preme Court of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 12/18/12

List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States. Its membership currently consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices. The justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate. Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure[1] and receive a salary which is currently set at $223,500 per year for the chief justice and at $213,900 per year for each associate justice.[2][3] On August 7, 2010, Justice Elena Kagan became the 112th justice to serve on the Court.[4] The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution, which stipulates that the "judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court" together with any lower courts Congress may establish.[1] Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789. It specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices).[5][6]

The Roberts Court, 2010 Back row (left to right): Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen G. Breyer, Samuel A. Alito, and Elena Kagan. Front row (left to right): Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Anthony Kennedy, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Since the passage of the Judiciary Act, Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own expansion in size. Membership was decreased in 1801 to five, then increased to seven members in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to ten in 1863. It was then reduced to seven in 1866. In 1869, Congress set the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained since.[7] While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, some choose to leave the Court before their death: a total of 54 have retired or resigned. The average age of newly appointed justices is about 53 years old. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years; however, since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years.[8]

Contents
1 List of justices 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References

List of justices
The following lists all justices aside from Edwin Stanton, who died before taking office.

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Chief justice Legend * Recess appointment Currently serving justice

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 9 10 11 12 13 14

Judge James Wilson John Jay William Cushing John Blair, Jr. John Rutledge James Iredell Thomas Johnson* William Paterson John Rutledge* Samuel Chase Oliver Ellsworth Bushrod Washington Alfred Moore John Marshall William Johnson Henry Brockholst Livingston Thomas Todd

State PA NY MA VA SC NC MD NJ SC MD CT VA NC VA SC

Born/Died 17421798 17451829 17321810 17321800 17391800 17511799 17321819 17451806 17391800 17411811 17451807 17621829 17551810 17551835 17711834

Active service 1789 1798 1789 1795 1789 1810 1789 1795 1789 1791 1790 1799 1792 1793 1793 1806 1795 1796 1811 1796 1800 1798 1829 1800 1804 1801 1835 1804 1834 1807 1823 1807 1826

Term as Chief Justice 17891795 1795 17961800 18011835

Retirement

Appointed by Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Adams, J. Adams, J. Adams, J. Jefferson

Reason for termination Death Resignation Death Resignation Resignation[n 1] Death Resignation Death Rejection Death Resignation Death Resignation Death Death

15

NY

17571823

Jefferson

Death

16

KY

17651826

Jefferson

Death
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17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Gabriel Duvall Joseph Story Smith Thompson* Robert Trimble John McLean Henry Baldwin James Moore Wayne Roger B. Taney Philip Pendleton Barbour John Catron John McKinley Peter Vivian Daniel Samuel Nelson Levi Woodbury* Robert Cooper Grier Benjamin Robbins Curtis* John Archibald Campbell Nathan Clifford Noah Haynes Swayne

MD MA NY KY OH PA GA MD VA TN AL VA NY NH PA

17521844 17791845 17681843 17761828 17851861 17801844 17901867 17771864 17831841 17861865 17801852 17841860 17921873 17891851 17941870

1811 1835 1812 1845 1823 1843 1826 1828 1830 1861 1830 1844 1835 1867 1836 1864 1836 1841 1837 1865 1837 1852 1842 1860 1845 1872 1845 1851 1846 1870

18361864

Madison Madison Monroe Adams, J. Q. Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Van Buren Van Buren Tyler Polk Polk

Resignation Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Retirement Death Retirement

32

MA

18091874

1851 1857 1853 1861 1858 1881 1862 1881

Fillmore

Resignation

33 34 35

AL ME OH

18111889 18031881 18041884

Pierce Buchanan Lincoln

Resignation Death Retirement

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36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Samuel Freeman Miller David Davis* Stephen Johnson Field Salmon P. Chase William Strong Joseph P. Bradley Ward Hunt Morrison Waite John Marshall Harlan William Burnham Woods Stanley Matthews Horace Gray Samuel Blatchford Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar Melville Fuller David Josiah Brewer Henry Billings Brown George Shiras, Jr.

IA IL CA OH PA NJ NY OH KY

18161890 18151886 18161899 18081873 18081895 18131892 18101886 18161888 18331911

1862 1890 1862 1877 1863 1897 1864 1873 1870 1880 1870 1892 1873 1882 1874 1888 1877 1911 1881 1887 1881 1889 1882 1902 1882 1893 1888 1893 1888 1910 1890 1910 1891 1906 1892 1903

18641873 18741888

Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Grant Grant Grant Grant Hayes

Death Resignation Retirement Death Retirement Death Retirement Death Death

45 46 47

AL OH MA

18241887 18241889 18281902

Hayes Garfield Arthur

Death Death Death

48

NY

18201893

Arthur

Death

49

MS

18251893

Cleveland

Death

50 51 52 53

IL KS MI PA

18331910 18371910 18361913 18321924

18881910

Cleveland Harrison, B. Harrison, B. Harrison, B.

Death Death Retirement Retirement

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54

Howell Edmunds Jackson Edward Douglass White Rufus Wheeler Peckham Joseph McKenna Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. William R. Day William Henry Moody Horace Harmon Lurton Charles Evans Hughes Willis Van Devanter Joseph Rucker Lamar Mahlon Pitney James Clark McReynolds Louis Brandeis John Hessin Clarke William Howard Taft George Sutherland

TN

18321895

1893 1895

Harrison, B.

Death

55

LA

18451921

1894 1921 1896 1909 1898 1925 1902 1932 1903 1922 1906 1910 1910 1914 1910 1916 1911 1937 1911 1916 1912 1922 1914 1941 1916 1939 1916 1922 1921 1930 1922 1938

Cleveland 19101921
(associate)

Taft (chief)[n 2] Cleveland

Death

56

NY

18381909

1921
(acting)[n 3]

Death

57

CA

18431926

McKinley

Retirement

58 59 60

MA OH MA

18411935 18491923 18531917

1930
(acting)[n 4]

Roosevelt, T. Roosevelt, T. Roosevelt, T.

Retirement Retirement Retirement[n 5]

61

TN

18441914

Taft

Death

62

NY

18621948

Taft

Resignation[n 1]

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

WY GA NJ TN MA OH OH UT

18591941 18571916 18581924 18621946 18561941 18571945 18571930 18621942

19211930

19371941 19411946 19391941 19381942

Taft Taft Taft Wilson Wilson Wilson Harding Harding

Retirement Death Resignation Retirement[n 6] Retirement[n 6] Resignation Resignation[n 7] Retirement[n 6]

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71

Pierce Butler Edward Terry Sanford Harlan F. Stone Charles Evans Hughes Owen Roberts Benjamin N. Cardozo Hugo Black Stanley Forman Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Frank Murphy James F. Byrnes Robert H. Jackson Wiley Blount Rutledge Harold Hitz Burton Fred M. Vinson Tom C. Clark Sherman Minton Earl

MN

18661939

1923 1939 1923 1930 1925 1946 1930 1941 1930 1945 1932 1938 1937 1971 1938 1957 1939 1962 1939 1975 1940 1949 1941 1942 1941 1954 1943 1949 1945 1958 1946 1953 1949 1967 1949 1956 1953

Harding

Death

72

TN

18651930

Harding

Death

73

NY

18721946

1941 1946[n 8] 19301941 1946 (acting), 1953

(acting)[n 9][n 10]

Coolidge (associate) Roosevelt, F. Death

(chief)[n 2]

62 74 75

NY PA NY

18621948 18751955 18701938

Hoover Hoover Hoover

Retirement Resignation Death Retirement[n 6]

76

AL

18861971

19711971

Roosevelt, F.

77

KY

18841980

19571980

Roosevelt, F.

Retirement[n 6]

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88

MA CT MI SC NY IA OH KY TX IN CA

18821965 18981980 18901949 18791972 18921954 18941949 18881964 18901953 18991977 18901965 18911974

19461953 19531969

19621965 19751980 19581964 19671977 19561965 19691974

Roosevelt, F. Roosevelt, F. Roosevelt, F. Roosevelt, F. Roosevelt, F. Roosevelt, F. Truman Truman Truman Truman Eisenhower

Retirement[n 6] Retirement[n 6] Death Resignation Death Death Retirement[n 6] Death Retirement[n 6] Retirement[n 6] Retirement[n 6]
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Warren* 89 John Marshall Harlan II William J. Brennan, Jr.* Charles Evans Whittaker Potter Stewart* Byron White Arthur Goldberg Abe Fortas Thurgood Marshall Warren E. Burger Harry Blackmun Lewis F. Powell, Jr. William Rehnquist John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Antonin Scalia Anthony Kennedy David Souter Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen NY 18991971

1969 1955 1971 1956 1990 1957 1962 1958 1981 1962 1993 1962 1965 1965 1969 1967 1991 1969 1986 1970 1994 1972 1987 1972 2005 1975 2010 1981 2006 1986 present 1988 present 1990 2009 1991 present 1993 present 1994 19711971 Eisenhower Retirement[n 6]

90

NJ

19061997

19901997

Eisenhower

Retirement[n 6]

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

MO OH CO IL TN NY VA MN VA

19011973 19151985 19172002 19081990 19101982 19081993 19071995 19081999 19071998

19691986 19862005 2005

(acting)[n 12]

19621965 19811985 19932002 19911993 19861995 19941999 19871998

Eisenhower Eisenhower Kennedy Kennedy Johnson, L. Johnson, L. Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon (associate) Reagan (chief)[n 2]

Resignation Retirement Retirement[n 6] Resignation Resignation Retirement[n 6] Retirement[n 6] Retirement[n 6] Retirement[n 6] Death Retirement Retirement Currently serving Currently serving Retirement Currently serving Currently serving Currently
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AZ 19242005 VA[n 11] IL AZ VA CA NH GA NY 1920 1930 1936 1936 1939 1948 1933

2010present Ford 2006present Reagan Reagan Reagan

2009present Bush, G. H. W. Bush, G. H. W. Clinton

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108 Breyer 109 John G. Roberts

MA MD NJ NY MA

1938 1955 1950 1954 1960

present 2005 present 2006 present 2009 present 2010 present

2005present

Clinton Bush, G. W. Bush, G. W. Obama Obama

serving Currently serving Currently serving Currently serving Currently serving

110 Samuel Alito 111 Sonia Sotomayor

112 Elena Kagan

See also
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States

Notes
1. ^ a b Was later reappointed as chief justice 2. ^ a b c This individual was elevated from associate justice to chief justice. Unlike the inferior courts, the chief justice is separately nominated and subject to a separate confirmation process, regardless of whether or not he or she is already an associate justice. 3. ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, McKenna was acting chief justice from White's death on May 19, 1921 until Taft took office on July 11, 1921. 4. ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, Holmes was acting chief justice from Taft's departure on February 3, 1930 until Hughes took office on February 24, 1930. 5. ^ There is some disagreement on how Moody exited office. According to the Federal Judicial Center (http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=1672) , Moody resigned. According to the Supreme Court Historical Society (http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/051.html) , Moody retired. It turns out that the confusion comes from the fact that Moody was allowed to retire by special act of Congress in 1910 due to prolonged ill health. (Moody did not meet the minimum age and service requirements to retire without this waiver.) 6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Beginning in the 20th century, many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring as Supreme Court justices without the federal judiciary altogether. Some databases refer to this as an election by the justice of senior status, although the term "senior status" is used almost exclusively with regard to judges of lower federal courts, not the Supreme Court. A "retired justice", as the status is called in statute, is no longer a member of the Supreme Court of the United States, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court (and many retired justices have indeed served in these capacities). However, because the justice ceases to be a member of the Supreme Court as of the moment of retirement, the reason for these justices' leaving the Supreme Court is given as "retirement", although the reason for the justice's later leaving the federal judiciary altogether might be a subsequent act of (full) retirement or the justice's death. 7. ^ There is some disagreement on how William Howard Taft exited office. According to some sources, such as the Supreme Court Historical Society (http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_chiefs/010.html) , Taft retired. According to others, such as the Federal Judicial Center (http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=2331) , Taft resigned. 8. ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, Stone was acting chief justice from Hughes's retirement on June 30, 1941 until Stone took the oath of office as chief justice three days later. 9. ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, Black was acting chief justice from Stone's death on April 22, 1946 until Vinson took office on June 24, 1946. 10. ^ Under 62 Stat. 869, Black was acting chief justice from Vinson's death on September 8, 1953, until Warren took office on October 5, 1953. The Supreme Court was not in session during this brief period. 11. ^ In 1971, Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona, [9] but in 1986, when elevated to chief justice, he was appointed from Virginia. [10] 12. ^ Under 28 U.S.C. 3 (http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/3.html) , Stevens was acting chief justice from Rehnquist's death
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on September 3, 2005 until Roberts took office on September 29, 2005. The Supreme Court was not in session during this brief period.

References
1. ^ a b "Article III" (http://topics.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleiii) . Cornell University Law School. http://topics.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleiii. Retrieved February 17, 2010. 2. ^ Mears, Bill (January 1, 2010). "Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year's end" (http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/01/01/chief-justice-roberts-has-little-to-say-at-years-end/?fbid=aUN-fVcaCjN) . CNN. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/01/01/chief-justice-roberts-has-little-to-say-at-years-end/?fbid=aUN-fVcaCjN. Retrieved February 17, 2010. 3. ^ Barnes, Robert (January 1, 2010). "Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/31/AR2009123102599.html) . The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/31/AR2009123102599.html. Retrieved February 17, 2010. 4. ^ "Elena Kagan sworn in by Roberts to become 112th Supreme Court Justice" (http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-naw-kagan-20100808,0,6612295.story) . Los Angeles Times. August 7, 2010. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-naw-kagan-20100808,0,6612295.story. Retrieved August 7, 2010. 5. ^ "About The Supreme Court" (http://www.uscourts.gov/outreach/topics/scstudentimpact.html) . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. http://www.uscourts.gov/outreach/topics/scstudentimpact.html. Retrieved February 17, 2010. 6. ^ "Supreme Court Research Guide" (http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/guides/supreme_court.cfm) . Georgetown Law Library. http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/guides/supreme_court.cfm. Retrieved February 17, 2010. 7. ^ Smith, Jean Edward (July 26, 2007). "Stacking the Court" (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/26/opinion/26smith.html) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/26/opinion/26smith.html. Retrieved February 17, 2010. 8. ^ Rosen, Jeffrey (February 26, 2008). "Dems' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim" (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/26/opinion/main3878005.shtml) . CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/26/opinion/main3878005.shtml. Retrieved February 17, 2010. 9. ^ Nominations of William H. Rehnquist and Lewis F. Powell, Jr (http://books.google.com/books/about/Nominations_of_William_H_Rehnquist_and_L.html?id=uA42AAAAIAAJ) , 92 Congress, 1st Session. 10. ^ "Executive Session" (http://www.loc.gov/law/find/nominations/scalia/debates.pdf) . Congressional Record. September 17, 1986. p. 23803. http://www.loc.gov/law/find/nominations/scalia/debates.pdf.

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