnred him wnh not only ihc asPc.r '.d obsc.n.brbadshbu|a Folotid dil.mna toucbinsthc institudonaliadonof rodnioi: th. opPr.srd livc in ! prpdud "stat. of enrrs.ncy panl/ b.oue preenptively...prur.th. idca of hisrcryo juetrl, th.ir o*n the ruling classes Th. dilnoa, sinbly $ated. is rhat anron. who feLs r lislonel risht to tul.. vdting sll lor iustifrcation rlE right to rul. rh{by becooesthe opprcssor. cor*iously &om a positionofhdsin.liry, Bdrja'ninn tb{cforc lncommonly qnr, Jhd (o' 5in(. th.e wary ibour po(tive clarm!ro '.c' 'hrnkrn8. 'iSlrle-. a r c n o ti n r h e r vl $ p o i {i ver tr fl b u r so l p u h ( i 5 p .o p l r ,o , m o d e 'o i r }o d Eh t but tlE csuls ofa crnid diila.lic con_ Thus Behjaninmishr bc dsribed as a hniodcal nateri'ht, vieilantty ened wirh ft. (htion of wi(ing io political@litn but ii would be rtdicrllv irsufrcnnt to sayh. is a Maqisi In the *lecliotr hrc, his very o.nn. ot tneo_ rcticzlvisilrnc. callstheorr itsiliinro quBtioi asa pocntial in$runst oI oPof Da$ion. The wdtc. is always.ns,s.d in tlE mar.dal,historiql condidons ;hich hc w,n6, and rhe p'dumprion rhn rh. th@i,.t couldc(!Pv, to(ition ,bove ,nd rchor(d f'om th. histori!,| (.nc of conflicts , polnion tlat 8cn' iannn sces.i lor only dcludcd blt dans.rcl' Despir.hi5 mrrgrn.lrry-or p.rhrps, b(r ac of it-Bcnrr n,n hi3 br.n influ' .oicpu.nr of cnucnn, mo( notablvrhroushhi! .nrirlin slEpinsrubsequcnr iolr.ncc hn,Thaolot Adodo; Ms Hothb.iner, and ot\er {ound.ri o{ inc B.njamiot *riiings ftanslaftdinto [n8lkh ioclud. two.oll.cdons ofessaF, 679

Iuni"dtio$ l1e6,eJ Reft..ttons eiBJ,.d Theotisifls ol c.tndi T,aBi. (t a"d D/,uz (r977).Sc.6pc.h1ly llannih Aendis iniioductoryc$^y in llhtri;d,lotr lid Geoffry Ha(nan, c/i kitn it thc Wildcrt.$. Fot l\dhd discu$jo. of thc oirical rheorissof rh. rrrnkflrt School, M"rri.lay,Th. Diab.tiut scc Idas;hdion: A Histott of tbe Ftunkfun S.h.jot a\d tb. Lnrub lot So.iat R.tai.b, | 9,t-t9Jo ltg,a).

444wt a

Tt.'.s o" th. Philotupht ol HittDrJ

:nd nar.rirl dinu! without shi.[ m r6n'd rnd ludull thrns could .ttrt N.v.nhcl61 n i6 n"r rh' vi'rot .noik wh'.h r'll ; th. lorm ; 'o 'h. ${ lh. tand d.L. th.ir pftsde Gft in rh"lt$ in *ntrugeh *rugSla Tfi./ mm,f6t $.mslK humor, onnins, :nd rod!tud' rn'v r orrB, hrK rdrordi!. lora ,nd will contridv 'ir 'n {u6non .v.ry v,ctort Ft :nd Pr6'nt. oi 'h' {kR, Atno}.Bturn bwnd th. en.bvdini orn .Rd h.lbtddlm rh. Pnt tnv' lh iu. *hich ii rkins in th. rlt ofhnrory' A h'e .orial d.tc.irtnr 6u* b. 1wf. of .hi' not incon' rpicu.* of ,ll Fnsformarions.

6Ar

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Consida th. d.tA^.$ 'nd tht gt'dl Ii thit utL whkb rct"n'lt eith ny4t1y. n! tHrEErtNw oF M -B*chi'

TI{ESESON TIIE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

Thc nory n rold of rn iutoFaton consructrd in sch 1 wry rhri ir couldpla), *inning san! ol i

ihornushly .olo..dby$. tin. ro whi.nr!. .our*

oi our qn.xskn( hs rsisn.d u!. Tfi.lindo(

ch6s, .nrmring a.h 6ov. oi !n oppo'?ni wiih , I , our..mov.. ApuppdinTurkkh ann.and with2 I hsk h in iu noull et b.toa r cfi*sbc:rd Dt,ced I or 1 l2rg. 861.. A rynrm o( hir6d cr.ated 6. iltEnsD...!! lrom rllrida. I l6ior th.t$isbbl.wd I A@.lly, r lirl. lnnchh.c! wlo wrs ,. .yp.r I ch* pLy.. et 'nri& :nd SUid.drI.pupp.r!h:nd I by m.ss or$,in$, on! on inrsin.tr ph,l6ophtb rhb d.vi_ T1. Fnppd ciltcd lol oukrPan n.t.rialish" is b win rll rlE rim.. It a. o hi$ridl .$nr b. . m.rcb Ior rnyon. iI it .nlisB rhc *nic ol rlmlosy, wnicn bdir $ E tnow, n wiz.n.d :nd h.r ro lcp o( o( sidt,

To hisb'ians *ho wish to rcliv.ln ci'' Fu*l d? Couhns.s' rcsdn.nds rh:i thcv bld our 'v'rv_ lind ,bour d. Li.r 6urq ot hitory 'hi"o 'lirv ddhod Dci. r no rmr *,r act'-rcrridnsln' fiJbrol'n ki3r sih *hlch hNonsl nfl.thli proe$ of.np:lht who* orisin itrh' indol'na a', rh. ha( ,..r,, {hich d6plits or Bt'rprns:no holdre t sc.uin. hi onc'l im,g' rr ir tud r wa E_ mrrk th. d.ct Point uhs' hn_ uD b";[y, A;o"s ..d'*"1tL-Iog]'B Goftfti.d K.ll.a rho linoricird' For s;d.d a 'h. roor eu* ol edn.s ntub?d' bricrt B.Gri.|isn dB .$dugh fa d. sd"lditual bv I ;.. ti6iri:r *iih ir, *d.: or r.ry ..ry iniB. A,ttb. p*t *. s n r(osnP'd P.n hr 'j.ot Cir' .odbi.r il c t't u at. d3k pour r6'&ih 't"g. $. prceri.e on. of iB oM @n n.!& olt For' oI tli' s&6' t ,r.."' I1l.;d! shi![ (Th. s.od J,-'.... i***.ttv 'idiiss il m. sks wnn whom rhc .dhddB ol hii' tn. hinori.n ol Pnr brinst wifi ihrobbins d.;F .mp iz. Th. ,6s'r i' indi_ 'h. . void rhc v.tv mom'n! h' bdci;m.d:llv h.rft mly h. lo$ in i6 or irbl.: ed th. v'ffr. And rlldl.B k 'h'f

vl
I rE i.ily d4. not 6. o

r*-L.bt. .h.ra.t *ti6 ot fiuI "ol o, il|. enE! t r., "ii, I I niriiore" -*r 'ronslid.somu.i I I klfirhns! r ,pd6( mnrncs, tn. ft..dom rrom I I dvr *ticn dr. pr.sr displly. io,r.l lhc futur.., . LR.dddonrhN6 !s $ii ou imas.ofhppine$ is
by vrrQ 8.rrnn, o b:y suh rmo M ' ' b s l t r h n t r'eri' HIDh , ld yo,!| s.ho.k.n D@ki 16&, E G, It!ry z.hi (N.w re6e), o 1963 br tsr&u. Baa Jo:'oj.b, hc. R.lrdbd wirh tlr rlmi$jon otHr6u. D6e hwmyi.h. ,Rudolri H.m.nn L.d( {r3r7- r3r r, 6.mrn prrit6oph( ,nd p3 .fiotoFn, rho .npEd h r@n.,L rfi. prir.iDrB rcn:ir . i,iar;m $ ir[ m(h:nisn. ro(. or ,Ilhtr;oiJ

tv'
, , s..h lor Iood dhdaothtu fiat, ,h.n tb. KkEldn al corl shAI b. tdA..l -lt gEl,t367

'!r"fr'"T6.

ffi.'*:+*-'di,p; rhoPe'l:hP"'

*t''

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,Nqr D.nnFud dr cdrrB.i {'3re"rrr, rrn+

htrbnrn rnd Dro{.e, o{ i iiuicnfturu(otvot ldroflq d' r6!nd r8tjd *ho 4!.'l tunbo,*, h huo rrn onsc d kqd/L'n rd dr rrn@i

Tt.'cld !hsst., Fnich i. .lwly. pcsmr b . hi.bnd iifluoed by Mr! n ! frdr lor th. cdd.
":!hnonr s !h. or/rol{E d1y. lE&l

(t3re-t39ot swis lqdiiq 'Gotfri.d x.ll.. '\ort' I $rsnE ,rndtd JE dr wn R:trk i'7er-'336) cdJtr nrron'lddd

D.;rnh Rom nau.nd lE&l b c$5.n!r c:nhr!. |rll

Th.se' on tLe PhilosoPht .f Hdof,

63t

681

\v^lrEiBdJ.rrN roph. rhicn kers piliDswrck,g. lPon sr.ckrs. lik. .nd hur's lrcnroIhitf.d,Th. s.l would niD b*ay,r*il.nrh.&ad,rnd m:k!*hol.*hrth8 b..n smarn.d.B* t iorn n bbwing lrom P.tz_ Jiq it h.s sot clugit j. fiit wincawith $ch vio' lonsd .lo$ .h.n, Thir Lne in.t . $scl on 'o &.m n..snribly p'opeL him in.o rI. tusr. to 6c wni4 nirb,.* ir.urn.d,*hil. th. pil..{ d.bris forchiD srowsstlserd, Tl'k no.m it wh.t e .,ll
r.cs oi rhn .oniusion, dcnninBlabor rs rh' ra!' ou.c? c'{ill w..Ih.nd ill olbrc.'Sn.rlnrs. Mrx ountrcd rht ',, th. mrnwno porrBser no orh* protcny $3n his l,bo. portl' h!$ ot nrc.sity b.om. rhc slav.of orh.r mc. whorb.r. madc tn.ns.lvd thr o{.e6 ..." Ho*v'r' ih' spr..d, a'd re! rhGaftct lost Di.o_ contusion Th. myior oI noddn rin.r is s!n'i prcdid.a, imtrcv.m .allcd work. TlE , +h'ch n nos rblc'o r(om 1 cori,tu'e! 'h.wslh do ben,bk D l '5h hn no ddernE rh:r w ' o oIl " l hi r vul rr'Mn\n'.on..f!un - ( o(* ?i rw t I is prcdu(b orshr I borbrD;qs dcqkn'onolho. I l l ndb< ' ns rrhfl Idr' h.*6i fi .w oi l .;w h'k Fsl. l*ccosnizA only rh.Prc3rds in ti. mi*sv r it rlrcrdt ii n**c, notrh" dms.o,lonclso.i*/i I dktl./rrh. r.chiocmri. Ic Dres in F.{nn, Anong rhdc is a 6nel'non ol n4ur' {hich difed oniDoudy irom rn. anr in rh. sc cirl;r utopiasbelo* $. r3a8 rcvoluion Th. n.w co.cDion of hbo. amouns to rh..xPlon tion or n urc,{hi.bNnh n.i!..ompl&.ncv ji.oi.trkd snl *F.xtlon:don otrh. Prol?tlii.i Complrcd .on.cption,Forri.r! hnr.sics' *nh thispositivistic Nhic[h c so olt n bc.. ddicuhd,Fov. to hc .ur Di,rnaly sound.A(srdins b Fonn.T,rs: dulto, ;fiici;r cooperrnvchbor, four moonr "oDld il_ Itr'ninrt rh. caiihly nieh\ rn. ie sould '?..d. fron dr Dol6, $r warft *ould no lols.i tan. stlr:ndbca$olprtIroulddomin!biddiis.All rhk ilLnriter a kind ol hbor which, l3r f.om.xploitins n.tur., !s.aptbl. ol delir.i.s hdrof nE .*dons wni.h li.dormant it h.r womb,3poicn' tirls. Ntur., which, ,r Dnesc! Pus ir' fcxiru grnis," k I .onPled.nt.o rh..odrpr.d c6nep_ tion oI l$or. lvi,rx h ippc!\ ,r rh. 12*.ftlavd clzs, 4 lh. in ih' .v..sd thir smpl.t.s!h. tdko{l'h.ntid namc ol s.n.drioni ol $. downtodd.n. Thn onviction, rhich h2d a hri.i rcsur8.'c. in t SP.F ho$ s'orp," h,r :l*as bccnobl.cionrbh o 5G E.d.c:d6 thcymrn,3.d c'jl D.mcHG.rrih'n vt.uilly to .ras. lh? trm. or Bl.nqui' thouBh n h bc.n rh. rlllying 5oun,l.h{i3d rcv.ib.raEd rhoush rh. rrtc.dinB cd,tory soci:l D.mo@cv rhough 6i to 3$ign ro rh. {otkinS.lt$ !h. 'ol. of,h. rdc.m{ oi n&rc sen.ritione, in $n,.1 Thi. curinR rLc dn.R. ol ns sr.tic{ .ft4Ih. rnni;s mid( dt. "ort,ns d8 fo6.t bo'h ic !p,nr olsrcr6cc. for bo$:( nour h*rd:nd Bh.d by $c 'ts im,s. o1."d1v.d anenod rth.. th ,hr of li6.ratd srand.hildrtn

vnl

x
disiplirc.*ign.d b Th. rh.md qhi.h nondt tiad fo n.dirzdon wa. d.si8n.d io bd th.n 1tt i6. Th. lhoushs a{ry aromtb. sond 'odiB which *. rF d.v.loting h.r. orisinar.irod sin iltr . co$i'l.rarions. At i mo,n.nt sh.n dt politiciu! rn I in shom lhc oppo'c.s ol F,$isn had dcd I hoFs r. pro$EE.nd oi6m d,!n d.i.r by bF I rlyinsri.n own.ius. th.* obs!,iions aft in' I tnd.d ro dn.ndnsk tn. pohi..l woildlinssrrcm irhc snar.s in whidh rn. r.itoB hrv. .ntdpp.d ,$.m. Our.onsid(.ion proecd! fon thcind[hr rh.r lh. rolnici.na Nbhorn fanh in prostes, th.i. cm6d.nc. in d?ir "das b.,n,".nd,6nr1ly, .h.n *Fil. int.siation in.n uontoll.blc lppl_ raN n.v. ben 6.e. dp.cs ol thc em. din8.lr sek to conv?y an idd ot ihc higl pria our rccur r.h.'l thinkincwill hrv. to pay fo.l onc.P on oI cftinkiis hisbrythar.roids.nyomplicitt*nh to which rh.sc pol ni. i.$ co! ti!u. to adi..., XI T6. mniomism ehicl ha3ben p.d znd pircl ot sochl O.mo@cy frcn th. b.8rnnin8 aftachcs no! onl) ro ib pohi..l r"di6 bur to ib .mnomi. ri4 a3 nll, Ii n onc rc4on lor i6 lat. braldN!. Nothin8 lF3 cordtr.d lh. G.rB.n $odcnB cl.s rh. norio' rhit it *4 noving *ith rh. so nuch '. dn.n!. k !d ilch.olo3ic,l d4.lopmdB ls '.ga wnh shi.h ii ihoulr ir wat ihc ftll oI6. {r.o ooviry. FroB d.'? n *as blr . eEp 6 ric illusion it,. ih. tactory korl whi.h w6.uppokd b knd tos.d cch,olosiol poBrd onsdtor.d 1lolitial achi.e.mcnt. Th. old Prcr.s.d cthiq or *ork war r6trF.d.d lmong G.m.n *orl.d in 6(u. hriz.d lorm. ft. Goih Prosr.n' {rc1t1, bca6 'TlE a{rha Consrci oI r3rr uoitd r}t No c<d,r s.' .irlh r.di6 oo.l.,l by r..din.nd LanU., dr. olh{ br d krlMzr:DdvilhrldLnblirthiTl.FoslqddIft :uck.d 6l br Li.blo..h d L$.11., v.r itmt

oiiln6"-;iiEiin

" ,.fr. oI pr%G! it oppond$ tr 2t it ,s : hi$orici nor6- Thc oiirDi .nd.mmr $4 t6. .6in3! $.2rc .xp.rimcins:8 ! I Po$ibl.irrb.Mnii.ti dntu.t is ror philo$phicil. T[;.m3zcn.ni ir.or rh. besinning knowl.d8c-u'l.s ii G rhd of lnowlcdsc thar rhc vi.w oI hiiort which 3iv6 ris.

t'.i t[-n ii or ;ntIi

xtll
EMr dor o,t .tus b...n4 cLad tdPrort |ettn'nd. -Vilh.lm Dimgm, Drr Eucron

M.in Ang.Ikr un S.turs b-.n, ].h k htu Een."/r.k, bliebicht".b Lbadie. Z.it. 'tnn . u.nb C$n . nh ha -ccth{dschol.m, rcn 'Ctu.s Ans.lus"'
Ang.hi Novu" sno$ r AKl..'p:if,tinsnrm.d :ns.l l6li.s * $oush h. k .bou! to 6ov. 2way fiom FmdninS h. i! 6rcdu conlcEplahc. His .y.s 2r. *dn8, hir nourh i3 op.n, hi: *inEs.r. sprcd. Thn n how on pidEs th. .ns.l of lis_ a. .h. p:s. Vi{. ory, His i:.. i3 tun.d brrd dui p?rriE a ch.in of d.nti, l. eB on. i4l. :(:.Bhon ctdrd $[olcn G397- ), J.*kh Kholrr :nJ ,adLbi boB iD B.rlii, l.kr libo'ai or lh. H! Nrtidn:l brd Unhdsit ol Ldrlln ('t11-:7):d iid pdt.s. olJ<wnhmt. Librrq (rrrJ-, t, l.fttr dckm a ri!b!{ thiv{5iq Gert-6t. lEdil Mt wiq n cdr lor tisir,/ I mulil lit. b bd b:.ld Il I rir.d nmds dE / I pouu hrE linlc lucr: F.J 'PtulKld (r37r-reaol. Svi$ FiD Busnt{lh.Brunr lmdrrr1,orerLuntilroGdb

xll brr ulen.adhntary, nortbaodi c

3t.ilell locf.t in tb. E rd.n ol hnauhds. ndds n -NidEhc, oFfrt lse ND

mo. rts Fat social D.n&ati. thcory,dd.vo ic.. h3v. 6..n iorFld by I conapion oI PosEe *hich did noi :dh.r. to r.rliiy but 6d. do3manc d,ims. lrcgr.$ rs pictuad in !h. mi.ds oI Sqi2l D.ddns w,!. fd oI dl. thl pd8r.$ oi mdtind irsll (:nd no. j!* adv c.s in D.nt rbilir, $d tnoLyl.ds.). S.ondlt n *rs rcnalins 6oundl*, or t.n_ in lc.rins wn! th. ininitc Frf.dibilitt ki.d. Ttndh tiogrdt pas tsll&d d krcriidbl., em.thing rh.i iurom,iicellt ttrGu.d r nFisht or spnal o!d.. Eic[ oi ih.t prtdic.ils h ontov.P si.l .nd open ro c&ici5m. Howd.r. $h.n th. chilE ir. do*n, cdicnm nu$ p.n.EzE b.yodd ihd. prtdi.,'.s rnd locu! o! son.thing tlr{ th.y l .in comnon. Th. .onc.pr ol ihc hi,io.iel progr6! ol m:nkind cannotbc 5u'dr..d lon lh..onepr ol irs prosrc$ion ,hroush t homo8mdls, .Fpry timc.A c.iiiqu. oi the.!&pt oI such. Progr.$tot nu{ b. th. brrn o( ,nr dtici$n ol rn. .6ePt or

dr:r No, mr or m.n bdtth. s,,Tsh:,s..oePrcr:!.i n*ll n rh. depoeory or h69ll91-I49:11!$g rn codr P,G u"a.'. s* t i, "c.rrq* !r i--n 'h. ;J*r dr;$n ('3{-tll,c{-m eh,s^ph- LEd'l

Rdr uh! rrcuo. tound.db! rrd L.bl'nrth' 'nd b.sshs dI wo'ld v' I in-opPo.i' Llvnbua;, 'hc dn'6 d ,h. crur lena( don b Drc.rn 'h. !.nr kG 16sr6<J bi $. cwduii$ Ptrt |r.l

't h.s2:o/ th. PhilosopbolLlistory

6as

684

vilrza aENtaMr{
Tn2i.nt M16 crdiansPour2rir{ l' o{ors'nic hl' on-6ah "tn alrtio.,o rfi.Itr'orv mn_ . noddn biolo$n. th' 9'lrrv hriv $nki oiniiurr q'h,lt8 l.nnh ol ,.'o ixe doa M. (.o.dr .t 'pttr' ol r w'nry lom hodev 'h. hiiorv of (nih'd nmhd Or thit !c:1., th. r'' D( $ould 6lt orF6l'h u{ th! L* sKond d !,our" Th. Pr6.n\ rii.h' * ' m nn rin.. comtrics rh. d'n. hnbrv ol mmhnd urth In' .normous rbnd8ndt m'ftids d{rrv thc {:$n *hicfi th. histo4 of mrnlind ht 'n

.h. .on{.lhron whth h" o*n dz hr5 .lorm'd dDbr'nd r wlh r d.6 k d Er on' TLs h' arh' 1' m' orrh' now onol rP rt .onc o nm? whi.h s rhor ihoush snh'hiptol M'Bsn'c B (om rim! whn tr Tl'. soo$s,v.* *h" found 'dt d_ nor. cdrinlv d'J nor '\Pdi'n" h,d '1n':! 'n o' .mpry' An d( honoq.n.ou3 how par m,nd s,ll ndh,F s'r:n ido d 'hk '. rcn'm hder r.(.rpcrinc'd (rc 'n !n th. tfle w,v W' tnow ftr rh'l'r! 'u( r'o- ,nu.rig.mg thc f ","h,hca pdv.. rh'm m r'm'mbirc ;.J 'h. Ths nnPFd th' fudr -n-d h"*8., whd all ,ho'. sucdmb who n mtrmnrvinow $v.d fo'.nl,shknm'nt Tnn dod tuturc Nm<d rn@ nc Aa $ ao' rh.lN3 'h? t*ryr<ond.or nm' fn" .o"-.o*,.-1'.v -'; 'h. i-r BtF 'h''sh

voRrE

'N

-K?rlKJ,us"' vERsrNvol l

m*ffi#l;,;:ilrr

*h-L:n'. Hi,b.i i, ,[. ."h-' "l ' .-.*. rmP,r im., blr ljli !ll!9 ;;6;;o6io,(,

A hGtodot md.n,list anno! do wnholt ih' norion ol a prcsnr which n noi 1 tBnsnion' but it *hih iiD. {:nd. nill .nd hrs o'n. o . nop, ta' *hi'h h' him*lf p.6.nt rhtr dofl.n d.6n6 'n 'h.

$. uh. or d. now 4hrh h. bls'J od ol'reon dnuumof hitoo Th. Fr.nlh tuloluron \i.*'d n , qlDE crllJ On.. upon 2 timC' in httoricirmt t.ll r. Rod. rnnom,E h Aola.d ln'i'd YTe ' bod.lo. Ilt ..mdnE in co.rol of hispos6, r'n doLG cortoma or th' pi i. rsn' w4 f.sh'on 'h. h2r r tun lor dt. topisl. no mzns sh'r' t .noug! !o bi,r op.n ih? &nrinulm or hstorv' iotr l'rp rhd in r!. rh'cldi ol long rso: it n ) s(r xvll p3n Thn Nmp, ho(Er. hl$plr( into 'n:n '[r*hcx th. rulin3.l:$ sP' &nr rirolhnrorv is th'db' Ti. lrtr kiP in 'h.oP.n l.dial on.. whicl is how Mtx uidecrood thc

*ft.s h$oq Htrb'nism eiv.,-Ui.+L " n*.+:r:Ilt :wil.j1 s4!!tdcr.?!!]rirbri.:r

#if*tft

i":li#"1;l'".

dszl Histori.Go @ntmBib.lt*ir['ntblisli'sa h6rorv .onnccnon b.sc?n vsious odncns n Bd no i.d thd G 1 e& n tol 'hd t'Yroson 5 r h,fldtt, k b.am. hrndnl p'$ htrmounr' rrcm tr ds6 thrt n:vb'iprtd rR,throush A hntor;n bv tloutndsofY.r{ or h; Doinror d.prd"r. iops Ellins rk rqE(' .r;6 h!. th. bdd!ol, ro'rrv lni?rd h'sdip:

ot ih?k edon i ..""r"ti""".r .t"i"t it ,tt. -""'d Tl. smd Rvolution intiodnc.d . rcv cd'ndr' *rvs 15 histoncrl r , n. ' ''.it"t.r,y -t.na* I dneliDrdm.r."f AnJ,b'siollv nis th' sm'drv r g "i* o r hohdr v shic h I 'n . ' ndD' -d .i.s.

!h:, thcvrE rbout'om'lerh' con_ Th. rw: n# hnuum ol h6oo cYplon. s chrnden{n ol th'

l**ffi
D. nolv@d

lffi@i--lsE4!44!rE

rn :dr.d yd6. In rh. l,'1, rcvoldton in' r'tr uc 'iid *t'*t' d'o"ca i"on" 't 6shlingitiuli'dolt rhtth'

Onrh.6dde.inBof clo*s in bwe( u@ bsinglir'd on simulian'oudl md v ho'n s*dlPlr(e\ in Prrs Ai 'nd.tcndrn m;v hrt od h* rnsshttu rl'c ryt.$mas, n ryn., wde -ho lollos: Qui L mn1n! on dir' qu'ntn's onk' Jo$is tu Pi.d dc chaqN 6ur'

r3, of : Manrntr c6$rcn oil'rp' a6gnr^ 'h. Fn'ig,or 1{rd'lta,.ndf, i t\oidaorory'Mn'em .hc hshr ror ,h. oPpks.d i r,n@or trin( rde' tu blJ(r $..'hr *r ourffn' lPEifc cou's. olhkto4-bl'nins [omo':.neous ' lift ou'roI tht rt: or t 3p..i6.worl<.ut oi dr' li" sork- As, 6!lt oI thi, m.thod tfi.liLmrk i! Prc' s.ned inihksork and !t.h.s!n.tim.ca'elcd;" r rh. hi.!orl, th..B; rnd in rh..m' thc 'nnr? oubc of hi'orr' Thc nouri,hinslruit oI th' h;tori' c.lly undestood ontains tim. .s '1 pieclots lnr

! rEr lEdrI ('s71-'er6) 'r& Ki:ur !&nruf'F ^srntr lrRDo. dd iidnnd s d' +o6rmrc Ioi 'tr su'k'r ftn h. d*' s 'nPl' -:,i! @d, r h n q p r 6 ' r r H t ' l r rr s! d r Bd tr ' C?F lrrl my.dal'"rt-r

fir' ifl ' fto {drd hrr bJ(tJ ir * rE rclJ 6hu:i r r fi! bd a{.!ry rc$( 'rbush'dDrd nq ' \n h r r n . tr ! r ,6 r.d h<di rL i ' oe F {oP

'ii'ii.ilLr r r ^r .

"-,,na-' ' b un<r

Lr i

md;n& I,'.rrcdord 'o

' odoi.

Theodor Adorno
--- ''re>t9tt-1069
''critical th.@ .ri l.t ."i."i, d a tm utd bv ftnb'R r. *Y""a ,r'.ory dcv*d

4A AAI ?

fh. M.latchott ici.n . (rg18); i Oario dd E C'bh!4 lii"s"rtl S.nool R.atur {dM-sin lzr.Adorno 11984)'

f@Yrt

*.r

rhislnrholo$r' cdiic'l thcory"uB Mn in t" ,t'i tt. *i"i ri '. "."U.a r" rplo "rdr Indru'' fm sd'ar RB'nh ln F mvun unds iii*i'""a "n-.ii". U* n.'*r'.* " h la33n no"d to Pdismd findlv b columbit ws 'r"-Jr."i"i.r dcup.uonadomo 'arv ardilkd with ii",L,,i" i"'i *r* ,r'. c.* tt94h tr' vB *',t' nin o; Diat.d! oJEnlishknr?tu i.Jn'.#.i ""rr"t 'r"o it ws dir inFG{ dd hn rnn'l b inrk tlur d D' -a tr'" J" "it,rr.u.i- "r h th. {!d.ni mo*d' or.l'rereeos *"*d il,r;;-;;;i;;;i;",i" "-p -a "-, lnd4d rd r'onci.jmr8d itr'hvdt roPohrics e0"."..t ii.l ir.. v" tlb politicd vi'vr ir cill &rion s6 mo:r ...'"4.*, ij-l"h', *. r. r- "t* 'Dmiud.ns d thd lim' b bcpaiot s irh Id ". 'il. -",rs3'r kM in thi\ Th. oFbl.m lddc*d -.pt"( c*y E thc rbc' ol th' cdti'- in thc

Fd $d S'hel oI ol rh' @'ll'd th' an!' in o lir''uuF ip'cilic'llv

*ir.i'"a"-. i.".",.a "-i iL'l *'rv ttk'Fobt6rimrldlorhlldin$'d A6ttdicr" lr " di".* I-"Gt i" i m ra.l.tth. HMonid Md in aourscoir i" in Fsiblv @pliclt "irhth' *rr i"*iuttv implicakd cndrhus i''i. i'iir.n.r i! lit'lv ro cnric *ho dGtmr h **.*.'rr'" ."irl"* "urdonvqll':fh-,sBs !'rus -r..t Edlduc( lh. seirllv D(vit?nt cai.3odd ed conhburt ro Lhc Adtrm advesia b diariircaau'ts; i,*.p, ."'.iilir'.i"*.' "-send.a rida It wdu na;'o & M- i'*d'nt-*'. ss. *l iiii ilir,-r",r* "j,

'. ul,i".. ni.

v@ld oppoe ,ir" .I or o. .r,.itrca *s ot oppo'irior i.cludins subja t/obj6l H' -.r,r"" -".:*t i $"i $. *hok n th' rik' " criticrrn nusr $*rm u*t"g ,ii r.rJi-rio._ hav' alwalist6d in Lo mo"inraioeoatv trsr "duof d dd philobphv or si.tv riom shich uFv diln'sushcdth'n r'ti o**' i. *u p.i'i""rrt -ilii $. insisr.re or tn o iit ind'p'ndcrc' md tliod_ r* ,la* .-"i*":l '" fr"nomwE redEd lllhbprcm_ inwhich o-.i".r".-arhn "." 'i"*;r* o" r, *-"s. or E i'c ol cu'tut d tlt' pc*nt rin' And r..'ii:;.*,'*i_ to rrra oorimi.ric rtr p@ms k rdlfillabl'at rh' sm uru herru{t ii.mo is'nor cloiuEod firirv impli?s rhdt ,*i"r *- r"tn..rlc "shcrB ' "l-0." " ".oit" I *- * t . ,-ld oppos thc clouF indicn it Dv lix'd !{opr Ado* --i"

-.rL " t

lrcn or wft Admot elspicio dd flrshr vi'ru_

Tnc rtulared wdts ol Adooo itult& Diok'ti' ol Enlisht'Mtnt \si|jlM* Htr;h;nei 1947.t r972)iMi,inaMotulia(lssr'tr'r914i PnsN: C\'tr'lctit' t a t l0?J':l/'!d' iross.t rsozlt Th. Jo'sonof Authrnti.it!t hv' s'c '..-.Js,.-o e In'orl(IaTo 1984) M!n'n ,i'. o.i..,i.i inlu, ro:,,

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ol " sch@t seiatR'turch ti'to'1 oJth. r^.ri*'a,' e-d,4.q'r4;i' FrunWd lrvl?)i Gil'ie R@' s*t:M."", n. oriaino!N4ottwDiatectic'

r.hovc it .v{ ttrins lrcd $w cddirioB a rk i!.rh or s@ *bd snstd idcditlly sublim:rioo bar6 b t*i dd b, bod by r mEn.l tDr'nd;{ Er dd .dhudrb.b!:.Th' rh.dnabii!enihiLdotroIuld 'ro u}w in fi. hrbit of thitr*itr! with hi3 .s' 6' *ordr .ulN'al cdtc n'rd sEh dinindd hir privil.3t tn rd_ dutr lEw o otr.stv. turruor diri.iM' (rlldnrrt) ! jB tdLib hi! l.liiimarioo by mlLbodidg eith dM rdomob'k rJEvf pi'ed ni& d mEly bdts., l'L d. oL Tnir, bows..fis tricd.idn mur.diuis. r r4ml bdhs Im L&n ri/ CGl Th. '*rs dir Ev tha iFpltrtic dlq {lh *bich srftr ot oiri.is ;hdicdotr Th. cullltrl dnic n ld h.ppv ril\ ciriliz' MriB di6.nd rts.li $. hth of s u.m..oe.:ddr dd ro *Nch rlon. h. o hn di$drdr' H' spi*s 6 ir idpisn.n {i6h ln. dbir oi d.t.gri6r *hich n @ds' cirhd nmdulrs.r.d t re or I Nghil hnM' h. ftr6otd fira.d oi tr. sudr. D6if.5onG. To 0M mt trFL of rh. ed. 6snF G hd h.l uF, Yd h. b tedsilv diry it, i( dE rm ritr, b fcl i d th. jo6 W@@b himelt 3trFrior. nt isu,Ij.j'Ev ot b *hi"h na f4.j6 nudy dc pot6noo of criric in boo'!d; cktv a n p.'' H4.l io hh rpologv ld !E e'6 6. objd-@ridzdby .e @lddobr' Fir orcdtull.ttE rnd Drcvn6' PsB Judg_ tus*drowrdih. n3cn 4aFeh(h 'rsci.v b.. ies nunbL ot 6 .Lmd ol u$attio! in lB dilia o ru on rh. m,a .l th..rd.nr' *hkh r wire lik Brt4 *a dll.re,L .l.n.d.f dr iubjer i&lfis d.ni'Gd dlM b iE innmdtnilcup r*ionC .nrL$qcjd iEI 9ia!4 el!!l4!4 oI jo!lls!d!,"d,. s-!Ijl!: F I iI ']. v( i L\.t G6'dEllt -ddFo.d isishs im t!. mG r i4 rcbrin.d odirunv hlrc B.rtl h iE i"di"id"d F!d@ ol dt! 6 c $b ir d;'h -h.* a rh.Y h.E disld.d |n. FIt of m[tao ;u$. r!a! Tln 6.y n\Nld h'r bdi 6h3r.d *i6 tn.616 d i*vidtk rL Mdrv ;Fd ud d; ot hdr -! *irh dp.d @ .n obiddE qdiftr tndlh ..odd.l Hc ltilii d. rkL \itdc &!b{ic hriu;a*6rid.d. FstN lqlldd'4Fivir.sd misv, hc s .inrv spi'i' !@ k d;e.n rd nEml6t 'i"*'IEL|!l'i'y. otFrttd-F*gd !G N nc or L iD E *o.'n rh. dc dl. sd. of mh! 6isNn6 br oftNm4 fi.ir i rhe Juds.d d.Fnd! tr4.lt d dEn rGiNBB di;of nms, By ituhdns otrthk, qirkird i odptd to wbik d*v l or .mMe iq4D.*ai'n{\.iob're InpG hdd irotrd of oiving. folld rhl udhblc :droirly d'pFd itrb 3!p!.nd *M influd! d dFqtD non or rh. pc!' $.y Mn.d rhd v*v lthmtv *h,cb dEn drfr.r' .irjc bv !nn.48 rhrror!!!4Lh.5rEd &ri rlE,d) prsuppotd. Tn i ml,G rol$otr ion ln. rd dal ir r fom! or @dt ddr. r6i.tv id *rich aI b.iis L n.ftI, $4r& &'Eilinl .hq dE difc virv curtuE h'trd Bii h. lD(orponb di3 d'rkEna in'o tE' 'h' lr6uld otlv i! l@ of hi. d&*!.lt. himsrf i! h. *rrt b 1..v. b.hind od *ti.h irtlr iidu;dahich is, c6r-thd ']e ii Gmr of lii ,?ir8 /a sd*thjry.lG to f:Ev it*lf cuxud Ch@_ i..dr tha difl4n.. in o'dd Krawlcds. ,nd ML6bditrg w d lriDlrt Dd { ma rdidic or culbrck F:rhion b d;dtrlioi t@!cb {nich bv-roducB, Td UE n@ th.y & l*kjD& r}l. rm rkt ir d.mpb i6.lf fdn tvlh&tid .gaia.t rhc nddi.l .ondi $'!d dE rc Eeltu.d br on.upmd6hi! 5d cdldbig. cbimr ds of litc, * rhr! n k iNadabl. Th. .t$'a!'i *tt lonss uidsbd pL) gdnd{{o cnk; ii ot dt tund ofohurc. *hich iDtd inhd. ir $. hor.td _ 'ncn $q NdF dd .n'nussdcrn) Fsn $c@lvE b bc rt it L rh. old di!'hmlnv ptupdsDdsE or m56 lrid.d 'o ib. or hd. ruLfirlitrq Lfr dd hk Th. Pr.tusni\E or iF b dpB ri.ir opitio tom,arioded Fsirion @i(hd 6if ny.rcobi{t\D lurn kd.lvrh.obj6rivir,of 'h' .qd!h o ft Mtr ha rql re, i-"

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turrs. Orc d.yru .riric .vrtsr6 @d b.E n i@viubly anvoh.n iu r ip.\.rc rnn.n wi$ tur.ddr v.lud , 4.o rh.n h. m6 rh. MSrsirg of curruE. rli! co@phriv. rbrc? '8rjri bw ily otrbtu ,snnizid8, :Dftying, bduin8. nle.ing: rhis pi@ rui6 hih, $n h. Gj.ru. Y{ hir v.ry sdisdry. ln. cllin b ! n@ trcfMd krowl.dg. ol $. oljel d,. rcF erid ot dE id{ tmo i6 obj4r .tough dr iid.p.id.i.. of rh.crldcr,judsn. v$r.nsIosecun'brorh.lninglil. fm ot th. obj6r ehcn dltunl .riricim apD..ir to r ml lE'ido'id.sddisplry.ailsf' cn.sqi..xochriniDd.Iirciidt6.Individu . or ohDrc a $h. tu. m dA.dic ro* of d dd rc d pnjlcophn iedirg ro 0Eir v.ry m n3-iFisr ftey hrle aivays tu d ii Eldid ro th. rturl lif.-prcs of rri.ry nos which rh.y dininldsl.d ln.hs.lri Th.i. v.ry rtjetioi of th. 3!ilt of. lif. ehich bnndly ard elldsly rFG du..'ic.rf, En isbim. on i.d.p.dcdr rnd ebnoDy. oi apdiod rtum rhcF.v:iliqs a,lm orru.p.sa, impli.s. i IBr c o ui@naio!. .lcm.ir rhc pnnr of ! .odi 'id'nwhjcbfu.donwEEdjad,Ihj .riit.ie d.p.i& m i c.l pmois ofctrltun r lds $ i! b.*irch.d Ediiy rnd, urdbndy, oi .ohl ov* $c wod of dna, lld r,ap.& dhe in vhlch E .nd dE .dnruma rnd *hich rodayn pEsib.d rq *hob poprhrim by nin4.R dd psy.ldehniin it tuDdid *ith rged b madrlrrdni iG EDmiido

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&!.drn to i6 d.bem.nr o( th. miid Esntd reidy or bdry m lon!.r blcErs .Etr lho* d' dn ict momtib to*dich rhc ro'v ot diy.ly iid.!.'d. rh. ca,Kl d.!.nd.re ot ruP.cm t rtd lr .; lFn'ai prira which rt vdld i! b..oniig. n is m long( r idpo@t td ttow whd dlpcndso! vhri, isoE'AI.r.md.n: or nsid'rj, beoi insigDh. $. rb$luE l.ofrndtnich "ir ftm r. no mrc tdololia ii rt d$cndc $ns ot only rdEniem.na fd rn wold l:is. onsi@n.s. !tuNsn ib dupli.ariod fn $. F'tr@riE lie shich dcs d !.r b[.r bur comm.a& 3il.sc. Hci.., th. qEsnd ol $. ersl d.teDd.B of culrur, r qu6tion whi.h *.Di ro .mbod/ rh. yoie of rhd on *hich dl@ is tughr onrv .v.t $e ;ig Of.dR, b d.Fnd. blc on r tel*.{d! intrm Nlnod I .Kntugllt oEdtta hv $ii I n d'gg.d ido ln. .bys by iE objel TlE maed'lkric ts! lercy ol culrue ha nd m.& it m vuls4. Ay Elinqnishiig is wtr pdiculd n culruE ha al$ (ltnqukh.d rhc .dt or rrurh.{hrch oE. oieitcd itr ie oDportiim b dhd pMkuldid.. To crll n b @mt *hich ir ddid i! onlv ro cqlim c!l' belorc! G@ibilitt md E!dy-n'd., hdir'ni rur'r perpFry. rlrdhr;.d oiitoa hs b.c6ini rodle* hd,v rhmsb .n imlaabr. lain.d bv ft. Rlr pres ib hdhs., btedtkally !irs. hs beom .rp.id'bl. to tha highst d.gE iuF ms olM 6n !oj{ b flNuq 6h. And tfi. heL{d.f n vi$ i cfln. fd lty @r ir a,u.h T1'. ma rdd sEv bdond. rh. srdr.r$. rcin.rnm oftnc mindandrb?mE Dindoxier i6 dr.d b 6dF rcifE ordM iE ffir dbs. cocidsEs .fu in'o idk rh|nc. cu!'uralqnn$m fin& &lI r*at *kn$. fimt!68 oLF dilldic oI culrw-tid blbdie ro wrk EEy;nca Aush;rt ii GiFmtts1r .\.o ft. rerLds! ot{hyfri{@lIjlq9!!!1.'.d.r rnL pa.try rodrr Abldft :.ll!!js'rlvhi+_ll9sF 'o pFd rrrrd,u:r rcsas rd.!t{34m.tt.rr'lo! erc hkn'sm.. d Nn8 b rbsd 'hqnldd'rrlJjilicd b d b. .qul b dn ct'l5s. s ,on! r!! onfiDnBf EltelLfi.d ontnplaim.

Roman Jakobson
-'._*lE+

1,196-1982
h\ohs6 i e$ t Th. Mtloph.nc ara M4duJni. pot s ilus@s dc emgtdity of rclalidship3 rhstn,y cxid td',q $. ro of F cho,o8id linguisrics li! lod ctut .ndci!m. .talob&n hadbowtcdse of &,6 tctds. Hc b.tFd foundrh. R6'e FmalN mov.ftnr sd llt4 lnc Prrglc shmt ot tinguisrics, bolh of rhict rE t lir.rarlr a fundamnratlt dcfi..btc s a ldguagd tltob@ bc8iB eirh , dj$ussio of ihc rcladonshjp b.rfta ocrrphor md 6.bnyny od th. rwopdu.yp6 ot aph!sia a bdin disord.r afidling.3pc.ch. gc thenoisd4 6ar rh. dilriocrionbctl@ RoDddcnn tud Ealnn l6jn lnc r.latiyc doninscc or mekdb. jn RomdlicisE andn.bdtny in r.dtum. H. su3A6s diatdoudt dEE h6 b.cn nuch disclssio of @lapnor,tn.rc hd ben lir{r stodyof fteron Tr Fora considcraridoLrtE leslag, of rcdismdd of FoF, ! rhoy ol beionrry is a na*'r/. b iN6rjslrio4 suche Ja*oblons,criricisb, linsunrics,dd psrcholosyconriblt to w dolncl For! lkt of.talobsonk Fmalist pubticatio'! in Rusim re Mcld Erli.b, a6tian Fomltun 11965), 28& a9. Fo! a bihliogmphyof hh p,6lcadom e. thc pp. wtnn For RoMn tdkabtot.(19561. Jakob$n is $c au6or wiln Motris g.tl. and C. A. M. F6| ot PElihinti.s to.t?..., ,4r,brn ( 1952)dd wjd fiat. oaF!ddoJIaryus. 0956 t;a..phdDroE, in Relatjon pholdi cs,,.in Mdet of to ^.itat: Pir"n.ri.r ( 195?), .dn.d by L. Kaier Ahons numms sorra byJarobsor "Eihbtc ir Englishe JLrt la3!rA.r: A Cond.N.rt Sud.! 1t955),Scld.d writinE, i sev.nl rcrufts iI962 fi), S&r'ier ih u..bol An \t91rJ, Stu.Ii.! o' C^id rn\uq. a Apluit (l9tt). P6h*in onn Eit Cdtutol Mrthlu.tn5J,Sit t .1\r.su Stuna and Mtuins (8. 1918j, n 'Fmvo& oJt ,sEs. /J980). R6!ia @n Shric CrMt Stodi.t l93l-1 ! (n: lg&'). dt tesus. in U.rattE l9a1\ sa Ebtu lroLnst ia, Rotun Joki,btonsApp@en to LdErcse (8. t9t6): tlcrjad^ R. w.tsh, RM latobtun ! sci.nc. of bnsrcs. e916).

The Metaphoric and Metonl,mic Poles '

T]r. vei.ri.s of iph6i; d nun@s anddiv6q ho. atl of rh.n dctrarc b.rEsn rhr rwo roki tn dscrib.j. 'yrc.

N4dte Pdq t 6ia t d re6de dld!ro(u6)FlFidl'Fd6

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tt )w

Erot fom ol rptdc diaurb@ oosi* in m tnp:n n.nr, mo or k$ *y4, .jrhd oarh. tmht fn EL.riot dd strb{iturion or lor.onbimdoo lrd cd6@, Th. fG m{ nidior irvolE I d.rddj6 of n.rr;Slisic op ccrions, *hil. dr. l.!a d:f,rsca rh. crpsitr ftr r;ibi$ iog L'r. lidr.hy of lib8uisic uni6, ll| rtrd6 of similtuit is suppresd i! $. fma, rb. Ehrioi or o i. in rh. hn( D?. of M.Ephd n dnn b tn. srny 'ph'sir sinilriry disddr, rrd nddymy ro rh. @nriSlit, dsLi Tnc daclopMl of r dir.W Dry 6L phe dd! r*o difi.d $huric li* orc ropic h.y l..d b sdls cioEr rlmlh 6.n rimilaily e rhoud dEn dieli.)l,

4i ln

Gaston Bachelard
.+--.7>--

1884_1962
Bach.lard! r.bdk Forc.sd. Duit s..d inpans $rt 6 d pss ow8h $. cimirs oi knoeldSc," .pnonizcs hit poid 6f virq H vd inrcrcsr.din ..perjc tvrry od aish.d to dcvclopI eiiicisn tharwdld Dor..i IeoatiE . rtc Fctic ad.gq h. udEd ro b. !u. ro ih. ,.peric losor. 'TIE utrimatly in!.ndr potntk fd rhcpe.ic imr8. io ilvad. dE c.d.r *irhour rhc ftdiand of Btionat jnquiry q dy rod orMlrysis.I' would.pFd rhar odcr ra ret lhn inrGubjdivny djv., iD lhecnticmui m,t. o po.n ofhk criuci$..k. rh. chain itue.ry is bmr ud of th. whol. orn r falk i.!o i'tctleludtadon dd oatysis. O@ Ien es rhousht io liti fts from rhl llav.ry of iSrodcr od pssid, bur f6 Beh.lrid tlr @ric im.ge in i. pnnitiv.m.s elds md i o tcdom Aon ,lrioMl h* Accordinsb B*h.lffd, borhpsycholryyud psycho.otyljt rddr,k thc pebc rms. ad;.//..tu ie it, thur desoyins ils pow. ftc rcd.r nu ra*. thc ids. .in iB b.irs ,; by d'ringsohcb6@ orc wirh ir" h i.vad.d by ir, lnd invd6 n D om. B&hclddk dfioilics @ wi$ rhc pndoMtogical cirics of F@c dd Swi._ 4la{i His innEna on tsungd diti.s ol rh. c.rcva Sch@I, 6p..idty.t.d-pim Richard, b@npbfound, h$ Wo*s ol Brch.r&d avlihbr. h E^Etnne Th. poai.t of Spdc.(t, 196q, rh. Pt doa0Dlit 4 Fn G. 1964),m. Philatophr oJ No lE. 196A), pdi6 o! th. R.r.n G.r 9), On Po.tlc Imtivtid ondR.e.ti.lE. tgjtt,7rt,.ieht lo Dtub (lr, l97l), rd ltr iv w S.t rri6c Srtn (r. 1984).Se Mlry Ab C!*,, S,udti,, onnlwgitutiu I1966t, Dffiiniqne Lm( Moditd otd Fpi@Iq, \8. tg15)i Rch C. Smid, Grrrrd ao.r"/rrd t l9a2\ tin Mty Tet .. Buhrh !, S.i.M. oni

r ne roeocs ot Jpace
FNa

rowd tr

mdr lirc or rhc &dv., sbwiB8 d;oortirn of

I
A rhilo@phs *ho ha dolv.d hi6 .orirc tiinri.s tutrdmnri d.E ot.h. phalo$Oy ol *i.nc, rrdn $. ad ror-

cdmdoD{!,k$Uq!46&Fn&.fu|{oolsb [. tsU'fr Mlt e;

l@iog md td:l vj6 .ll hir h.hi! of phitosphi..t r*ft|r irh. *t6 b dudr rh! F!5ldB F !d b, $. Ddic tmrsiodid. Fd h4 x c ud @r d$ldnr. T1. lo.g.lry-ic d.y{ur lfiod of Duniry rosatd dd cdDl@, iia hr! rhoshb is iE foil. on. nu{ b. e.dvq @ rw b o. imrs. r u'. n .ppcs: il d6 b. r Dli':'@o rdophy of po.try, ir tur ippd rnd dfturt r silnif'd v.e, in dd dh.,tE ro o-,!Fi$rir.d inrs.: ro b. cx&! in dE r4y *rEy oI $. mws of rtE inr3.. Th. pa.k img. is I sndd.! .di.r o ih! r[lfc ol $. plrchc, rn. ks lsycholosirrl .ru*s ol *hicb hM d b.q safici. ly invBrigdd. Nd.u dt1nin! !.d.dt rd odimGd ad. G r bGir fd a philo!.pny of po.ry. fi.

r0t4

c^voN BaoruiD ulb.,ar rtu im:sii!'on.rr&.Bnb).bsEhin"rLj FrioB. ln s&' ro cislv rh. Psbkn oI ln' Pftk 'ms' Dhilosonknlr N fill h'v. ro hs. sv ,t" thdld b' und'Erood .n.rw .r ' 'r'i 'rrs,-ti3bdv ot rh. Dhlnonsd oI $. !.. $ . did pr'dld of rh' ffind iDb rn irsidedr b.itrs or tu, itpt ltnd'd ii hi! lctoiirv lEd;@l 'nd h.rcIoc, $ apFd ,o d*tin hd b.{. ih? r.cqeidy h 'ph.mm.mlosy (s fallins on d.ra.m- And tcr idd.p.nof pcms d. ol rll dcriE, rhi| rpp.al i! .l{: trlE '.rds objd dd .Y!n rc$ a $. sub$ituc tor b objdt. blr to $iE iB 5p..ific,Er]nt Fo.!nis,rh.adoffi.curiv.otridse*nBrba.yn' drti.rlly G@id.d *id d'. 6r naUns prcdud of ${ coNious'6s, rh. pdlic id!g. Ar thc l.v.l or ln. ratic imig., lb. duliry or lubjd ed objd ir i'ide.n( shimolin cdtion ot th?pcdc idgr by tl. tar th.ntumlo3r, it on. dd to rt e, k . niqospic ph.nor.nolqy. A. r Eulr, $n ltamddoSy till F rbly b. tthdy clcBiwy. Ir rhi' lnioi, rhdd ll1l lb|3r of . Dln but d.r1-lir.d eubjetjviry &d r Fdiry *{'ich *lll d,F6suily flch it liDl .GdMid. d. Dlrtrmmlogit 6odr . 6.ld fd cMd$ aF iMBi h. piliiB by obrltids tn* co b. qet belue riEy c rimpL, bdu* Irt ''hr no coi*4!.M'& n ln. @ *idr si.odfic dDu3]lt shicb b .lr.$ 8,4.d tlb!8nt Thr in4.. in ia lihptcnn ia N Rd ofehornhip. n |. {. FDF iy of r luDriv. omisn6* ln ;e .iFBam, n h k rl*ryr iusd.Tn !er, in tn. rcEl.y of hn img6. 'nurhtul tb. 6gin of ld8!rsr. To lp.dry .mdy vhd r pl'mft61 o8y of r. ir!s. en b., to.Fciry d rh. img.,orur t4,E rbdgh, E $dld Mvdo sy th'r po.try, nl\d rhr b.iis . ph.imiolosy af th. nind, L I Dh.nomdologyof rhr sl. w. lhould d hl. to 6l 'n $. !h.ani^. mrio8ns. 6..tbi6at m. hh3ligc of odcmtcr./ fEEh philoqphydd c6 n@ $, FFrolqy-h:d ing ol dE so'd. ul dd nid Ai r c$t llry rn bodr rhd* d.r c v.ry iufrcrds ir e@*trrr d.rt ro din pnibrQay, in vhlch dr didiidid b.rwD oidd c.fu dd wt @t c.kt nd di. set ) is phil6apny of pdvt rud b. giEq $. htiE ro@ ot rh. n n\old d sinplity, ior hddo hyrhin8- Fd 'arbuLry. rEh . philolophy, nid rid Frl r. mt rynmJnd., 4d b/ ofii8 dEr a !kh. w br tlfrl{io ablc 1c$. w di$ol dcm.nb M{Ent to lsh llank ro lltc shdlogi* ofrh. iml!. D& ed rdl ir o ilibon r word, Ir cdin pcm n i:fld b. df*.4 fd n ie I word b.d of N b@$-: n. vm'l ;mp'it*c :loi. or | *od shouldffit rh. ancDio of s phdord.loSie ot p&ty. y lpor.n *ilnsuch ft. wontr, tu,inr&!b.peri. ,|6tddt$twMq,
J@t{4tinaqFdtd

m.Podntolsprc.

tat

ca. rculd h' diMs b6is in rhis id-otDri*iolad tdir*Nldi;klftEwid'rhad,pivchic&tuaijtv,th' dsni, nd.rrt ol Lt F.m, And whlB phil6opl'ic|| .ppli.d b ci.otfic rhitrkin8 .l!b@t'd dc r nt.dd rt rw lom Enod or dtr qu'8 no 6oush lni' dv or in i b.dy of tdr.n $; 'dd (a n ;d b. sdbidral rd 9'llNnd chus. bv rhr rw i&' trt *i'E) .h. ce itr .ll dE Gvolurim! of onkpo':'v rd Dhiloqhy of pa.uy md xrrcwkds. $tr rlE Padc ;- .o E . d lar rc G4' tr{ in *hkh iB F Fr'uoD [d|''.,trec{|db.rollod' ro mDtd h ttr_ bEr, rlrn L3b:ll h've lruiM ri of I E* po.tc iN8. $ e trchdtr' 'io! &tft of th. umotrFc. I sh|jl h fi. "iiq&lM! .o.d $d d$ El.do L m! portlv sp..hn3 ' d6d n N. Thc pdic in's! l, d Nbjdr b D im{ thNn x L\'d[n ! bn! d & (ho or rla od on L shrv: liaM ol r im8., $. di@ Pd E d *hn d.t th idirb'dbkmr novdrv dd B dioD' of b.d. sd di..vry. Bar* 'E dFrmitn or iE o*nr I . h! u drv lh. qc& 'nd Tnn.nblol} B wh' I pb t nJ.obL 'm'g. di'*r d.roo b I v; orcn, !*a n tr 'tr rhc ottdi. ot ('unlj'r' od

r smi conYicdonrh{ n o$ditt b dE sr m!. rcm. fte p@tjc asi*r lnd .ffip.idt ihcfort cn.in op.r ro our phaonholqt d ir@ ln rhedoDfi orpdnrin& ir *bi.n raliatid lrs b imply ddkioB rh{ d.ivc r'm d. tin4 rnd Ejoir c6lisdtois or thc w6ld of Frc.9rio. 0F a+nsndrlqy ot ol r mm, R.oa $. sod en Ev.:l tn. tur enDilrBr Huyslr.. in hi! v.ry lie pet@ f6 $c .rnibitim of G.d!6 Rouult s rc*r in Albi. wr.: 'Uw Ptt d ro nid dr vhd.jn RNulr dplod6 &liiiti.d , . , w .hdtt p.rhaAs hav. ro c.ll ryon . v6d dd hG b6@ dn6o! H.sGurolho|n:rid nod.d, whi.hk 6. *qdro,l drjs 6 nnd6h{L ro rsc md b loe. Ro@lt i wls E nsr "!h toD rh. Enrd, ar $a v.r I'd of d. cjDI. ftud wh.F $o vholc dnns &!ik. i! td w com. bd l3rir b rtd rolge4 6ta. rd4 '.d dc@L tnde.n, $! dl-d R.u.!h'l p.inirt I'w.F po*66 u i'B ltgla 0E liglt dt t D ie. vi.ioo rw sd.rmshtbceo d ol trillior colm. i' rb! *dtd of suiligllr, p rh.t r kdr,bl. Ev4d .f F cboloajc.l FsperivE n d.modd ot rho& vho t*L b uiddtn4 ! lhalm.liEL\.tlh"y|o.Roudllt9.jjil.Tn.yft| lani.ipar. in d iNd lisl* vhich k nd. !.lkdiotr oh IiAt fom $c o$i& *ond, No doubr rh.E E Ddy lxilc !'d r'E lirir au. h* n is : prinh sp.dins, ! Fod'F oaliglc rt trq ftom whi h.d m 6. lsh @ms- H. 4pdi@ rh. i imk lrEnns of !E Flrioo rd 4n pajnriig, $4 G. sl id cmbd-!h. trcs, is inbrid. PdndngliL rhjl is rbdfG r ptdMm orrhrdr. I]l. mn rcr rdc6 m hFsnor.d.!d. Th.s D46 ty R.nl Huy3n cmbde Dr id.. rid ir i! @rblc to.F t of !dwomlo')|otd! dl. rt ndy.Lumtuei w e oblis.d ro &hr*Ldt! th{ pG E*tri.d d, ir r ffiitur of rh. oL A.6ddud *irh th. $ul i3 mE d&4 les id.ndoo.Uanlhe. @ sio:Gs asi*d *nn th. lhrnmd of rh mhd Fm6 e Mifer.d ir p..fl ihd do d par dn{I rh. ciruik of knovl.d3d. Thc di.kctis of i$pintjd !d bldr beonc.ld il oiid th.ir le pol6: tn. ud od dc niid h Dt opinjor! sl !d mnn e irdisFiet lc td sNdtiig trE ph.noDd or dE pcric iftrsc itr t!.ir t!tu luiljg,,bovr rn, rn rdlL*tis d'c ml ioDolF.ri. ir ascsfrcm d. oisiEl sh. of rvsy b tur of .'dio. ln t .r in ! furm *clq I pld b c()tr:.ll@ t tcnidt o Pdttldyarphdotriololyoflhas!ol'hikr'l+ a-y oBdtDt6 r pr.hic mditioD dEr i! b fr.quad, # fus.d wirn dEffi. Bur vll.n n is. qsrho of Fdc ev..t ot av.!y $n dqiv6 ddG not only rlm i&lt, bd ds pE!!a pdic d.dd ts rh. ort6.

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livd, rn rll thd lb sD.'r Rll tu pd or liYi4 wlr' Th' 4rk im.!. n a mcr!.m. Ircn l. BY ti!i4 ri. ijrrl. dotc JE hisursd of siSdfiqtd or E Er4 * hrE $.n th. .,lub!v .rpdi.'e lffi !ffi8ing. I]iii. D ddbr, b.m.4in3 d sho. mgo ad i'dt,9u!|u3u4. h *hjcn I tn r et oI .ns!.n.., tdsh i! viv*itn Tb.$ linsukrjc imprk i ehi.h sund our am th. udiir'y tuL of p.tgDric ld3tri!. esinl ofot vibl impols A mi.GB.rysonnn d'd $tn_ |lc in firo or nF &,rd !: d6i. or lesu13+s in.hmt UFsk oI bnguge* cdiry wld li'd in 9dv nmrcs rlo.!tri6 d th. incc lif. ol lr4ur8. of*old3, a Tnd, rlong*i6 dnsjdd oEod.lit ir rpr.{t in rh. .voluti6 ot lssuls. * rhelo.ric ims., ! . d,i'.ntj.itn d.A gca(vNco w rdoldilf4nddoIihis.voh d |n. sl or I lsgug. x h.v. r sFd iifle*. it @D' n Ltr. em dft $n'{rt'ns ird6 !d h:d tco.ff&4 i c or sp.-h And ir l. EDd6 fim; ln. ur@zbrc rF(h u @!abk. u $i d $ rpPrnlk6hip b Id' dom? !ftx d.lid' rJEpod. imrgid g'ft or.moul llft ws qbh $. pcdc s .odifi.d rhc ns lic.n$ ro b. tFmied C.nbmpt r'y peuv Nwld ituDdu..d fF.dom h dE v.ry bodvot rh. lrDgus. At a s.D6@'ll.]Mof rn dod 6{lqgcq!rF{ u'Y.Fn I $c simPrc kftly tll rhk fiba.d 3paca 'i! tsM of *uds rh:r h.v. bcn rrFri.n.!n. Th. {onn'n or fot fix'rioi. tor's lssu4. dcmd& lt&s mrdu'l 't ."Dhlidjd. Eu rt. v.6t tl*rv! h inro th. liE or $. !.Gc crrtiig tn. imrgini_ inas? flowr d d jo n swlh iq slh N sh6.i ng fib.L Pohblis.dds $. ronowi4 lp 93l), shi.h d.snd ro h. cftmb.r.d d a surc indu fd ! plknoddolo8v or.i' And F.$on: ftc |F*ins subj.d it {ro odE sbtd. n no bnF .eht p'r'dori..l b $v thd tn {c:kiig iub_ ict .ris6 in his cnrircryin r po.ri. intg., b(ar$ unrc$ b ib&dm! hin*ll ro eirhot rc*d.dos, h. dG dd .nk i.b th. pdtic tpr. ot n\. inrga v..v cl.tlv, thc edric imrs. fumkh.. @ ol rb. rimpldt .ipsi.rc.s ol lus!&s. ftd hG b..n liv.d And if. a I prwe to dq n ir conndd.d .r !D oridn ol mnscioutrc$. lt Dorb to a tchdl 'otph.nmiolosv Io. if w I'd e d.. ir wouldno douh b. in o.mdion *nh d. po.ric phenor .noD!\:r w 3hdld find rhc d.sl ksni IDr c.d b@lc, tLvsit o Bd!*rirsr: Po.6 a And mrins thd ud Btui. @ bsn dtn(Mlosi36 dilgr 'ip.2r" b u! dd $rt, s r rcsdr ot thir lEt if w ttluc, ri( rhir l0sBr8! iu ruu_w. * tr.cddiullvlYi{g r 3$ rhins, vn&i Bds:ddi Th. tunodor@bl<ft th{Eneudonndhop.bsha ph mpnd*hosinE isanod Gc.ntE td rh. sF*_ iDx b.tis will lind .nouFs.m.nr in 6qc lie bv 6n I.lftd Dlbh ph.non.noros'n ri! sam. ,h!s.s, in panicurrr, hrr no sisnificrm. tor rhrricirlil ftum E nddp.ini ol dc p:sionr, nor frcm rhl of FFhology s p6yc[odalysh. x do6 nd e.u b rh.f rhd ino :jsnifb @a of ssh ihag6 k plenlly r pcIic stni4cae, Bur F.try i, rhd lidi iB oun'r.s su4i4 imzi... im*6 tldsh phich rh. .rcdv. iinisidion corut d livr iu iE For. pb.im.nobg4 $. xtnF ro arribnc m@ d.nts ro m ima8., wh.tr * ir. i' rh. v.ry .{!ki.c of rl itur.. ls a rtn ot inv@rc tNy.hologi.n- Oi djc .Nhry, ld !i r.l. fia p..ric imr!. iD iB b.itrg, Fe .h. todic cotr. $'ousn.s is :o *holy rb6orh.d b, rha if,asc appcu '1u' on tr\c lssu84 abor. c$@uq 16$13.; rhc ldgulg ir .P..tr *irh rhc peri. ims. is 5 i.* rhi! mftirdo3 btlwcn p4' md pGnr.d m lonsd t usltrlly.sid.rud. 'DF.rihpl.r I rhdl siv. ol br.:k itr dgnin.arc., si3rrjon md s. m.nr wirr obris. rh. rc'dd ro gd tu $d 6c pcri. imrg. i! und.r rh. sisnot a n.w bci|ar -n k n.* b.ji8 i! n,ppy hai. Happy in sFdl! lh.fttoa uih:pp/ in caliry, will bc rh. plychoo:lysl immdnc objedon. Snblinnion, ftr hin, n m$ii3 but : v.nl.!l conp.{srion, .iflishi u} sfdr, .xrcliy in $. sdE ely Itar.mp.nlarioi is I lar.ni nb and 6ghrNay,ln. psychoerry$ abrndon will oF rolosiol iny6dsrtion of ft. imsq b dis ido $d !N of mn. H. :4s rnd poiits dt rh. po.fs s.ftr surf.dn8!. llc atbilsdrnowrbyrh.fdiriz. I ]n. pndmddo8in dB nor so lhn fa. rc him, drc inag. k rh.E $. *od sFrk!, $. wod dr m. pcr lpcats ro him. Ihc n no ,ed ro i,y. tiv.d drcugh lh. pd! lufidirsr i. o-dd to si4 th. fcliciry of $.ahiofi.rcd by rh. pd-. f.licity rhai domiDdis h8.dy tu lt su61i* tioi ii po.t, rN6 rtora th. p3ycholog)l ofrh. inuidel, mhrrDy $trL F6 n ii i ret $.r pett pos*ld r r.liciry of ia oM, hNvd scd fi. hlcdy n nq b. .dld upoo PUEslblihnion, a I $c it por6 ! rdiN F.bhn of nElllodror.idlcsben .ph.noftnolo8tntrrddi$ rsrrdthc.L.pt6rcholqicdnhyot Epl1)6e.dt.uts limdim thd i.v. btr 50 l.nsthily smimd by pry.hc rdysis. Ui! cl ir dd ot pd..dir ro inrg.r qhi.,, t:r. nd 6ctr .rp.d de6 nd Dftpr. bur rli.h rhc pcr crobq or rtvtru {h'r hd rd bcd live4 rnd b.iig re.prir. b d ov.iurc of lxn h I cn!i! P{n5 by B.E-J.an Jouy.. i which.ip.n.i@e of $n liid m.y 6c tNid, IndcdI ktro!olno euft atiasb.!trnounrh.d on p.y.h@inj..r ftdibrion mE .v.r, h.rc rnd rh.rc. hn lcq paiB Jniush aNtui ofsEh

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V
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Ttuth ondM.thod B4r (n.L posds6 .n onrolq'oll/ porn'v. jen,6, Th. onlr .hinsrhr da..cEris ir. {biftriEr on.!. Thcdenption re iu<hsitt bc obvioujh, oi in.pprojJri*. tor. 6.ming. is lhr th.y .on. ro .y.ry lrows wharn. n dou..A1l norhi'rgin rfi. mrling-oui aur m&BondinS 'nkiprc(rwho nun b. an or.d in'.rlrbrion achkvcan! Iull poEnthliir onty wlEn tn 1o!. BuId rsrn, n bnnry hnad:nd I'mnnion!;mpo$db,,dn.anine! d1t it ur.r:r. not.6ia.ry- atu! it i! 'h. p..c.!'ibl.h$its ot dotrdr rddn.cr nsFzc on quit. right lor $. int rpr.rcr nor o .ppM.h rn. t[. thin$ JEnslEa {wlich.in rh. crscoath.tii, Gxt dn..dt .cl/ad3FLl/ o. dE loFnanirg rr .r{r dirici r. h.anirstul Htl' whi.L tn.Fetr.s on.. avail.hl. b him, h( ..tkr ro qiaie.xptic,rc 13:in .o.en d witn obiftr), t. n dcrrtrhar b itly rhc lc8itih..y, i. fic oriBinxd v.lidjiy, o{ $. I( th. objd t.t. ov.r in $n my is noi a mlild lor.-honir83 pr6.nt vnhin hio. Ior ih. int rpcr.r oi I sjn l. &ckioD.buris.rh. Thir tu.d'D.oal r.qui'.n nt mln h. cn s 6nt, lsr:ft| oB'ant hs!,. Forn is r(d;r, b lh. edi.ii...ior o{. pr.adur. tnri in t d s dkRp o..! Bra 6xcdon rh. rhhs thrdslour . .fti* rh.ncv.r E ud.s..nd dy||lin& Ev..y rdr ft. dntrrcionrrhr rh. qi o$rrnrly pr6cnB th. bst of nd tinply .hplotins utu,dpcri.,e ir rhc r6c$ 'nr.Fr.rs .hd vnich oriaih,.. in . min.d ou oqn I'nSUnnc u98r{r in !h( as. o{ nim$ll A p.6on who t b-i.s ro und.;lund r 1 loEsn hrSurs. rh. ur.B. dr K rk Lm in klt ir.lwryl p.rlormins,nr.rofrrojKnns. Hc wnh fom wrircd or tem d.ily i'Erou6.. V. k. p'ol.cs b?Iorc hih*lfr m.inm* for i[. k{ $ a s.rd our bst a ritlr.r rh4 of d.riviE our !nd.. *noh.s so! as$mc i.itial m..nins.m.rr6 in *andins of t[. tdi frod rh. lin$!rj;s.g. o{ rh. rnr. Agrin.th. l:h.r .mdgca onlyb.cruse h. tim. oi th. luilDi Th. qo.$ion is, or euc, b 'hc n r.ldin8 ih. kq e'th p'dcular .xpcfl,tron!,n what rx&nt rhn s.n?nl EquiEhmt @ b. Irlr+rrd to 1 enair d.aning Thc workinS oI olr 6llcd, ln rh. fcld of icmlndcs, in panidl,r, w. .rc rbk a.rcpoj.d, wnichn con*r.dy avn.d in .oncon'cd wirl tn. p6bl.n o( rh. u.oEciour t.im or *.h.t .6.rsd dr h. !.r..iG inro d. n&re ot olr ownu,cof l.ng!.B..Howdoe di, mc.rar& n udcsunding whd G rl.r.. covci rh2t rh.r. n I di6crc.c? b Thh d6ciption ii ol ou&, a rotrgnrbbvj?a$omary !eB. r.d rh.t ol rh. dta tiono{ th. {hol.. Tl.prc($ lh,r Hodcssdd. I thh[ rc mDi !,, .]r i. is g...rlty $. .Ip..j. scribsis rhn ?rry retrion of rh. ror. rror..r is .nc. or bcingpull.d lhod by th.6iri.hsir up .ip2bl. of proi?ciiDs 6ctor iti.ll l ftw pr;rd o{ do.s nor rnld dy hc..ing or iB tudnins i. rct n.anins, riy, poies an .m.rs. si&.bysid. .omp:tibl. wirh *h* wc h.<l dp<cd. h L .hn 'h.t util n b.com6 cl..d wnd {r. uniry oI aenjns d'armak.s kk rcmnt ol porsibl. $ difm.. in k, ihlt intrpr.Eli@ b.sinsrnh IoGcon;ptiors u!a9., h ; , gocrd pr6upposition 6n dn b. ih.t .r r.pl...d by ho.. ruir.blc on.s. T[n conqtr.rtioned onlr in prnidl* es6 dla FhM. $nt proc$ or nN prcjcctionn lh. 6ov.,.nr oI who sp.aG th. sid. I2nslas.as I do us6 dc und.cundirs iril inErpcEtion. A p.rs..who n hidi in rh. s.nF l3miliarb m.. Th. so. rhirs is t/j4 to undd6.$d n dpo*d b da&.ctid trom tru. in rh. o3r of l tor.iEn l.n8urS., rhn s.,tl ir loFm.rninF no' bom.ou' by A.,h,nqi rhint I. hrv.. noturl !no* t.dn.ot ir rnd ssum. 'hr!:r. th.mclv6, Tll. worlin&our rpprop,r,Epbr ol rhi .o.hal a.s. Nhd s. .E rc.diq . i.xr .c.s, aniiciPxoryin n.Nrc, to bc.o,6m.d .by rh. Vha C ku. oI il'. Iorc-manins ol u64., hN$ins!' d&1v6, ir ln. od.ni bsl of :un&- ^/ dd, is .qu:lly to. ol in lorenainsr *i.t F / dlrdirs. Tl'. onlr 'objdiviv' h.G is rn.,@fi. 8.rd io @nE.i wiit wlid {. ra.l dr" .nd fiarior o{. loc-od.ir8 in iB b.in8 workid oui I which n.lc up orr for.nnddordins- H@ on. I I mt$ likwn. .sk id on. 6 po$ibly 6op. .cr. L nrisdi d.*npr'on, qh,.t k,n rod $irhrIn I froE $. cnoLriv oI on* foE.und.6tudins; aI H.id.rg.i in Di. rq4t d.t htorbnoa, e | tt.I d:r I G{rinl/ n ir nor: scftr.l p'6umpdon *hI do'o!hd*r,.F 01: I'kr4 'citr'c I il i:id ro I in : Ex' :d,pb 0:wlc$lys on.! dn 'hr.h.wo'l bqi!. otrt *hd !. 1G in d.:idrtion oI r @Drmic hry dd., , ftn k $ndfiins I id.as and .rp6ations. on llt. cond.rr, vlEr .!, ]r nda *, .na rd v. rc sp.5r. of ud(*nrdin& ,aoush I o$s pcso. r.ll. m., wh.rftr id @rEFrion, w. qn ntKr zciid. r d.6Dir,{ei.t or rDpoct ido.i.y !nh. rhosllt.r@ I Cts, bool q shrcEr, ir scr.r2lly . I naiiauy b b. hn ownandiot hy opini@; tn

pr.,ta'ntp t tej7, n,il. es S"cJ,ns S.Ham. "Hans{tu,cC,1".*.;a .t r). ndnmcux( phmomoorosy.,, rh,ldoptryrodar tsatin|,ris), aod DIid r tt$!.Hoyt Th. oitttut Cr.t,, tui^,",, ii,o,y io co,t,.po_,1 ",'a

:Y,nitj;:3:::j' ;t:ti;:{;,i *: li :i::i:tlx:ail"ii

whdh.r tll( n &.h: rhine, n.n or kchnqkd undknrndine_m3tElt mn. h:ct,o !h. porhi 6ui .r .ny r:rc w! r.y dquiE inb rl,. onkqknftr lhn H.id.$(! tundrftnr.t d.nqdon or h. drcuhr {dcturc oI un&8,:ndi,,c llon rh. i.hponriry oI Thacb.ins hs for rh. i.imcn?c ncd rh. hud,n rnn@. Th.k conkamnG do nor nr.d bhr suchrh,, $oryjr,ppt,.d,o D6(_ ne ?nd d. trncr nN h. p.rtorRd d,F.r.nru F In: qry rh.r is (.nni.. y (oftcr, Thry tuutd:tso @ns! . cotrdion (nd pu.jnatjon of j,ad._ 'r q!rk n,nkat aa qry in qhi(h con!untry d6. 'hc cr*d ,nd.Rknding und.Rrrndt iE.tt_a Dbadur h.r wutd b.n.6t ,h. .tr o{ und*h.ii.r { mor only indn<tn H6.. q.3fidt.rah,nc one ho( H.id.a.r! . ddcnph.n or h.mcn.u.iot.nc,. in od; ro 'h. uiq ror om o*n purrcq ,h. no tuid.n.nut si.. n'i(rer rqun.d h.( b, dr d*t,, .lr is hod.g.r wrr6: "..ru,i. ior ,o b. Edu..d ro d,c r.vcrd: I'ciou!.idq or d.n otr d6t. whi.h n m.r.ry,bt..ftd, tn !h. cird. it hdd.n . pc,riE po$rb rr d ho* prihodEt t iftt oI lnqinc ro ksur, E 'h? g.nujnctyh!?hotdoI i, M,bn; onty eh.n, in or m(rpcu.ion, h;. u.d... *e d .h 4 o d fiBi h nrndmi rb ". oi ki rn.v.r ro drow ok rok-hrqng. Ior..iishr, and for+ conepron .o b. pa*nrd b !! by Ln.js and poprhr onaprior!, hr bl|.'s lo n.t .h.,.i. drnc ib.m. $ar. b/ erldns dr t.* tore tnuciuE3 {.rm oIth. {ds rll.hrlvA,! 'n vh{ H.id.s8.i wo*! ou [q. R not Drin*,lv

b@l! r,n,hr.d into EAdBhn rturhandMdhodttg6o,i.^s. ,^G:drm.r! 1e-7.1)i H.haett.s Its67-fz, n.a.,,e,b), d(o c. onof hi5 :htlotophiul

TRUTHANDMETHOD
ITHE ELIVATION Of THE HISTORICAIITY OF UNDERSTANDING TO THE STAT1J9 OF HERMENEL,TICALPRINCITLE (A) TfiE HERMENETITC

TrlE PRoDEM

CTRCLE AND oF pnxJuDrcEs ol

li) tt i.k\set s rlB.losut. ol th. Iot.,h,aut.

H.id.B$r *.nt inro rh. prcbt.nr oI historici tr.F mo<uh6,rnd cini<;m onty in dd?i b d.rtoD roh r, ror rh. Durpo!.e of onbtoB, l|). ,oc. 3rtucturc und.srnding. Conr:rjw,&, or our qu*non B how hqnmoDc, oe rkd f."-,h;.". .o'o3r(, obntud'onr ot d. krorilic on..D, 01 oDrdrry. en do ilsic ro !h? hnbdqh; dr undrBEndh& Th. e:f in w[r.[ h.,.m.,r;hI F:drron:Iy und.i*ood nntli! bJkd on,B ch:.r.d a.n or (chniqu.,'Tfiir tr rd.d.noID,tb.yr, di.mion ot hom.n.uri6 b b.mm :n org.aon ol in. hoban ki.nc.!_ lt nzy b. "jl.d ThB rlrtliln lbnnm hD I EHoq n.D[y Drb. $n d whth.it M4to,t nc.m;iti. ,;L * " ftpnntd nd. no 'a.1 rrytt .''1 N.tlo.r, Nd yni, rAc rDomisaD{u.4 Li $*mrh.i! p!bkh.4 oon!ll, ,,r. raad,{ (.d. H. ftD;i. _ Hdtth4s.t A^addi., bE.znd 'ta ^d6dtrnt4 ,e,d&"r, srnh n trn,Ed ro ih. di ,ord rdniqr.tp_ !7, ide .t. . . irkr ?hd r rhe -p,icn! or dc nor ro b.yoDd Drd! :nJ ,h. br6 o, rn ' urdq {,8JJ_,e,rr, C!

jl r:.LJ#,is, .u;-L ;l"ti.i i."*-"'.;

qD dn

t d6crjpdon oI th. w:, in whr.t inrry;hdor hd.Bhndins n ,.hr4d. nE Doinr ol 'hbxBh H.rd.$.rr h.rm.n.u'iot rhinlins i! nor $ much to prov. d.t rh.r. is i cnd.., b.id rh,t dn | 3.r*d' fik. ,rs J.M{qurrHid Edud Robir. Etr lunod. !{i !L*w , r9dr. p, rrJ.lFdll

. o...na onO. p-oi.. A una.,onain" ti U*

8{t

ll^M CEoRcCiD^M!R .oo*iour .*idlaion oi onet own focmc.nings and pi.judic.s.Th. imponrN thi!8 i! bb. r*38 oion.s.'n bire,iorh' dr t xr maypr6.nrnklr in ill ib n.wn.* rnd $ur bc,hk to !s.d ns own tdtlt rgains on.! ow. forc.ncani4t y!.n H. .gsd showcd thtrt shat w. call th. t.idins of *hrt is iha. is thc (or.ituc.ut. oI trnd.dbndins, rhn *s, thcooo.nologiclly, compldely mrc.L Hc rlio $owed by an.r,mple tL. is, In d,s c'l Tt , h. hsk rh* rn.s ftod Ervi!cdsdeextrnple,i.lh.quAtionolb.ing,ot th. scnsal $areo.nt drt wrs, for hin, , he. n.n.uticl pobl.m.r ln order ra .xplain th. heF nen.uiicrl sib rtion ofrh.qu.*ion ol beirg in rcsnd 6 tor. hrvirs, Io.eiidt a.d toft'coneprion, i. criricallyatpliddhis qtrstion,direct d. het.' $I'ia, io imponant hming-loilB in th. history of m*lphysic, Hd.i. war lctuily doing tinply {hat tn. nisio.ical, h.rn.n!u!ic.l onrciousnc$ r.quir.s in.v.ry c!s., M.thodolosielly consciou, nor m?ftly to unddshnding eill bc onened forE ,nticiprtory id.$, bur ro n!!c li.m 6nright $ios, so .s .o chd< itum and thur,.4nir. tndc6.'nding froo tllc thins5 lh.miclv6. Ttis i: {fi.r I l.idcsg{ mcrr vhm [.$lkt tbour ldF ina: our *i.nri6c thcnc by d{iving our to'.. fiavin& foc{igni rnd ,orc{onc.ptions I6h the 1r is noi, drm, :r :ll . 6. of rlt gurrdinsouF aher 2sri.i the tedition !h2r lperks our of rh. rcxr bu! on ri. onr6ry, ro k .p w.rlthing awty tn.i couldhinda", in didstxndins ii in tms ol tfir tnins- lr is rh. rrranny oI hidden pr.iudicd th4 m*cs !s d.rl tb th.lansltse lh:t sp.rks to os in r.dition, H.id.sser! d.Domt.tion that dE con_ c.pr of coosdolsn.$ in D6c1'B rbd o{ lPnk in H.g.l' is *ill indu.ned b/ Or..! sub*nain t rms of wh.r it ontolosr, vhich 5..5 [.i4 ,nd rul, u.donbr.dly g06 bcyond rh. t!66i of mod.m mcrarhysid, y.r not nlllndc6lodi's in d.rbnBrr, willul u,, 6ft on rnl balt of. loE_ hivins$:tin hct m.k6 thi, r,didon int Uisibl. bt rvcaling rt'. onblosial pr.dir6 oI thc conc.pi or $bjcciniry on rh. oth( n d, Heid.$.r dis' .orG io Kmk ciiriqu. oi dogml.iC r.t1p[ysia rhc iJ., of, m.bphysic. ot th. 6nit which k 1 'n;,t ^t n-", pp. rlsf. tt,.l (Rma D(a {!re6-r6Jdl Fftn.h ph dsph< c.v,F. Hqd C77o-t3Jt, Gdmrn PnilosoPh.i Ge .iru.ns. .o nG own ontolosi.al sch.h.. Thur h. taur.s rh. rci.nafic .h.me by Innins k *nhin rh.lndedrendinsolrrdiion rnd $ p!fti.8 n, in 1 s?ns, zi tsk. llis is ln. onfietc lo.m oI th. histori .al coNciousncstht i. iovolv.d in und.Ktindins dins h.vn* Tli! r.osniiion $'i 3ll !nd4* bly involvd 6on. pGjl'dic.siv.rrh. h.d.o.uticrl p.obkm n, r.alrhiusi Btrh.lisht of lhn insis!!n app.rs rhri hkiorjcGr, dcspii. iB ailiqu. ol 6' do.alism aod oI naNBl l.w pnibsophn k ba$d on thc rod.r. ..lighten m.ni 3nd uolnNingly shlns oI ns piejldias. And th.rc is o.. pr?iudicc ihe.nIighreom.ntrh{ i5 .slntid io ir; .h. turd,s.otrl prcjndic oI th. enlishtnmsnt n th. pr.i dic. lg.in$ prjudic iccll, sbich d.p'ie6 tndition ol

Tn hrnd M.thod

e4t

I [.his $,r I am to takc ndt.f(i!hout '.ce$,ily n I nrvins D drlre n. But rhis pi.supposition nor I Dndhins th{ n:kca lndsmndins .trsier, but r hy J dd6ri.! I lrrds, in tlt* iie loi.-nanin8s I 'hn I Nn un&AE.Jms o' Bo atrrciy unnonrtd. ll ry siv..i,. m mi!und.r5'rnd'nF, how (Jn rtrir I I I l\ undd*,ndi;ss or. GR b.ecosnii.drt dl ii th.'. ' \! noftins.l$ 6 sntr di.i? Hov en 2 t.xt b. |nrot ct d G6d mnu.d!6bndins non Ae *rtr I ll ft .xanin. rh. siru.tjon nort closly, how.v.r, * 6nd $.t msningr olror b. mde':bod i. m lrbitn.yw,y.h*as.ennoroniilMlly Dis!od.6k.d ih. us ol ! vord wirhour ns a(cdh,3 rtc nc.ning oi lhc Rhol., so w onnoi hold indly to our oM for.'m.aning oa the .hi$ il *c would und.isbf,d th. m.aninBol.noth(. Ot cou.s fii! d6 .or ncan 6:r *h.' w. liii.n to our lor.tom.onc or ilad . bool v. Bu* ,o4.t '11 rnd all our own m..ninsr @ncdni6s th, ont '!,rm.ir op.n to thc id.d. All l!.r ji ark.d h rht *. m.rnins oI t6. oilcr p6on or ol tfi. di But lhn op..r.$ 3lwals incltrdd ou. pldns ih. othc hcrins in . rclation with dE $hdl. or our o*n tu.nin8i ot or*lwr in. el.tion to it. Now it ir rtu a.. tha m.rhinse rprc*nt 1 fluid va.idt oi po$ibilirid (whm conprr.d wnh dE asrcem.nr pchid by 3 l.nsulg! andryoobul2ry), bDrn it *ill ill. ss rhar wi6in ihis v .q, oI whar 6n 'or 6. rhouslt, i. or wn"r a rcad.r crn nnd s.:.insnrl rnd h.na.xp.d io 6.d, d.rytbins i5po$ibl.,:nd if pson Gils io hr wha! th. oth.r pcdon i! ' rcrlly sryins, h. Nill noi b. rbl. !o pl&< cor.dl/ qh.r lE h4 sistrnd.Ftood within rhc nngd oi hk of Thus rh.c is dn v*ious dp.drtio.s 'n.rtrin& r didio' h{. .lso. Thc h.mctr.lic,l .4k Lr omd.uromd.:lly 1qudlioning of lhi.Ct and i5 ,l*.y. in pandckroined by di! Tfii. pl2c.sh.F *ork on a 6m b:sis. If r p.en ir try' m..oddl .- in8 lnddond bmdhins. h.trillnorh.rbk ro 'o r-T h'" osn ch.i.r pdrs tB-t 'l'. 'cft 9' mBnng 4 rog'otry rnd stobbrnr/.r pot jPrd.:li gt3 trhl. th. rtuzl mon,ns or th. trt un,il rh.l*rud,bl. th.t n brexts I r.l d 6.mms s p.nkkdt L/ | ,hlouch rhc inDineA und{{rfdrs.fr. Rilh.i r

"'{i["i;'

- I *-"i*-"-i,.a-"-a...i;-*;;;;

.nlishtcno.ni rh{ lhc onc.pt ol plejudi.. rc_ qun?sri. n.grtiv..sp.ct *. !r. {rnilnr wid Ac' tu.lly p.cjudic'n.an! iiudsF.nithetnsiv.n bc rituition hav. lor..ll rh..l.n.r$rh{der.rnin.r ben 6nrlly dbincd. In G.mar l.g3l trntnoldgy verdicrblfore the a'pEjtrdic n1tiovnionall.S 6n,l vddid ir ra.h.d. lnr bmsntinvolv?d it a lrl dDpur., rhir I'nd oI ixdgn.nr rsah!, him ;f' A(ord'nsl,/.'h.Fr.nch tmhnch,nc6 "cr*ly pnjudie, a! w.ll rs th. Lrin p6.iudici,n, 6.ans dGdv!nr,g., h.m.Bur sirply ldv.r& .dd" lhis.a.dv. sd$ h only a co.re.Diiv. o.e. Th. .es.iiv..onr.qlene a.p.nds prds.ll on th. posi of the provisionrl d.cision 3s 1 nv. eli,lity, th. 'du. prcjrdsrsr, *hich is thlr of i.y Fre.d:nl Ti$ pr.iudic.' ed,inly do6 nor men a fxlse iudsD..r, brr n n p.( ol !ft ide rhd I cd h3ve . positiv. and i n?sdv. etln.- i,is b dlc cl.2rlt 6 tfi. infldrnft;I rn. Lnin pr:.iudiciud. ]}.rc.t euch thin83 ts p!;jtrg,s lasirime. Thts $.ms i lona E t lrom our cur.n. d* of th. word, Th. C.meo Voro.bi!, lik. ane]nh 'pr?iudic' ind d.n mor. rh.n rl. FEnch prajlsi, sdmr to hive becom. rin' ncd in i$ m.anin8,$roush ihc.nlighitnmdr rnd ii! c.itiqu. of religio.' ,nd hrvc ti. $tu. tin{lv of an 'nnlolndd i!dsD.nr.' h i, .nly iB havin&a b.sis, . m.thodolosicrl junific.tion (md not th. 'Cl r{ Skuia Dp rd'siddt,til Spircda t '<' 'Th<mil"ok'udrcc tr,h.nsr rr:bkoPEiionlor lor,'( dl'stu$Ent, srn ni, ol 'l'.n.,nr 'h! 'h! $. unErm"l.d tri6ois, b'po$ pohmsl @rnft ol $. 4rv :hbiBuo6 -od

is untir rr* .,",r,0 "n.*.,n.,,r 'o,

b. adudly or!d) rhd siv6 . tc! rhlt it judsm.nt n. ',,,, disnnt, Tn. L.t ol such a b.,it dG no. B.rn, for ri..nlishtnm.nn rh.t rh.r. highr h. o!hc. tinds ol ..dzi,t/. b . h.r .r .h. jrds' n.nt do6 not have 3ny foundrtion in th. t.cc th.m*lv.t ic thd n n unfoutrdld. Thi, i! r 6n' clusio.only in $. sptn ol nionrlnD- lrGth.r.!' son lor $e dncr.diing oi pdndicd tdd th..lim byscimtificlnowhdg.6mpl.r.lr.od.lud.theo Mdn'n $i.n.., in adopii.s $k principl., is lol' lowingthe nlc olcad6ian doubi ota.c.riing noti' ing:s.?nainwiich crnin rnywatb?doub!..l,rd rh.i d.roi 6.nc thodrl i t' di .' .:.ol hi s E l un' m.ni. In our intoductory ob$F iion! w. kv. + re y poinkd olr hos diifcllt ir n ro h.tDonis. thr hi oricrl knovt.ds. thr fi.lps to shaF olr histori.al @'sciousnc$ wiil' riis idcil ind ho* di6eh n n, for rhd reason, ,o. th. nod.n .onc.pr oi ndnod b sr.sp ni .o. n.tu.c. Thi: i. th. p!tr.. 16tuh ths. n+zrivc $.rem.n$ idto P.titiv. i,sh.E*..an on$.Trrconc.Diof 'h.'pi.judnc lii) Ih. dnd..lti'e of Ptziudr.

It w. punu..h. vi.w $ri in. dlighr.r'.nr dcv.l' r.srrd ro prciudias w. 6nd n nak6 rhc op.d 'n iollowing fur,lam.nhl divnion: I dni.cion mun b. rt.l. bflc.n !h. pr.judic. dur o htrnr. .uthonry and rhrt du. to ovd_hrstinds'Ti. b:ri5 ot lhn disrinction ir thc arisin 6l Fdiudi..r in r.e&l 16 rll. p.Bons who h,v rh.n. Ir ii .nk' th...' sp.ct in whi.h w. hold orh.6.nd ft.ihrthd'itv, lhdl..dr!! in.o rror, ot.lsc i. n in ouBdv.s.Tfir!,!d,o:ity i5. etr.c.6ter.jdias .ccords enh ri. w.ll.knaM ptin.ipl. ot 6. .nlisht ohcnt th Kdr iorntrhi.d: H.v. rh. colr rrd.nsndi4.'Ar oi y"*.M ;. - rhir "F thousn-.r. dtrindion il aeinly not limird b ot l!. .ol. th.t p4i ies pl.y in ih. !nd.ss.di.8 r.xB, its chicl4plicaiion is *ill in th..ph.f oI hem.n.uri6. For rh. c.itiqu?of t h. .nlighcon..r L dir.ct.d primzrilt 131i'* tlt rdigiod raditio. I 4 rtdpiu 'udotnd& d ! y r ckni.n $omrfurt ,/.rb,.r /. tr&,t ''ci/did\n ch ds' lt rseteo) n'J ts Lnt.it"stt r v@,rht'ht rr1o. cI rr. rf,rhr 'rrl.[r P^'1orcp,tu.i6 'r,ll lzr*ur ('7:!), p. a7e{d.lAuI orhn drt &rnNdfrr8ddt'se '^' . b.&rninB (rlr).IAu.l w{ in ^u&firuns?

th. obj.d nor .lE cxrincrionoi oncr $ll, bul thc

E44

H^Nrcroic

c^D^uE{

TrthandM.kott
:r dolh. r:ru.rl si.rcs in. didoe oI ih. ,.Ncs, This do6 nd nrcs:dly D.,n tltlr th. .paj!<tia 4:inn rr.judiar wrs ft.ywlFr. .r!.n ro rh. *tcm..ons.qu.nEd lc tlidins.nd nncih, s ol in Enslad Md F .nca Or $. ont.ry! ihc c.rmrtr .oridEnm.nta@Bris.d d.lru. priudi.d ol$! chri5ri.n r.lisioD. Sinc. !h. hun.n indl.c. i3 ttu w.i. to 6,n:B. *nhout prciudic n n r hatr tonuninb hrv.6ar.dm,rd qi.hh. pr.judicc!. li mlld b. ol vrlu. .o inBds2e b rt.r .rt.r lhn kind of hodifq.ion andnod.ra o ot thr .'lishr.nd.ni" p(r...d !h. My to.|h. ri* o{ rh. roolrtic nov.ncnr ir C.rn.ry! 1r indoubdly did ih. d!iq!. oI th. .nlisnr.nm.rr .nd rh. !F ludonby Edhlnd Burl..'t Bli non oI$n.leE d. tund,m.nlal facc. Ttu. F.judic.. mud ditt 6nallyb. junif.d 6y r:ton.l knowt.ds.,a.n thoud tlE u* m1y n.v.r b..bl. ro b. fullyco6Dl.d, Tfiur rh. crir.rir ol th. noJ.rn .ntisit nn."i {ill dd..nirc ih. *ll,nd.rsirndins ol hnbicaso, -ltk dcs not h1'Fn dn dy, but ir . (rious rchrdi.a crund by rom3rricisn'.T1 ! en t sn wjrl prtidLr clritr in th?turd:m.nlrl ,ch.nl of.h. rhiloopty ofnisbrytnn ron,ndcndsh...s wkh lhc .rlighrmdi and rl.t pr6i$lt rh. 16 m ric r.,ction to i[. .nligfi.cdr.nt mad. inro an unilDk..bl. premis.: rA. 5.[.8. of ih. onquc{ ol6y$6 by logor Ir n rnc pr.suppo,itionol thc rbs'65iv. ..rdr ol nrgic in r Nrld tllrr g'v.i ihn Eh.m1r! qlidiry,t u suppo$d r.rc*nr b lhc proBr6liv. 1., oI tn. hidory of rh. hiDd, .od ptcisly be!! rcnroricGm h.s . rcgdb. aritud. b \hn dd.lophdt, n rr!6 ov6 th. jclrn' itkll $ an obviour dr|l' lr 6had dE p!6uppolnior .f In. .nli3hkinii. rnd oily dd&r th. .vrlu.tiono{ it, $.kins ro 6bblirh rh. validir/oI wfi4 ir old, iimpl/ bes. n n old: i:c .sorhic middlc,s.,,rh..hrifli,n EuoF.r omhrrity of *.'.! th. nu{Ll 3r!clur. oi rci.iy, bur.ls in. simpli.iiyof pc*.nr lifc:nd.l6.n.s 6ndE. I. confr.$ r. rh. cnlid t nn?.tl t.li.l in p.J.cdon, whichrlinks in ..ms oI tll. tc.don tem tup.6tition' nd r$. paiudi.6 ol thc psr, v. now 6nd th oldd tim.i, fi. mdd d{ nrth, u.r.n ctiv. ljL, noryd .n.ly&d .wry by ondolsn$, in . lci?ir do* @ n.tur.', il'. sdd ol.hrnrian nAr *. 6nd, (umpt.,itrc.r M.i(i ,.r,te rn & da I2h4 nr t.r votuaat4 t6 nd,.Lt.t,; c!EdnuDd i.(r2:r-e7),B;drh$,jdman&no Bu G* CrP, pp.Jo1- r r. lEdal (hntry,:11lh.*:catrn./ bm:noc hasic, .v.n i pnorir] of uu ., Drc r?\*st ot tn. crhBfr(n, n.ot1 pr.ilpposiior r6uti in rh. p:ra.t.;tic.t tnd.ncy b r.rbrarid., j. rh. Gnd.ncyto r.co.stuct rhcold bcerF nnold. th. cdrscious r.ru,n B rh. un.oMioG, alnr{rs in rh. cogn,hon d rhc supdor wndon of rfr. nihr.\Jt ad. ot nys. burd. rom ricr.yurJ ot thu chrc,ion ol rh. .'liehi.nD.nr :tu:lt pcry.ru,!* th. absr2c @dd b.Nen nFh rd rtson, All crjdcnm oi rh. chligl'rnDcnt now p@d6 vi1 6n tunmft nidor im.s. o{ rn. .nlirl|.oh.,i Bcli.f in rtd o.ts f('ibihr of rnon udd.nt' dr:ic.r inro $. ;rRrion rh. mydial mKrui,6, md 6ndrtrot t.lr rcfls.d in r p?irdit.prin.t n:rc befocrh. ln f.d d'c pr6rpp6nion o{. ny*.,ious d,rl6r in whic[ rh.rcMr. hythiutcolldiiE conlh,tpE..dcd dt,housn,i!,u( r doq'c'ou,nBtrbrHcr.r n,ft cnd rh{ ot . nrc ot E (Lm .chi.v.d br r ioul lilirhFhb..r or rhd oi ab_ $l!E lnowLd8., Primrdi wildoh is onti ih. cou.r.r-i62s.or'piiBadrl*upidiir,.A mytlic.l mnrcDU$6 n nil tno*lcds., :nd if ir H@s abouidirin. powrn ih.n ir hasprosEsed bciond m*. n nbling beior. row.r (l ihG ir ro 6. rsd.d 6 thc prina.El n.E), hut rtro 6.rond 3 .ulh.Lir. Iifc conrarn.d mzSi.nru.tr (:5 *. m hndu ir'..rt/ on.nt.lrlnuwi abour,$tf. rnd in $i! lDovl.ds. n it m tonsd simptJ, id. o Tn.rc n th. r.lsr.d poin. th.t d.. th. co.;a$ bfr.o gmuin. myiliot rlinL;nr :nd ovudo mythiel Fdi( riinhns i! ; ,o;:hnc iriEion *hkh n ba.d on r pEiudreolrh..nt,shthaor: n:h.ry, rr'trh.p*n.:ci, bruu!. n n r cE oD of rhe . ihrsinidon, ir no lonr.. j, :nv *a! bomn qnhitr rh. klisiour q$ity oi ri. mri,. tt r; d. old qrrrtl bcs..n rh. po.c,nd d!,hno!o. ph.6 in rh.mod.m sarb.pproprBk dirF ol ro b(li.I in.ci.ne.lr tr nN fld, not lharp@r;r.tl
ni hr. :dnrrd rn ornpk of lni, |lks r i lidt. 5tud/ otr In'nirn:rni chlh,rjrh. soDdc I Dr Na. nHq$.d.ir; Meno Eo ioic df ll). diior ot lh! dtlhrfior' hlrhou.h I 'ir ms, 4rd rrrt,oliq o{ rddoloqor oi;in 'hc sd'r'boms.oir'bOdrs(rr,I: uEolhrbri;l dkdoi, no!,ndFd, r.onlsioD d Hom< s,tli 'f J ohr i i H dD r c h v o,l r or d,h.,,ndr d 6ddi. qloh,d lt,udy bci onosd rinDridorHom(t,

845

ol.hrnti.nitr, i. d. biu.. 3y k dins th.lakr.r .n hinoridl docuo.o., biblil cati.Gn .nd Sc6 ia own doBb{i. daim.,Tl* t rh. r.:l rdic.lity oI thc modcd .ilidrnn.nr .s .s.in$ oin.r nd.n.ns ol .nlighr.nm.nrr it nu$ a$cd irsclt rgd,n rh. bibl..ni ir doAm:ricin..rrr.ration.!" It i\ rn.r.lo.., plriolffly .on.an.d *nb lhc h.r m.n utiul prcb,.6, lr dan.s b !nd.6t d rr.li, rion corrtcdf, i. r.6on.bl,,dd wn$our pr.juJic., But !n.c ir. rp.ci.l <li6culq rbou. lhir in rh.r th. shdr f1c. oI sonnhin8 b?in8 wrni.n do*' .onl6 on n rn.urhoi9 oIpdiol.. w.ishi h is nor rlbsdh.r.rsy to i.ali5. tnar wlEt i! rrnt n down .an b? uio.. Thc w rcn soid h.s thc irnsibl. qurliry o( iom.$ins rh4 an b. d.Donnrar.d lnd is hlc.ptua k .ed! : sF.irl.rnic.l.6od B Ge on*dl {ron th. pEjudi<. in tlvour of wh.i n-rntcrd@nandrodhtinsuirh h.rcalso,rssi$ all orrl ascdon! bs..n opinion rnd torh.rt L ie $c g.n.al r.rd.nc/ ol tl. .nlighEnn.ai not to ae.F r.y ,urhoriiy and ro d-idc ry.ryrhiry b.roc $. ju4m.dr ..r ot r.isn, Thus rh. erift.n kdnion atscripturc,lil. rny.ih..hnrri. 6l doom.nr. c.rnor clrim any ibs,!r. vilidiry, bu(n. posibl. ruth oI thr sldition d.p.nds on d'. ccdibility rh{ ir.$jsn.d biibyr.son. k is not t,ditioo, blr ra.6n lhli con$iru6 rh. u[in{. burc ol.ll .lthoriry. \vfi.ris wiftn down is @i n.e$.rily he W. m.t hrv. rlFrior kno\vf cd8.: thir is rlrc n.xin snn whicl rnc Fod.m.nliglt nnmr .ppro.d.! Ednior nd wni.n uldm.tly l.r& n ro und.trit. hi,rori..l c*arch.'r lt h:k6 $. k2ditio. a! much obi6r ol criticism llrr.nlisl dh. ol.n..h$iczl rorld, ft. lrun ol whi.h xr: cct ptulcophr fd ir otninnion in 3 phi.h, *r quir. did.6t jn ntun :nd h.!a E nihrd I .l rllb b u* phiroiophic.t mJ,& ro onyq 'k(,iL rh. rlisi@ Erdirion :rd E di:lciolhilloJ ofr[ib.oDhiin& Ct eri.h Fr.nL rrrldidDrn4. E ta,ril tal thstd! achth!|, o ) ry Ria ot R h tn. fhobsn h Ru4d'1.4y '8, 'nd ,6. ,66). Cr at o tpp, C.ttad x cd. En,iA. 'eto kid*hclt, ,nd 2nA .d 'A sood d:npl. of tlk ii t. ldslh ol dD! n hs rr.n for $.,rrhmq ot,h! [tr,onqtw'nnsotrnhquir, b b. ddrord in niron.:l tru,lB,trJ hw 5lo$l|i. ndr or dris .nd rh. lg4.h inrc b'rs n:a. Blb|nh.d .hdK {.t n. G. Collin3ved, ,{rorio!. ,crra oxfod, ,rre. ch r" $h.rc t. ho4 o,lsr dr*r I pn:lhl b.ven lh. odiis 6 th? $dr .r idr6:id,h! Broii rdotuiionii $.ndyoarl tuE). tAu.l i:cf rl{ w. eid ibotr sdnozl rlbl%iqt.pohjdl f6rnc IAu.l s.. rfrr, ,'/ p. i J'fi. trdil ^r./rol,

lici bur rhcy ar. oI$yins.nyLhins 'hir ru.. rnc. h.!. 'ncrp,bt! rn ,.irhrd..ffd o,ty .nd ndd/ s.?k'h.y ro rous. tlorgh d.ir i6:Sir.rjv. adron5 rh. in4inatjon it rh. .notionr oI d , Thc coDeFr ol thc tocidy cl6. .o n!tuC i, p'obrbll rnorhn.a. ofr romMdc niftor,n:g., Ehoa orsin ou8hr b bt inv6is{.d. ln Kr.l Mrix n :ppcr4 zs , kind oi rclic of mtur.t l.x rfi.t l'o's the vtrtid'ry oi hi ocio<o'mic rl,@ o{ thc .lass iruslc.!' Do.r thc i?d eo b.* e R;u, uut d6q'rrio. of rci.ry b.for. lh. divi,ioD .t labolr .nd rbc inFoddion of prop.nr? '' At .ny r&, Pl.io hx ak ady d.non$nr:d rh. iltub, n{urd oI t6n pohical .hory in rh. noniat .csft h. cir.s ot 1lrit oItururc'in S. d,ir.t b@t Th6c romlntic (hlu.d@ sjv. ds b ilE .nitud. oI rlc hirtoriul side o{ dlc nin ianth .drury. Ii no IoDE( mdsc . prn by ,h. y.d?s iI rhry ftDrd<nrd :. .bslur., bui ir esib.s ricn om ealu. to pa* ,s6 :nd en.vcn .ck!owl.dg. d.n rlp3riorny in on. or rhc oih.r r.sp.ci Tn. src{.dicvcbc.s oI ro hantcnd-th. rcvival ot rh. Dasr,th. disok.r of th. voies of d. pmpl.s in fi.ir 5ng3l ti. 616ins or Liry{2ls J t.s.ndq rh. oiiv.rio, oI s" c,.nt cunon!, drc dircov.ry o( rh. *orld vis im. plicir in hnguE6, d. rtody of rh. Elirion.Dd h3don ol tndi: -har. hodEr.d tn; rilbri'tt ol ksEh ihzr hr rlo{l/, $.p by n.p, rrne ronrd rh. intuirjy. h'v:l inb hjlronat l owt. .dE pbpd. Tll. hc! ri.. ir e* ,on.nricim rt 4 e.v. binh b i[. fiisronal scioot &nfiis tn{ th. rooariic Gddal of oigitu i! nF[ bs.d od thc .nlishemmL Tb. nistorial rcide of rlE,i,e ic.nii cnb.y is ib p6ud.d ttuir rd 6 ir.[ prdnlr s rh. tuliln.nr ol .itiSl:lom?it, s 'h. i:n n<p in d. hborrion of'h.6iod 6od d,. 'n. r.nm.ls oI dogd., r[. n ! b rb. obj.div. toowtcds. oa tn? nntoriel md4 wnich !t n& 6 .n cqu.l bcsid6 lhc lo8l.dcc oI mor..di.vcd by Th. f.d dDth. @tonivc rcnd.nc, o( bhr.

dlcnotr on rtu jhp.tut qq6tun r, c yon "cJ 'i. L!r,6 i hn Hnro, o/ cJ4$ co,b@,ai bodot r sdru', Dt@F, en t dnsrc 4 h! ktadau at r n.sark D'tm kt hann4. tAu.l 'ct , {44' Pkt; {; d( Dr^b.,tLt. '!tho,s

lt6

HNlcLoRc

CrDrMlR n.s rnd !h.posibilityoihnt.riQl knoqhd8., ror rhr mrn ir.onceri.d hrte wnh himsclt.ndlJs own ..crions (vi.o)r' ir only,n appr.rnisolurionolthe rrclikr let by LirtoricalLno*hds.. Mrn is,li.n to him$llandnishi5rori.al hkin3qtrit di,ts.nt*4,/ {iom rir in shi.h n*uic, thl kDosr nothins o{ Tle tpiskhological qu.nion ntrn be rrk.d hn. in a lundlnntrll/ difcrcnr w!y, \0e nrve shown rbovd[d D]lrl eyprobrbly*Nthir,lur|cwrsnot abl. to oy(.om. t6. influ.re o!.r him of radi' donrl cp(Ehologt His *rrting poi.i, the a*r._ buildrhe6ridg. ne$ o(ltp.ri.na,\'asnoratkro io th. !klri.rl r.:liti.!,b*3u5.thc Br.rIhtoicrl rcaliri.s o{ socicty and *!t. :lw,ys hive . pr.d.t.. ianu.nceon sny dtp.rienc.. s.llc0.cnon 'ninrni $rfting'point-2r. :nd atibbi.srathy-Dilthey's not primtrryindar.norad ad.qut btit for th. herndeLricrl probl.n, b.ca!s. rLou8h thcd hit' to.y is Frd. priEr. oncdnoi.- ln hcthkbry dcs notb.ions to trs,bui w. brlans io n. ljns b.l.rc wc unddsrnd ouErlver thtoush rh. proc$ oI s.lf..x3Finrion,we trndeht ddou6elv$ in r kllc'id.nt{ayin !h.limiu so.niy and s{cinwhich Nc liv., Tk ol$bi.ciiviry is. dnodi.g mn_ .or. Thd s.l!.w!rc.e$ oIih. individu.l i! only 2 'o0r 0icL.ri'g in $. clokd cnoiu ot histo.icrl liL T1lr L ahr rLe pieju,lies o{ A. individurl, f.r morcih?n nh iuden.ns, coninut th. hinodcrl .lln8uag. which woull:ilowin. objrq b com. i.io wordr rd yd n :i lb. so. tih. rh. inrcr 'Ilu, rhl h.m.n.uiicrl ph..om.noi prov6 ro be I rp.ci.l cr$oflheB.n.r:lrtUtionrhip bets&n thinlins sl slr.aking, nyneriou! in!im3c] ol iI. *hich ir bourd !p wtrh lh. wry in rhnh ipeeh is co.i,id.d, in a hidd.n w.n i. rinIins_I'r.ip.ct.ion, lik. onrrs ion, n i clokd cird. snhin lhe dirhqic oI que*ion rnd.isw.r.Ii h i s.ndn. his. toric lii.{ib,ion lhI E!e! plaa h rhe m.diun of hngurg. aid rh1r,3lsoin rh.cas?ofrb. inrdr p..Gitor ol rxB, w. an c,ll r conv.6aiion. Ilr lingui..i. qualiryoI trnd*i,nding n.hc concr.rion ot eii.ctivFhkbricl.on.ciousn.s. Thc rtlrtion bersn hnsD2g. rnd !nd.*!nd. ingn ed pdm:ily in det&rrhir irk th! nlture ol mdnion ro.rist in &. m.dirn oI la.gurg., $ thrt ih. F:.ler.d otj..t of ini.@r.hiion ir I lin,

h.nd M.thod

A47

rrrim was ahle to rcmbin. snh . tundam.ntal ro.on$nurc the utiry ! ao ofilt&lightnn..r ,,1 . hiio'ical sinc6:imply i|di.Ies th* it is r|t rmc brc wnh th..ontinoiry olmcanins in trrdnian lhrtli.s6.hi.d bo'h. If nir an silblnh.d L( ld rh. .nlishtnm..t lha il tadiio. th3r rmn sho$-to be impo$ibh, n noffens, crn otrlyb. und.a@od hisiorielly, i. by soingb..k ro r[. pa$t siy ollookinSarlhinss,th.n rhr hisrori_ rrl con*ioE.e$ ihrt eD.r8.s in romx.dcnm in' rolv.r I r.dielnation oI!h..nlishr.nm.nr' For th. .r40rionrl c.s. 6{ nonren.icrl tndirion ha be_ d,m. tnc s.oml dle lor hGorical .onscio!$.$. rhouElt (aoi Moning ft:t is s.n.,all/ ra$ibl. I D lintc b.li.v.d t6:i rfi. !hol. of th. pi*,.ycn. nhimrt ly, all th.thinkirgof on.t oni.mpourid, l. En onry 'nirio.ically, Thus rh. ronannc ci_ ilqu. ot th. cnlislk.h.nr ad5 it*la in.nlidtn_ Nnt, in th.r it .volv., as nnbricd .oedc. and dnss.v.ryrhins inio rn. orbit of his.ori.irm.Th. lBicdiscrcditingolrll p..iudicB,which unn.s ib. .4. ntiil enph?sisoI thr new nxual scienc?r wifi lh. dlisnrnm.ri, 6.con6, in tn. historical .nlisht nn.ot, unieeuzl ,nd mdical. 'Inis ir th. point r*hi.h th.3fttmpr to,niv. rr rn hktoril h{mcnculic hr b $. jts clrique'ft. ov.rcohing ot ill pi.iudics, thi! globrl d* oftlt.nlighrcDment, wlll proy.,o be nselfa 'Mnd 3n tmjudic.,$.ftfrov.loIwhi.hop.nrthewlyio rpFrop'iat unil.scndins ol our tnnude, which domin.6 notonly ourhumrDirr,bN rl5 our hir' Do6 ih. fud rh* onc n d sithi.r.nolr idirioni mclns r.rlly lnd pri6adly.lDt on. subjd 's to pcjndid r.d limn.d in on.\ r..cdos! L not, rd'.r,2ll hun.n .xi.ti.., .ven th. tccsr, linii.d th.n rnd qudi6.d in v.noue ways?lf thn i5 'd., rh. idd otm 3h5oltrt rron h impo$ibl.Ior hh' tonel hlmrniq. R.asonexnc ror us olly in con_ .d., hisFri.r! ,e.nx, ic n is nor its own mancr, on,h. sivef,cnbut r.mai"r .o"srnd' depen{l.nt in vhi.h ir op.nrd. This ( irue nor om*oc6 onlyin 6. snk inslich Kinrlimncd rhc d:tN of fdon.lho, u.d.r th. in0ucnc.oflh. sceFnal tith. rpnod.l.'neniin ib. krowl_ dq!.orHtru.'to .dg.o{!xtu..i iik$ill tBer.lhnrori.rlconsciout !lmmnu.l( t(r74-r3or)iC.mrnphilosorh(Ga 7!1, Ln8lnfi Clsr, pD r77-etr DUJ Hun.l'7', d,'losph( {( crsP rp r' t-:r) lFi! I

(a) I-^xcuAcE as DETE&r,trNATroN oF THEHERMENrurrc OBrEcr

Th. f3d ih.r sidiion is linsuntic in ch:r,d( h.s h.rnei.nricd ons.qu.nc4. 11. und.dmndinsof li.gukric hdi on i.rinr sp.cial p.iori.y ord ,l orh.r hdiriDo. Lin$*ric ftdnion mry h,vr l.$ phFic.t im6.dir9 rlDn monum.nu of pL c an. IB lack oI inm.Ji*y, how.v.r, is Dar r d.Ld, but tlft applrclt lac!. i. ih. lbtrract alie!!6s of.ll t xt,.xpr6s5 th. tactrh3rrllho8ur8. bclonss in . uniqnc way o rh. pruas oi undds,ndi,rg. Uns!ilic nadirionn kdiior in rl. ln.r s.ni.ol rh. word, i. sndlingiind.d down.li ir nor ru* soDdhina that hrs bee. l.I! over, ro b. inv.ris.rd jnt.rpd.d ar. lmnrnr ofth. pr( \rbr hs 3n,r co6..iM.!o ur hyth.w,yollinstrnlicr,dinon is rot l.fr fti, but girn ro us, rold !i-wbe'h& in thc rom of dnd ..p.tiiion, oI Nnich myrh. Ls.tul and o*oft ar..xlhpl.6, or in t!. torm ol wrincr erdjiion, th. risnsoi *l'ich lc iFm.diar.lr clcar to cv.r, r."ds qho ii:bk ro re.,l rlr.d. Th. tull h(s.n.!ridl 3igni6cr.. oa th. iact thrr F irion n fingtriric in nitur. i. .l..rl] r.v.al.d w[d !h. r2dilioD.ir . wrifr$ on..In writi',9, l.nguag.irdm.[.d Gomirs tullte,lis4io., ln rh! Iorm ol*ririrs ill tadnion n simulEn.otrrwnh

'

*" nolo's.r hold !;*.i. -. -...t.P.i.a b. nodircctuod.cEndrh.r. th.vn* rbar. sholld

i'9, inlcrticr.tivc idc2i * dn{n on, as .ad.d, in shich ih.y .r. out ol I lingliiiic nor.{oor rh. univesll ne lying r.dn R,rl'.., I2ns!.s. diun in *hi.h und.runding it.ll i5 ..elir.d. Th. 6od. ol..rlisrion oI und.6.xndin3 is int.qr.triioo. Thk *.Enent dB not m.in lldt drr. n no sp.chl probl.n oi.yprtsioD- Th. {ti(.r.nc b.srn rl. hnsuas. ol Mxt :nd rI. laneuse or th. inrryd.r, or $r g i tharscparai* rhe tanslttor Gom the oigiial, is nor a n.!.lt s.cond..y q!.r tion. O. th..odriry, rh. tct & rhr th. probl.ms o, li.gunti. erpr.sion arc rlrcidy rrobl.ni .I und.6Enains. All !n desbn ding is tnrerPr.t.tion, r.d allinrcrpG,tio. hls the in rhc mediun ot i'cionfli lani5tr vio 1I6.3-t7a4), rrall! Philo$phs lG c P,pp,4r-rd ). tE,l5.l

ant pr6.n im.. Mormv.r, ii invalv6l trniqu?oexnr.nc.oIpd.ndprc*nr, insoL..spr6.n.mn sciotr$.$hs rh.posibil4 otr lra re$ to all thrt n hand.d dosn in srnins. No lons.r dep.nd..r on eped.ion, *ij.$ linls pan lDosl.dg. wnh the!r.*nr,...in ft dncd:.qu"int.ne wirh lit.nry tadi.io., und.6i2 nding con*ior s..s hri r genlin. orportoniiy ro widcn irs ho rcn ,nd rbu5 n.i.h its woild bJ,, wh6k new a.d d..pd dr hcn!i.n. Th. :ppropridon ot In.r:ry kdirion L d.n mor.yrlurblcrhr th..xp.risnc. giv.nhy.hc advcntn.c of.iae.l d.xp.sur ro !h.wondof, tor.ign l$guag.. n. rcrd.r who dudic, r to'.isn lrn3trlgc bd lit nture }is,,r d.ry mm.nr, rh. p.$'biliry o{ t.. nd.neor brk b hinsll .nd rhus is 2i onc. b.th h.rc and rh.r.. A *rir.n kdnior i! nor . frago.nt ot. pan wo d, bur hd alw:ys r.ked irsll b.tond fiir inro ih. sphcr.of rhe m.aningth* it dpr.$.i li ir rhc idaliry ol lhe *or<1,which rai$s liDsuilricobiEr b.yond rh. finit.n.$ and nan5i.nc. of oth.r i.mn.nB of r.*.xi*.nc.. k is no hn doctrmnr, $ coninB tom th.pd,rbitt.h.b..rcroin.dirion, but fi. coniinuny of 6.dory Tlrough m.mory nldnion becon6 pra of olr o*n wond, .nd o what n conmunicfts c.r b. dirccdr .!pr6*1. W6.e w. hav.. *nnd ardnion, w aE nd tW bld,n individualrhin& bui: p3* hum3niry iB.lt bmn$ Fe..nr to us, in ia g...ral rel,don @ rh. wortd. lhr is wiyonrund.ckndingr.nrinscurioudy unrtrre and {.rso.nrary *h.n wr h3v. .o s rnmJnionoi: culrur.,buronlydtrnL mon!nertr, and wc do nor clll rhis i.lorm ion .bour ih. p3r'hisbry. T.x6, on th. oih.rhind, alwryr ?xpr.s a whol.. McaninBlc$$rok6 shich san *rins.,nd incohtEh.niibl. pmv?suda.nlrini.l' li8ibl. in.v.ry d.hil wbcd ,h.y can h. inr.rpd.d rs wrning-so mu.h so rhl.vrn rh..rbirainc$ ol a 6ulry kidnton on bt cor.c&d if th. conr.xi Thns windn !.16 F6.nth. reln&mm.uricrl !6k. V.iiing invoiv.! iclf-.lier5iian, Ia ov.rcomins, 6. r. ing ot rk ur, n dus rh. ligh.* tail o( und.Bt.ndins. Ev.. th. pu.. sig$ Df inloip. tioncan b. se' pio!.d,/ co'(c y 'nd.[idl.rd onlr iI th. kxr cin 6. i1nlfob.d b.ck inio l,n. h.*ry.r, als lyr 6ra6suig.. ThL mnriom.rion, lish.s, as E h.vc said, r r.l.rionship ro sh.r i3 m.ant, ro rhe obj.d 6,t i! b.ing rpo!.n 1bour, H.re rh.pio@sotunddi,.dins mov6.nrir.lyin

848

G^orMrR Hrxs-GEorc
kdnion 1 li@rc of $. .utfior .nd ot vh'd'r of nor rh. [isbri.rl inr.rpr.t'tioD ol E trldirion ls i lit r.ry BUd k.ur on..m, I d; brc @ll ihi rh. bsr othsm.'.di6 wd ori$n:llt rnd chnn/ tk und.rundin8 oI rdB tchl.iddrchd N1r .hc idr to k. thd 'h' h'i' woldt n.n.uial Foblo *4 nd 6i$d br wnn'n nona hu tfi2r or.l ufr.nn...lso pt$ntd-'nd r probl.h ol ond'F N'h.6 in iB tulkn t tmv. nN oudin d abd.! l$w th' pt' ;.nd;s. ciolodal din.nsion $rt h. gi* b h'rh'euno f.c.' *inin8 n 6lck;d n, hct ricrt onc ln ]6.l cnk l b tll. h.m.n.utic.l Ph.nodnon' 'Noltr i( it d.b.hm.nr bo$ tom rhc*nr.r or 2uthortnd r.(ipnnt or (:d'r h:3 frcn. rDc.60llv rddr6.d whr n 6i.d,n srninehrt civ..n;Ihofrsasn ;.is.d n*lf t!$li.lv inb . ,pkr. of m' iD8 in which d.ryo;. wfio on ttd hs it .qu'l 'harc' C.iainly, in ..!.ion to LnEntS.' *.tDg cft ' kcond.n Dn.nohcnon Th. lisn lmBuas. oI *n! lut inr r.Li6 brcl to lnc acb.l l"'su1sc of tF 'irrh; hnsu:s. is optbl. ol b.ins srin'n it bv no m.rs hcid.nhl to Gtudr.. Rnb.r' rhs oP:od ol b.ibr *uno do*n it b,kd d ih' lad 'h:r in th. pu* id.aliv o{ ih' n"nrd.cl ict{.h.t6 In *'itii& thn i;r rh{ ommunior.! itsdr in 'i m:rnin* ol uhri ir iPolm dnR pu(!v for itt'lr' .onrl.klt dd,ch.d from lll lmotiodldemmEnr ommnnid on A Hrir nor bb' .rD..sion 'nd und($ood a rn 6pr*ion of lLlc'but in whir it of linsusc irB. lqrninc n d. rh6t.c' 'delirv H..<. rh. mcaninsof sm.Lhnr *ritEn n lundl Whrt is id.niitubh and 4roducihl' nohlb in $. r@o,luctiot ir onlt lbai *hich sd ij.niiil rat t pioducdon'cn' Ltrmul,t d. Thi!i'dianB It dod nor not 6. m.:nt hcR in ni *rict.?M B.rn rlcrnns b:c! to som. onginrl touc 'n sncthins E tid or wriRt. Th' xndd' -hi.h sbndins o{ rcr.rhins vrit n n not . r'podud'ot of smdhins th.r is pa$' bd $. th"ring ol ' prc$ n mdhoJotosidl :dqns' vrnin*;t 'hn 'h. oFso! d. h.im..cu'iql pobkm in ,ll ibpudq' 'dctrncd from .v..rtb;ns psvchdlosial wnn it' how.v.r, in our .tB .nd tor our turpo* a ndhod_ ologicrl rdvtnbgc n * th. em. tim. th.'rP(t th:rn ch,'rckntncd !io. oi. lFcifc s.:ln.i s ins a;i oorc dim oI ltos!.ec Tb. Bs!. or L1ra.fi)s. 'nd,6$ i Ttuth 'd t\tdhon l{tl unddnandin8 is&.n snh panicuh.chrny whcn *! r.osnG. tli! waLn65 oI all $ti!i4. t0. ned only ro dinl rslin of whlr rhb rrid, n.mdr tnr d. rF.i6c w..kn6s oI wriiir8 s.s dtno Dnr @uld .omc to th dd of 6. sritcn word if it t l! victim to ni6und.s.rndi'& ifi.nionll or uini.nrionrl.:' l Phro e* in rhc h.lpksn.s of.h. vin.n word . rhrn rI! k.lo6s oI .p...n norc liou {alr.s (ro arhdsDn oeon) .nd {h.n h. allr on di.lcctic b @m. io th. .id ot thtu *3lh6s ol sp..cn, elil. d.d..iq rh. conditi.n ot th. sdr.n.sold b b. S.ro.d nop., ihn h bbviously:n ironic dzsscr.tion with which to conc.alhisown w iinssnd hn orn a*. I. l,ci, *riting dd sp..ch.r. in rh. s,n. rilishi ,{t in q,.cch .hcr. h .n t ol ipre.. :nes.nd .n ,n o{ tr 6otrsir-Fplnr./ d dial.dic-so in writins ther. is such a dtrrl ad: n.G$phnty and ruedial.ctic. Ti{.is,ih.n, an r( of wrni,s ,{ co6ei to rhc 2id oI dDwir rd iin @rbn thatrll..doaund.(hndids-whi.! af. fdrdr in. $m. n tp to vh3r is wriftn-i. aUi.d. All writins is, T w. hd. said,a ljnd oI.li.mcd spcch,.nd n! risDsnc.d ro b. taNiorn.d b..k inro rpech ard n..nine- B.cl!s. rh. n.anins l'.s und.$on. r tjnd of $llsli.nrtior ihrcus! b.ins wria.. down, thi, rrrolorm{ion b:ct n rtc !.:l h.ro.n.uric.l laL TIE .'ca.ins of wh4 h:6 bt.n s,id G to b. ${.d r.w, .imply on rh? bisis oI rh. *ordr pisnd on b/ t.,tu oI rh. tded dsns. In mnr2$ ro rh. ipokrn *ord rh.r. n no oth.r aid in thdintrpktltion of rhc stinmeord.Thu,.tl.impom.t ihing t.r. is, inrsp.ciil sns.,ifr..:d ol sriring.r Thc rpold wod inkrpr.s itklf ro :i a$oniihiigdr.., by !h. w:t of sp.ikn,g, rlk bnc o( voie, rh. tcnpo dc, b"r .lso by th. .nam' sdnc* in *l ci iris !pok.n." 3ut.h.rc is dso such. thi.e rs *riri.g rh2t, rs it wcr., rc.,! i6.ll A r.orrlabl. d.bdc ar il.lpnir 3nd thc l@r in philMph/ b.sr.n M gE,r G.. n.n philosophiql *rn.6,S.hiU.r.rd Ficht,' h.s 4 tto, Sddth lrtb )!re i4.c, tn'l thx.Itr'. L7t,

TtuthanlM.th\l

849

linsunfi( ol r hc:nrBm.dDkd b/ 'h' 'h4Dh?r. t:d;on, Thut ih. h.rm.n.ur(rl h5! snh tn 'nonlv ,fi- n hrs bcn driph'rcd sc@non tdt .o* do nDnIn.dry monu_ m :n dod.d Oniy r h.m.ndndl ril lor'h'vcrnno' m;u Drd Whrt th'v mdn n b. uo.l.Bhd olth.mkh.' ' nqolrh'd'ciph'r ou6$on oldrn inklpd{on rnd und.Gundmso{ wh n'I e} 'in ';e rn'ine, Lnsu,s. srinr iB ru' inkll'c'u.rl qu:|iry, for whd on{rcnrd snh r *dnm t"r_ don und.in.ndin3 @d(ioussi nqrkr $ rr oEn|gnry.lB t rg dG no' d<pmdon rnvrh'n3 ThE Grdinq.onlciousNs n in PoRntd pos! itnot lot no'hins'hr wiLhth' .i"" d nr[i;od.lt ol r irkBrv .ultuE lh' id'r ol philol' .mm.ne dtndv to .*y, l"* ol rp.dn. *s t.Bkftd lh. rll{mbracin3 r( of ddin& lBn3 'E s'8mr .onrcdiof, ejti tb..uldu.ion o{ spech d r u marq / glmmL A rcdmg rcN(6sn*hrronc.l :nd onmunieid Jun Il.S.l, on. s:ys tbd fiiio'v bqini *ith 'nsg'm' mzk? 6'mort hlnd thirs! dNn o{ 1 *'ll 'o 'o lln.! wnti"e s not m.t.lt .h,n nothingin thcddl non d aurltrivdr.tuns.r bt @m.nt oiort tr'dition c.nlinlr' $'r "n ' will ro n1l. dtin6 .ondnu.' I {ill ro li'rnln'nct *iihour wriiing Bur onl/ . vrin'n Mdirion-'$ ol tds d.r.6 iBlI frcm thc m.tc @niintr " n nsl.ft ov.r iom th.lif. or$. Pt*! rcmnanB l6m whi.h n R po*,bI. to rftonnrud li{'' nrdrdon ol inrnption! doci <.4 Frcm 'h. ir no. rh{. 'h. lb. (rc. fom oI tndidon th{ e' c'll inaimucl .! n d.pd<L! on th"xntte |n.Ebq o{ .1. rcn.ins. whdhd of non. o tht h2s oh' dom ri.t But it n truc oI .v.tthi4 hts cr'r&d rhc b $ rht h.r. 1 will ro p.n:i.'a unidu. lodt o{ 6nrinu.nc. th2t s. crl hcriturc' h D;.s.nB I not onl/ ritn . $dt ol n'nonals !{h.r' lut .cquircd iB osn a Litrrture 'im3, pkEd To undti{lnd n iimul';Mq -ith.Erv d\B no. m?.n pnmlr t b raio inblv'm'nt inb $. D.*. bu o h.r ! Pr6. '' slDr is ei{ lt ir nd rqllv .bour . ftLnonhip h'' lh':utnor Mm o.en.. h.Mm d'. rcid.."nd unlnown).burrhour tfi na (rho in dr ';FrhrFqut. @mnuniotion th:. th. r'rt grv'! 6 r ntr R. whd w' und'r*nd ir' h t m.rins ol 'hn qur. indcpcnd?nr eh.thd $. on 3|'n rrom thr ol ,H.Fl, Dt v.da titdaca.,ichr.p'rat l r'l

lnn n $. rcaor lor rh. qoqoui d laft *[n n,pdtd.,nd :, n sfib. b{w.n ihl ltlk o/ lpolrn rukrill r l{ hLsh(d<mrnJ! 'ft dryk ihr Innrry mr! hn b qnrrr. t\r.l ' rchB dit r.llkl .irt rd om oI hir "Kirp.nb.4 D m E4r.J rldd in d r uy rL4 lncn6 r3E mt r .ll rw.rc of th. di6otq of th. podry. { dl .s:t 'cL ft .oiidpondda tl'* lollsql fidc!

rhisf&t.! i6 $adrg poini n n inttiiin8 ihrt ih. dnpui. cinnor b. r.solv.d wiri rl. r.$hdic 6i&ri. usd !r rhc Fo m.n. Fundrn.ntJl/ 6.y:E not .onem.d wnh a qustio! oi thc a6th.h6 ot good :ryl?, bu! rnh a nc'n.ncutj.al qu.nion, Thc'.d ol wriiins ir ruch 1 v,r rar th. rhordts oI $. r..d{.d $i6ul.t.d ind hcld in pmducdy. hove n.n! n$ litl. ro do wilb lnc onv.nrior:l rh.b.n sl or.6$.tic d.vic6. RtlE! n @nsifl .itiRlt in orc! bcins hd b thinL d! m....hl tlrcuo.I1E '.n'ol *rnin8 do.s no! ct h.rc 6 h. ud.Gt@d and .valulrd .: $cll TIE a. of rritiu. lik. tn rn o( sr..lins jr nor an .nd ir iMll .nd rh...ior. nor rhc Iurdlo.nol objcd ot hdMicunel .Solt. Thcund.BBndingis.n rlr Btcn ur wnl *hat n h.ins writrcn ibou.. H.nc. un l.r' lhiDliD! xd 'brd wrnins ,rc not, Ior ik bJ( of und.Ba.dir& cx?mpLry qss for ib. .n ol h.d.n.uti6 b ihd is.ll in its tull slo.y but, on th. onn&y,linltin8 caser wii.h mdnmin. rl. brsic Dr6upp.sition o{ ? n.rnrn.trtic,l c6s, nrm.t dr cl6r ufinbieun/ of rh. int nd.d 6di.& AII wriiin8 daims rh:r ir m b. rwlt r.d inio spo*cn lansu2s., fd thn d2in ro dbrony ol luthdric @din8, n..ning g6 so lrr $ar en .s t[. r.:di$ oi a pird !y ri. pst, bmm6 qu.* tionlhlc if rh. diEtion ol ou! ln&nins El.6 ut iw,y {oR wh.t our uid.Rtadine lhould elly b. oned.d wjrh, Rsrs. th. impoftnt thio3 ! th. omolnierion ol ih. tdc m.nins ot. cxt iB in. tarcotion tu al@dy $bjcd b .n objdivc nom. Tl'is ir rh. Fquir.h.ni rn.r th. Pl.bnic di.l*ric rok6 wh.n n .cks b brine on! th. lqor 4 6ud .nd in doins E oli.o l.rv6 b.lind rhc .cto.I Fnnd in th. corv.rsrion. ln fld. tlt p:diolt {atn.s oi *rning, ns grtd hdpl.s$s *n.n omprrcd wnh sp..ch, h6 anoth...id. b n, u rn{ n d.monsu.r.s {nh gdi.r d{nt tn. di.l.diel t sl o( lnd.Bt.ndibg. At in o .sno, u&F $a.dins mrd bd. $.k b !nm6h.n .h. mad.s ol wlai is said. vlzr; id.d in r[B rd har b. a*ch.d {rcm:ll contins.lt i.cbn md g6t.din h {ull idcrlit/, in shich alon. it h$ vdidi+ Thu,, p.cciscly bcau* n cnni.l/ dd:d6 th. tr of whrt is eid (!06 lhc lcson ..yine n, th. sddm 'L5.. Glkr uDdBuchDb. h d. Phit@rhia (fidlc xarli?ercl1n t^u.tri.d.icrsdirld(r7rt-r3on, Grfrrn nhdj Johrm conlnb ri.fri? (r7tr-rrrt),

8 to

Harc ro R c c ^ D ^ . r FDnhenrrc, oir conc.proIrh.n.tor. of Inc6ry r:dnion .onlains r fund.men.,l obj.ciion ia rh. h.h.n.!ricdl.siiimis.riotr oith. iJ.a oI ih. ori3in.lr.rdd. w.srw.hxtlit rmr. n d.6n.d bv th. whocopies d pas*s *i ;h.idon-Bnrp.*on on is doing n ior hisown .onr.dponrils Th$ dr r.fe..nc. io ifi! orieinal rc.Jcr, lik. th.' io the fr.aning ol lhe tutho!' $ems b ofier onll t ve.v d. hi{orico-h.d.n.u tic.l c.ir.tio! \'hnh c!n_ -' !.rlly tmn $c horibn oi . txls s.iniry' nor vh.t is 6r.d in sninslasdd.ch.di*llf.omih? coniins.n.y of ns oisin r.d i6 autho nJ nde n!.lf Ia. for n.w rchiioBhips. Normariv. .o!epr' $ch :s dr au!hor', m.:nins o.Ihe orisinll r.d.as untl.clanding Epi.smr ir lad o.ly an .npt/ rpr.e thit n 6Gd iroh time to $ne in ti6.don, rle ttsinply lollowi.s hcrc hir in...r* in th. mrdii..d.!k6 no 1(oun. of !h. fad.firr $. d.srirdv. rph.$ oi hi..+o & hishly ddrim.rrl ro hn prop.r purp6., inasEuch6 irzsimilarcs rhf; nnio.isllr dift.. cn. b shrt is tinihar z.d .hus,.l.spirerttobi.cdviry, h,i.lr..,ly subordinr!.d th.3lien b.ins 01 the ohj.d to i6 own @nclpnrJ lram. ot r.icrenc., Tnos, ddpi.c ill hi. *i.niifc nerhod, h. b.h.v.j iu{ !jl:.v..yoft eh., ar a.hild olhir tim. wio n doninat.d unquddonirgly by rhi onc.pts and pr.judies oa t'n @. .sc-r' Inso{.r r il. htstoian do.' nor adni rhi5 n} iv.ia b hinsell, i. fril. b &h rh.lev.l .l '.n.c. tion $ai lhc suhj.d d.mrnds. a( nn laiv.ra be cohd rruly ,byso.l wh.n Lc 6bds !o b.com. aw:rc ot problems rri*satul bd. n r.ds thar 'h. i. und.di,f,dirs hino.y on. nus. l.,vc onct osn ...c.p6 .dd. rJ rli.L only iD th. @n..pR ol rh. cpoch on. i rying to und{sand.& Thn d.na'd, Nlich lounds lik. I lqic, impl.m.!!:iion ol hi!rori.al onKiouuss is, .s will bc cldrr 6 cvery thoughdul r.d.r, 1 naiv. illusior, Tlc naiv.r6 of rhn drin dcs noi onsist in th. Ld thr n r.nrinr urtullilled b..aNc rhc inr.rpr.&r do6 not .n:in thc id.t ol l.rvins hidsclt2sid.. Thir would *itl mcr lhar i. *$ r l.Sirih.k idel to which on. hu{ appro\im.r. :s tar4po$ib!., Bur whrt th. l.sitinlt! d.mand oi the hGtonci 6nsciou.nc$, ro undcsrand1 p.riod in !.m, of irs own conc.pb, Edly h..B is sonqhidg qliE diiiercnr,Th. c.ll ro l.ivc 6id. th.conapr ol th.prs.nt dcr not tulnr,.iv nnrporitio.i oth.p2*,Iris,.&h.r, an.$cniallr..l,!ivcd.mand.h*hai'ncaningonty in r.lado. .o oh. r o*n coDccp$, Hi..o crl co.*ion$.$ tiL ro und.6Edd i$@n n{ur.ii in ord.r !o und.stand, it s..Lr to.xciud. th.t which rlon. m:kB und.s$nding posib!.. To lhint hktoricllly m.:ns, i! f.ct, .o p.rlorn rll. rRNpci, tion rh.r th. @!ap6 oI th. p,s und.rgo wh.n N. iry io thi.l in th.d, To tninl hidon..lly al*rys iNolvc, .slblisnin8 . conncction b.N..D rhos. id.,s .nd on.! osn thanki.g,To r.y to.lihimr. " ct.p- 3,t ia Tfl$ dn M4hbd; in ezniclrr rr! quonion 6on Fn.d.ich s.htl!d. llu.l "cL oy oor m H, Rosl ,(/6;A 4L Dtathtn dabddtqdr" 6 Gnod.' tea., p. Dr. I aaw* nnl $. rdhodoroPiol inr,idu.non b r,r., /aLk<r. Ir,tr jnprici y m)!d .$hr riri.i5n.lau.l

Truth.nd Mahot

asr

M.d mal.s rh. rc:d.r, in hi! un'l.dtaDding oi n, d,?.rbn.. ol i6.l.im to tud. Th. rcad.r ?1' p.ri.i.dina ns vrl iry eblr ir rddr?$td to hio .ndwhn h. !nd.ctmd,, vhrt h. und{*ods i5 iw.t. moB thD 3n ti.n tc,ning: ii ; .lu,/t posibt. r!tn, T)li5 n sh.t.m.rg.s lrom d,. dc' hdhnln! ot wh,t is spoL.n lron !h. lP.trk . tnd lsn tl. p.rn..ene that trnins bcnows-Tnis is deper b.rhmelricxl r.a$n lor rh. Iact, men_ 'h. doned abov.." tn* n dGt !.r oeur to prcpl. who L .or us.d to rc.di.s rhl! *hd is *titcn down onld b. wrons, 3ince.ntrhins aridei $emr b rh.m li*. : dodm.n thrt ir nlf'a! e.iicrtins, lvaFhing srin r is,in t?d' in !sp..hl *ar rh. whrt s. iou.d in rh. .xobi.ct ol h.rn.n.uricr rcm. cr* of r lorcign lanSlag. and tll. trabl?ms autunotrlyoi ofk rhnon n con6m.dhrebr 'h. r6dins: nnd{$anding i5 nor3 Plt.hic t?n.posi_ don, Th. lorizon oI undtiarndins.annoi b.lim' n d cither bj/ $hit thc wdt* h?d originauv in nind, or by rhe horil.o of th. p.r &xr w:s orisimlly 3dd(s.d. h solnds it 6Bi lik. . snsiblr frsm.neutical d1., s.nftlly r.cosni!.d .s $ch, tui no'hins +oDld b. pur into r r.r rh3t rh. sriler or th. But .his k c.n b. k1&r ould not haveintcnd.d. not 15r c.$r For r.xt .ppli.,l only i. .iu.n. 'lo . livins.rpi.$ion oI lhc sub_ b 6. unds*ood 's jddriiy of th.n wneis- Thit th.., crnnot de6.e fi.limiB ot. rfa n :nins. Ilo*dtr, ir n not only rh.lininng of thc n.xni.s o(3 t x o ihe rcdal tnouBhsoi *e lud,or th{ n qustionibt. Eve. iI Esek b dd.rn'i.e ih. moniis ol3 tcxt oliie do.u'n.nt and dvcl/ by s.i'rg iias l cont.nipor3ry in rchtion to ns origi.ll (.,1.r, 1r wrs Schleier mlcll.r'r basic prdcdur., nrh lfrn?rion n a very chdc-r .(3ii Thc idea of th. contmP.r:ry rd&*se.an cLin onlr r resEidcJcrinelr?lidnv For whr is onampo.an.ir/? Lnkn.* of !l'. d3v dry sfrcr r.60r_ b.forc y6Erd4 !r wdl ar a{ shom on. sP&kr as amonsthoq io 'bc rw .r. alw?ys r conthpoo+ \vh*. :rc {! to dE* rh. li.e rh* .rclud6 i rt?d.r fro6 b.ins sddt$ed ] whi .rc 3nd r'6n is x txl5 .l,im ro ktrti in oneopo$ri.s ot pr*:nd ,* ih. fae of thk nultif'nous 'rift( oE? T[. id.. o( ihc orisinal@'lcr i5 fullof untx_

one! own .onc.pR in i.re.prc. ion i not only in. po$ibl., bu. m3ni{6rly rtsrd. To ,ni.rprd n.atu pr.cisly ro u$ onc! o{n pteconap.ioni so th.t ncaninsolrfic ter.c r.rllyh. mud. tdsp.rl 'h. tn on. o.t,/iir of$. h.'m.r!i.d po6, m saw rh, o rqut. r horjzoo of indpr.trlion re qun.d a lxsion oi bo.izonj. Thn is now.onirm.d by rh. li.guGti. rsp.d ol ini.rp.et4or. Th. r.xt is o b. nd. ro spcrh droush inkrprcErion. Bu bo dr,ndnobooksp.*sif irdo.rnorsp.al thr l.nSui3c thlr r.:rh.s rh. oth.r p.6on. Tius int.F p:.r.rjdn nur 6nd th. rigLr l,ng!.8. it n r.ally wrn6 ro mal. rh. rdi sp.,!. TlrE onnot, 6.r.rorc, bc an' on. ini.lprdarion rlar n .or&ft in i...1t , pr.cndy bec"ue..v?ry inr.AEhrioo n M, c.rned Ntrh rh. rdr its.ll, TI1e hnro.i..l li{. ot r &rdnion d.p.nds on con$andy n?w similatioo ind int lprcftrion. An iar.ryrdrtion iin w6 @F i.a in n$lf'would !c l toolir! il..l ihail:iLdro kk. i.cornt of th. b,br. oI mdnio., Erry inr.l pre.don h8 to 5d.pr iir.lt !o rh. h.rf,.ndriel $oanon to which it bclon$. B.i.s hound by r rirlarion des not n.!n tlM! th. .lrim ro coractnB! dlt.v.ry inrcrprdarion oun n1k. is dnsolv.d into rh. subj.diE or thc cssionil. V. mu* nor h.rc ab2rd.n th. insi8lls ol th. rcm,!ti6, who purinld r|t piobl.n ol h.. m.n.ona ton dl iB c.2sion.l .l.nmd Inr.. prehrio. is nor som.rlins p.d.sogj., Ior us dihcr, bur rhc rt of u.d.6bnding irs.ll, *hich n r..lis.d not iu* for rhc on. tor rlDm on. is inr.. pr..in& bui 3ko tor ti. int.pd.r hin&ll in rh. cxplicih.* ot linguiiic intfttrd.don- Th.nts ro rh. linguistic n.$r. o{ all int.rpr.h;on d.tt in.?. lr?hrion includ.r ih. posibiliry ol. el2donrfiit rith oth.6. Th.rc c.n h. no spftch rh doci nor bind rhc.p..l.r 2nd rh. pcson spol.n id Thir it ku. ot .h. h.rn..curic pre$ a. *.11, Bui ihb Elarionrhip do6 nor d.eain. rh. in!.rpr.t1lirc proe$ of und.ri2nding 2r it it *.r? 1 .on*ious .d.ptriion !o r p.daSoSi.rl si.urtion, bu! rd.. thir poc63 ir sim y tll. on(ction ot rh. n.aning ns.lt L.t ui rd.ll our *rcs a. .fic.l.6cnt oI.p pliaiion, whici lad ompl.r.lt disappq..d l6m h.rs.neuri6. V. $w .hai to nndd{and . r.x. .lE ys m*B io,pp!y i to our$lvd..d o lrow th3r,cv.n ifitnu{.lwayr b. unddsod in dif.. .n. Dyrt it G *ill !b. slnc iexr prlsmri.g i$lf to

(B) hNcuAcE

As DETEFn'uNAT!oN oF

THE HERMENTUTIC ACT Thtr brinasu5ro rh. s?cond:5Fd o( rh. t.lrrionrh'p b.M?m hngd:8. ?nd und(*.nding Nor ont n ih. rp.cirl obj.ct of undedkndins, '.m.lv lit ladrion, ol.liiguir c n '.ry n,ndinq i6dl n..1tundrn.nul co.n.dion *nb v. nrded frcm tli. Proposiriontfi.t hig!.t. br@u$ n und.Et2ndingi llredy in!.Iptriio' horizon wnhin thich th. .cns rh. inm.n.ltiol e.ininc of a txt i5 rc.lh.d. Bdi in order ro b. abrc t.rt i.i6objenv..on!oc\pi.$ih?n.dinsota kni $r nu* rxndfc n inb our own llnsu,c. T!n, ho$ev.r, involver (l{ins it b thr rhol. con_ pk\ ol ros bk m.in n3!nwh'ch\rlins!isricrllv mu'.. s0.[]$ rkcrd/,trv6r;sn.d l}.losn:l 5Fu. tor. oa d,n n' r?htion h ihe lp&ial phc. o{ lh. phtnommon. ln con_ ou.rion a5 r h'Fqtnricl idcriig now 6!linsuhiic.3tur.ol3ll und.ct&aind, {c d xsain .xpr.$ins Gon a'oth4 ansle lhd id 6s!n rhown in lhe dhlecti. ot quc*ron H(. $c arc noving intordim.nsionlh* k 3.n_ by rhc doflmrnt vi.* An fi. hi5_ .nlb 'siortd @n.rl <kic.r hr. ol rhem(l!.t For |n. hn'G nM usndly chooses.he concPs hy m.rn. ol *hich h. d6ciib6 rh. hhrorici n*dr. oi hi. obi(s, Nnhour.xpr.sly rcnerins.n tt.n orign and i'E

8jt

ri^xlcEoic

C^D uq d.moNntion * hav. th. fttuctio' ol in!ryE ,' don, rhi.h us d.mo'nr.rion $ i Ynud short' 'n. .!i. D.mon{r:rion i. int.Adrdon in Buch lL. sft snesir. rdit,ion shich!und.rn6 th. ftsult o(.n intcrp...adon' or tltc orft.t i.ading aloud ot 1 t xt lh, nu* inplt d(niof, on dt qu.tioff ol i.crfrddion, b@u{ on. c.n onr/ E lj rlonJ wir on. h2. undc6tood.Und.6End, inE nd inaryrctltioh .. indi.$lobly boutd up li L obviously conn.d.d witi fi. fa.t th.t inr.F pr.titotr rnd und.6undi'8 .r. bound !p *ith qn b. ...h orh.r rhar 6c c(repr ot incrpdrdot .rpli.d noi only to sicniifc inErprcbtion, Sut b dn_ $d o{ dstic i.ptunudion, q ol nulield V. h.v. rlDwn thoE th,r $is nri. pdfo.nine. kind o( E oducdon n not. $ond rctrodudio. b.iind rli 6Bt, but m'L.s tfi. worl ol ri ipr.d ,s nr.li lar rh? fiBt rioc, It hnnsr ro lifc th. istu ol th. nusic, or drlm:tic kxi R..dins ilond G a con_ lihil.r prd.s, in ti.t i. ir d. rMkming "nd v.*ion ol 1 r.xi inro n.w imm.dirct, mu( b. Frcn tnis n tollo$ th,rk..m.6ins und.*r.ndins in plivt& r..di6e, Rd'l_ h. of "ll Thn ; i.volvd iftrpr.urion. i.s iundh.ntdly not to e/ rh,t und.sn.dins 4 on. r..dt n t h|d of innd pod!.tion in Nhict ih. $ot! ol :n soul<l r._ .cquiR :n ind.p.nd.nr .xii.ne-*hongh n:ininsin rll. ind63t spbs. of on.! own inn.r lii.-as in. ptodudion $.ris vnibL to rlt Rarh.r, *. :r. *itii8 rhc.onh.ry, D:ftly that . production d Et., Dl2.cin ih. dt.n.l wdd of ipd .nd nn. do6 nor in I.d lDv. 2!y ind?pdd.tt .xi$.ne ov.r ardn$ thc wo.k ib.ll..d can dc qun. :!.h o.ly rbrough a sEDn&r/ ,cnhdic dis_ iin.rion- Th. ini.'prdatian tl'r nusic ot 1 pla,, b*ic lt dia und{eoc! wlEn it it p.rlo'6.d n 'd fnnr iom thc ud.aiandins of. t* sh.. to! aid n: u.dd$andins,lwrls inchd6 int rpd.don, Tt. *ork 01. lir.nry .'iti. 2lo .on*t in m.kin8 &xu ddrhh rnd incllisibh, i. n{.8utd' ing th. coii(r und?dtlndingo{. tm.8:inq misdil' und.nundn6. Thu th?c i! no 6smn th.t . *orl tnc int pr.6ion Grcne bmi"" und?rs*. in b.iDg rcprodued .td rhlt shich ln. r rnt rptc' ,.ond.ry .ritic p.lorme, Howd oI hn int. mr/ f..l th. jutifdtion .1riv*ni$ prd.tion in wrds 62/ b., rci.dins it 15 iFdndc, h. .$not want lo d..y ild such an a(ount dn b. giv.n oI his rcptoductv. inrcarcBtion. H. nus .ko d.rir. $d !G inkrpr.t ion b. conld rnd co.yincing,r'd nwillnor oc.trrro hid ro.drnr ns co., D.crionwnh rhct.xine L"r bdor. him. But rhir rcrr n th. :r0. o.c rh5r p..$nb lh. s.ldcmic i'n.idoy F.t.r wi.h hn osk. Tfiu. h.Nillb.rn.bt..o rh{rhnow.rtrd.6..ndirgof . sorl,.rpr6*din hir r?poducriv. jne;pr.t tion, cm hs.ll h. und.Btood, i. inr.ipftt.A rnd iuri6.d.r.nd rfib inrcrptor.rion *ill ok phc D , linslnic forh. Bur .v.nrhkfi noi.n.wcrc.ionolnsninS,Aarh.r,ir als dis,rp.ar :srin 2i 2n inr.tPd{ion.nd pE, r?Gs iB ruth in rhc jmn.di.q oI und.shnd;ns. -lr'n inrishr inF.hc uy in wnich idt lp ct don ,nd und.Rdnd'ng r'. bound up wnh .a.h o u ril d.aoy ih:r Gtc ofr:nnc,em ot inm.dDc]/ rhatidiss iid connons.uGhav. pubi.d, rnd nill do p!6uc, trrJcr rh. brDn.rof r.rcrhdicrofgcnius. Inr.!rrdirion dos norsc.k to rcpt&. ittr intcrpr.rd worl. k dos noq lor.rlmpl., s.k b draw r.n on io i$lf by rhc peric pow.r o{ ir o$n uncdnce Rarh.r, i! rcm3ins fu.drheni2llt rccidcntal. Thn n tuc nor only ot rh. int 'pRri.s wo(d, b( rlso of r.produ.riv. inirrpr.tliion, Ti. i nt.Ar..ins woid .l*ays h.s lonEihin8 3.did..!r I rbout n inrottu is itn motivard by ih.lc'm.n.tr. qu.*ioi, no' iu* for rh. r.d/Bvs.alf!lpos6 'i. whi.h, in fi. rs. .f ro rn iahftnmrni, nFr. 'h. pr.r,tion had hi.n linn.d, bur 6cc2rr. una.r $.nding n dw:ys i g.nuin..vcnr.,'simihrty, inrcr pftbtjon th.t is a kproductior is rdd.nbl in a fund.m.nti sorc, i. .or iu( *h.n idm.rhins i! pldycd,iDturd,rud.t d.r r.rd d.ud iordidacii. prrpGr, This. c1*l' whcrc rcr6d{..ion is ir. ..eeretion in I sprizl d.6oinraiiv. knsc, wbcr. t induJ.s d.inon*rah!. .rrssrri,ion :nd hish. Ii8hrin& rn in GcrJi&'dronly !. dcsr., rnd nor in lind, Gon orh.r .ons oa!.podudiv. inrrp(ra. tion. Hoq.wr huch n is tl.lit<3ry E k or th. mlsiel ftnpo,irion it*lfdr.cqunc; it! himic pcscdc. throu8,' lh. F.Ior6.ne, d.ry t 'fo.ntnc ltill hs tu om .orhasb. Ir ihis Gp(r rhc di(cd.q arcm rh. drnoNk tiv. pla.ins oI .cc.nB for dididic r..$$ i! nor io flr.ai All p.rlormrnc i. int rpi.r,iion, All iorerpi(2.ion n It i, o.ly b.sus. iri6 not iny p.rmin.nr 6.'ns oliBown d di$pp,re h.hr nork tihich it16 prodres thd tlris I1c dc not em(s. d..ru Bu. \ al. p. r7a jn Tlth drAMdtaA.ll'r.)

ftnh.r.t

M.hod

gS1

us in ih.* d'fi...hr v.yt Thr tlE cl.id b tud of d.ry int..pr.hrion i! oot in ll. Lzi r.llnvn.d i3 r.cn ,rom th. f.{ .h{ 2ll int.rtr..rtion is drn_ ti.lly linsuistic Tnc linsuii .dplicnn.$ thit rhc prca$ ol und.rstdding gai $rouFh in&+r.t._ ld?:pn fon rbrr don do6 noJcr..r. ! 'cond ,hich is und.6bod Md inerp'.t d- Th. int.rp,e not, re ttch, thd,ric in u.d.r briv..on..p6:r. n.ndi.s, Ri$.', ir c rhcir D2tur. b Jis pp! ir bchind wh{th.r bin8, ininr.rpd,ion, in'o.p..ch. P...doxiatl/,.n intqrd,rion ir risit wlEn n i: c1p:61. oI disappcring in rlis w.I, And r3i i3 is rin. rl2i it muir b. .xPrc$.d .s rru. r rfi. 'm. Kndhins th{ i. ini.nd.d b dis.pp.ri Th. po*iit dcp..d.nr on $. pcsibilbilii/ rl !.d.!{.ndin8 ny of rn liid oIn.di2d's i'..!prt..ion. Tti i! .l$ tuc in rho*..$s *lB th.'. is im_ r.djt und.6ondi'g .dd no.xpficn intrpr.u_ .ion i! und.n.lcn, For in ihc* aFs too int.. pr.r.ion mun 6. po$ibl., B$ tnir m. s rh.r inE rcilion ii.ontain.d pot.rillly i' th. und.. eaddins prc.s. k iimply m.k.s tfi. undd*lnd. ing qplicn. ThB int rprti:riotr i3 not r m.2.s rcls! wl .l und.EGndiisn,chid.d,6!thh* Fskd into th..ontd of wh{ ir ond.crood, kt rnrt rn. si3u. r.oll th. d . dod noi only 6. qn b. r..lis.d.t, nnity, [ut nifanc o(th.!.{ $ri $. obj.d of which th? rt lp.lls b .lso .x_ Tl. inr..p'dation !l,.6 rLc obj.ct, r n rr*d. *r., oo thc Fl6 oI *ods, Th.r. arc . I]w chzhcr..istic vari.tion. to th. u.iv.iidig o{ rhG n:tm.m ehich i.dn.dt con_ qnh 6. u'd.F 6m ii vh.o & ft .ona6.d lbndinA ud inrcrprdrtion ol lingrkti. t.xts, iflrc! pretior in ri. ft.dirn ol Iansu.8. nsdf ihows $br rnd.Bbrdins .l*./i n: an ssimihtion ol sb.t i! .iid io th. poi rh2t it b.coma or.! o*n. is .h. Iorn of rll i.t. Un8liri. i.r.rprerrtio. i5 not p..r,rion, .vd wh.n ah{ is b b? int 'pr.Fd linSlktic ir nhrc, i. n not 1 Ext, bur i! 1 n:to. or . nu,iql @mporition- V. mu{ nor I.t ourslv.s bc ontuscd by ti6. tortu ot inGlprd,rion {hi.h arc ror linstnii., but ir hd F.5uppar. lins!.sc. ft n by m6n. or pdsibl. ro d.non$'{. .ohding .g by pl.cinS No pictord .lodgrid. .,ch e.E{ oih.r or ndrs No po.ru on. ait r ih. oth.',.o rnat onc n int pr..?d by th. oths. In thdr c.s6 d.6o$t rion Km to obviar. lins ni. inr.F prddm.Briin l.ct n kiido(d.non$iition i,t modifation ol linsundc ink'pr.t1iion. ln $ch

if qc ttrk. a cohFBbl..xrmpl. tom rlc pt.ii. irs. .3 dr?wio8s afrftold hln.d D:d. [yr gr.ar z.tis,*c 6rd sam. illumirariv. inkrprdlion 'h. in rbcq, Th. s.n. rtr ( ii .rp.rid.d *l.n scinB rdiv.ls of old filos o.s.ing.slin ! film thr on. h., jBt *.n 6d rch.dh.d cl.a,ly: d..rdiis co! to b. oy.l'lry.d. n is rlDlly l.sirinic for $ b !p.21 ot th. inr.rpctr.ion rn:i li6 b.hind 'liu a.ry r.podudio., rnd i nu* b. p6.ibl. b giv. . rundM.nbl.edunr of ii Th. rd.l int rprcr.tion is m:d. up ot. rhoued lnd. d.cnions*[ich.ll rl.ih ro h. @r.ci Arslmlntriik iusrifqtion rnd ini..prci.rion do not n.cd ro b. .h. rRi*! pop.. 6nern. Morcdcr, an dplici. i .ar.oiion i. l Eu.s. would only lpp.oriD2r ln. mrh, tnd liU rhod oI ih. roundcdfoh rchi*d by .n ..dir.ic r.produclio.. Navcnhd.s! rll. inn.. r.htion orrll trid.N.ndinsroinrer.r.rion,rtulrh.b.!ic posibilir/ af an inra..trtior io \ods, Enu inr by . untouch?d rnir, v. d!$ und.46nd tfi. n1o'. ot rh. Iondro.Dial pridt/ oa 'lropc.lt isFcd fi.c.Inl-su:s. d..d, lansursc oi.n sdn! ill-.ui..d b *pr6! wnr E lc.l, ln th. ft.. oa th. ov.n [.hin! pr.r or. ol works of d 6c i^k of .xpr.$ing jn mrdi whrt thcy sir to us ..m lik r indniE $d hope hs trnd.d:ki.s. ltn.Esli[.1.ritiqu.of l.rgu:8. thlr our dAir. rnJ ap,ciry b u.d.aund.tw:r. Eo b.yo.d an] *fu'ncntlhlr*.onm aButrhi3 do* not affd rhc f!n,}m.nt1l priorit' ol hn. gus.. Thc !.$ibilid.s ol o!. kndldg. sem ro bc rir more indjvidualinan il. possihjliiiBo{.r. pr$ion ofd.d by l sursd Faed *ith d. sc ci:llr horivr.d cndcncy to*d! un'lormig wi(h rhich l gn:sc tor.d ud.Rtmdi's into p1frio, !.. sch.nlic fomr *hicb lcn us in, onr dd;. {or kno*l.ds. s.b ro El.alc n*lf toB the *[e m.tnerions and pr.dc.nions. Howcvd, . diiicJ srp.rioriV which N. dtn ov.r lrsuc. b no. corccm.d *irh th. .otu nrionr oa lingli.i. .xprslion, but wiih rhc onv.niions ol m..iins d'.. hav. louhd th.n iord in hsursc. I]luj n s1y3 .odinir asain* 6s. id com?djor hcN.d unddabdingrnd'h. lltrguag!,In frcrn@nfimr inii (onn.dion. For ,ll roch crnicnm vhich ris6 .bow rh. r.h.maiih of out*i?mrnrtinorddbu.d*, n:nd rsain fndr ns .lpEsion in rh. lom oI I , suas.. H.ne lan8nas. .lwayr lo6t lb .ny obierian ro iB iunrdioon, l6 urir.rxLry lc.pr ple $irh th. unisB:liry ol rc/er, Hcm.ndriol on.

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HalcloicCrD^MrR knoq ih, cv.ry l.ngug. dods .his in irs os' wav. Sut tr ih.n rsl hoa :mid rl'. vri.rf ot il'6c ol uneance, th*c is {ill thc sr.re uniry uI Ior tfiousit ,!d rp.e.h, 30 rhn .v.rythins that htrs beil r..smfied in wrnins can b. und.ctood Thuss. i!. inti.slcd io d. oDposit.ol whd Phi' loephy olhng'rg.5Rk! ro inrsrigre T1( inrmii. un,qolhnsurc. rnd lhoudt n th. prdEe rmm wh(h pi'luroPhy ol lr.gur6. :lr ;h*i lt n $is alon. tn.! n.s mid. i!. sci.n.. For for onlv h.cius. ii,is unity .xiss n ir {on}*lilc tt.:iDv.*icrtor to n!1. th. !6nddior ehicn to h. !h. obrer ol hs r.(rrch. ess hni[sl onlt hy brc:L'n3 wnh th. co^v dn; of rhmlosy rnd dtionrl'rd couldtlcrdd and Huinboldi" l.!t. ro * l"nsuag. d mild. Bv ickno$l.dsinc 6. nnilv of tfiou*t hne2ec rhv $.rc ,bl. to undc'i,L. thr u3k of i.'-' of'IE uni+ w. x. ...p.r.s rt* *'.o buts. !r.go'ngt.3 se.insiros ihe sxn. insiSht, it w.'c, ii IIE oppo!ir.dir..tidn. DsPncdEmrlti_ iariousnssof q.y. ol spceh * s..L to hold on loiiy 6t donslr.nd lxnsuas. to rh. indissolubl. ar w. lncou.rer n in ih. hsm.ietrtiel phe.on+ no., nlm.ly :s rhc uniry of unde$nding rnd n ;tr + cq u 6 r cn r h i i .oncern! rs i 5 rhnorth. rbrir:cm6s of rll rn'le6undins I' onlyaPp.m to W. hry b. a seond2rt qnesdon. prtnnon tr lh. fllisrLon olrh. h-men.'a.Jl.:' D{i.nc. n(lf. Th* s lhy uur p liGcultone. Th. inteeret r doesnot know ihlr hc n 6insing himklf and his own co.clps 'nro th. inrciprekiion,Thelinsunu.lormulrtionk s. mu'h o.n ot drc intcrpi.tr! mindd'dh! neverb..ons rX* i, isu'ddendal'|. ;*-""tn *,^.bid ihr il'ir sid. ol lhe h.m.lcuiic pro..s h.s ben whollv icnorcd.Buirh{. i, rh.6lthd p.i rha' rh.G i..:i;,iion h$ ben conrlsd bv insii.d nd o! largu3ge lt ir obvious ib3r an innon.nElilr rory oI siFr rh,r s.s {odr 3nd coneps h(_ po,n oi rs handy Mk hs mi$.d 'h. 'h. m?..uncrl phmom.non tl E. n,(k @ehn hk'r all introu6' pl.; in rpc.ch ,nd, .bov. all, with s.dnion .adi.d on bY .lt hu ennor fail to sa lh.t th.rc ( a @.$1ni troa$ of ai *ort. Tlrir doei ndt mdn .onc.p!{oi6arion !loirm conrrkd H..i( hTaa-r3or, c.mn Phi_ iorosiiqrv,ll'dn]onHdnboldt(r767-r3Jt c{ft'tr thar th. inrrprct4 i! usiry n.* or unutlal vonh, tom Bur th.us.oiGmilhr*odrdes,oipro...d an act ol logic,l ,nlxuoprio n, rkoush *i i.h in i._ dividnil is pL@d und{r !niv.ar! concrpr.rli rs rBe6bc., n.hg, ifiat unddntndins .llayt in c!Dd6 ipplic.tion.nd thur prcdn..5 "n.l.m.nioJ ol . conn.nt tunkr d.velopmcnt in rh. Ioh,ion co.c.p6, W. ou$ onsid.r ftit now it w. slnt .o li6cEr. lhc linslntic naNc oi unde'ihnding lroh ot rI. p..supposidons philosoplitof !,n3$3.- Ti. incrp{r.i dca nor us. wonL rnd @!ep$ li!. an adis.n *ho r1t6 hn rook in his hmds od rlB puG th.o rN:y. Rrh.r, *r nu* r.@gnis. $rt :ll d tund.Bandinsn int rwov!. {irh conpb .6.ory thr ,loB nor acc.pt dr. iniimar. iEt:rr Inded, th. sirul on is cven mole difrculi lt n qu.*ion:U.wn.th.r!!ecot..piollansn.Sewhich mod.d scilnc..nd pnibophy of lusu.8. t.*..s th.ir ilaftingpoirt ir rdequ?t b lhe sirurion h har re.ndy bc.n n"red by somc lin8uiss-,.d rn. n.<ldn mncePt ol lbg!a3. pr?rigt'tly-rnt sun.r . linFkic consioun.s rh.r is i$elf , his' 6iel 16!lr d do6 not a'I)ly io th. h.sinninc of ri. hnbicrl prccdr,?rpc.irll, b what fi. Crels 6ll.d l!.strise." Tt*. is i dcvelopn.nr tmm lhc .onpl.i.unco.sciousnc$oIt,ng,!?s?,th.r sc 6nd io cl,$icrl Grte, to th. inshm.ni.k! d.v"lu3don oflin8!:g.ft3r v. 6nd in mod.rn time!,Thn pr.e$ of d.Lrlopingcons.iou$es,siic!.l.oinrolv.s. ch..g! in rhernitud. ro lrguig.,n,k.sit fotm, nfr' posibl. for'ling':g. rr ru.h, i. okd frcm rll onrcnq m b.con h lhn vicw w. can doubt wl,dh* rh. rchion ioddo hnsuas..nd rh. th.ory ol b.sE.n tn. but $.8 is no hnsnrs. is corcdy .hmcErk.d, doubt thri tll. ei.na r.d pnibroPht of ltrgur8. op.tric on ih? prcdie lh,r in.ir 6nly con@E n ih. fom of l&su.sr. h ih. id.2 of tord *ill aPpopri_ 2i. hc'.? ts langurs..6ydbolic fom, * C.$i.! 'r Lfimrn in l,it nl,l^u,l

'rruth dat!

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455

dnus..$ ;s only ItniciPaiins in sme$in8 rh.t mninusr th. gln.nl rthtion b**en lrn8!ag. rnd rcxson.lllll und.Bhidi4 $:ndr in. D.ca_ rry .lltion ol .qtrivllenc. to ir! lo$ibl. ini.r nd*ion and iI!h(e3r. b.sn.lll no bounds$rro th.n thc linsuistic lorm wtich th. lnd.6kndinJ, inr.trr.htion ol thisund{*anding iindsmu$.on_ ihat ti,nrc.ods Ein wirhin ii an infinir. dimcnrion r1l bouds- L:ngrtrge n d. hn30r3. ol a3son on. glr thn, rnd !h., onc n.sn.t.,. For this n!1ns n.k.s laneuae.o cld* io r.lon-Bhi.h rsk *hv b rh. obj.tr th.r itnrft6-rnrton.niv linsu.s.i d tll, sine all rlErc should b. diftmr F.r iofiN.th. sam.porimiiyb dsn rnd to obj(d vnd a pcson liv.r i, , lane!.s., h. ; illcd wir[ th. nse ol in. unsurp:5r.bl. 2pP.opnftn $ o! rh. vords ihri h. uscstor de obiss .o impo$ibh ihiiorh.r whichh. is te{ciiins. i.Je objc6 wordr in oth{ lans!.g.r couid "De 'he qu.lly *etl Thcsuir?blc*ord al o.? r oM a.d nniq!!, i8 r {h. obje..nt r.d ro is rlwrts unique.T!. agoiy ol nanlldon .onsG$ th* th..!isin, Mrds krn uldmitdy in th.ld tobc idr.FB6l. Gom th. ohi..6 rhet kt r r., so th{ in onlcr o ma!.3 !.rr intllisibk on. olt.n his ro grv. rn,ntcrPr.Eri\c prnPhn< o, n rurhtr Gr rrnd.k r, rh. mor.xnlnnd, u!rhntoriel .oosciousds r.l.s, th. norc ir srtmsb b.lNire of rh. unE,nslatahility oI wh:r L *nft.n ii . Io. .isn l.n8ugt. But th; Bakesth. i Fle onitvot block s.d rndobi.dr hermen.u'icrlstumblins How e. w. posibly undect.nd rntthinsvlifter in r forcic, linsulg. il we .F ths nnpftonld i't It it nE6srry ro .a th. $..iouen.s ol lhn '. In a.drl i:d rh. *.sitivit/ o! ou' hntori' nmdi ;n .oNcio!sn.$ tlL $ .h. oDpo3it , Th. work of I.n r 3l*). and i'tacrno' u&$EndiDg m.rnrnsJxl.Tfik 3hos rh. sup.nor unncGrliry wirh wh!.6 mson ri*srboFth.l'm H,ioE or:nv dp.ri.ne n gvc. lI8{ig., Th. hm.n.uhal fic cor.div. by m.:ns oI whi.h th. thinling r.r_ ror dc1p6 th. prison oi l su3s., and ir is it*!t hon rhis loini o( vnw it. Pbbl.m ol Lnsuas. ii noi t6cncd s th. philosoph/ .f hngu?gc riis ii C.rtainl),th.wncq ol lrngla8* Prdcrs I'ow !s *i$ 1probl.m, B"r rlis probl.o n 5imprv .e.ry lmgurs., dc.pit. its diff.r.n.. trom other lan8trag*, n rbl. ro ny cadlthing it \reng. v.

ol nsrniqDc souG nav. ii? rJo6lhistrk.Kou qurlity, shkh b rh:r l.ngulgc .mbnet a.tyt:v dc-rh't Crsnc 3ko ctlk thi!B-6yr[,1{ ln 3ndysinB rh. i.rm.n.ulictl ph.noo.non *. hrv. soobl.d upon th. univ{sal tunction ol lans!is., In r.v.Jing its Iinsui5.i nrn.uticzl ph?nomc.onn*[ is s..n .o brvr 2 trni_ v.srt rig.i6crnc.. Und.ut.ldi.g ,nd inkpr.ution a.c r.laied io rh. linSlistic rrdiiion in t :p!ci6c r.t B$ 4 ri. $m! tim. rhey krnrc.nd rlis..brionihip nor onty b..zu'.lll lhc (.Iionr olhun3n a'ltore, including$. DonlinBlnricon.r, *.k ro b !nd.s.@d ib lhh w!, bu nrort ftrndr' m.nklly in*mucfi ae cv..ythi'g rh.i i6 i.relligibl. b's 6. rcc.sibl. to lnderdndins rd to in!.. pr.otion. Thc $m. thins i, .s rrue oJ unds*..dn to b. grasp.d simply ing I o( Lnguxg.. N.ni* 3s z hc h.t.a! bc.mpiri.rlly inee$bled N.i_ tlw is.v.rsin,pl,. an obi.ct, but mmprisE ftry dins $ar cx. .v.r b.- obj.cr" It or. r..oenncs thn bid. conn.ciion b.B.cn hngrr8c rnd und.Kt.nding, o.. will .or b. tble b v. !h? dd.lop6.ni t om unconsi.us.ds ol hnsulg. cone.iousn.s ol l.ngr,8. ro rh. d.'ia vrua.ion o, l1ncuag." ff 3n lnl6biguon! hkbri.,1 pro..$. Tfiir schem. doct nor s..n to m. b b. dequd. .r"n for in. hntory oi th@'i6 oI lan' gl l ge,.r s ..,l * ,oi e Ior rh.l i l ol l an' ' !.hrl l sligc. Th. lansutgc A3i liv6 in .Pch, whi.h talcsin 3llundcniandine includinsthli ot th. r.rtu.Iint.Arcu, is p mu.h boundnp with thi.ling and ini?rpct1ti.. rh:r *! h.k m liftl. !.li il N. ig.orc ih..ctull contnr oi wl,t hr$ag6 h'nd down ro us 3nd sc.t ro onrid.r only lrglaBc lct En* cdnd, Y..r !'d m*rat aa svbotba. szli!, teJ6. rhj.h (llndr .disin h. say5 publishrd

ptu arr' Jp',rr., o,iqeh.r l^u.l rHon,swrd pd, tr th! w4, L.i 'rJ7,nrtu I:d, bu': onn.iol. lre a,,p .r3J.lAu.l Lohrou tup.nr.rdM'l's $. do.lop' "fttstri@J