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Electric Power System Modeling & Simulation

Michael Smith 02/15/2010

Outline
Introduction Power System Introduction/Background Data Requirements Model/Simulation Development Analysis Conclusion

Introduction
Objective: Understand the behavior of Electric Power (EP) systems Properties of EP systems: Large scale, complicated, dynamic and nonlinear Composed of interdependent, heterogeneous components Result from incremental evolution in system configuration driven by response to failures and adoption of innovation Possess considerable system structure (e.g., power law statistics, HDS configuration)

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North American Power System Outages (NERC Data 1984-2002)

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-1

Frequency of outage
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1996 Western Outage 1977 NY Outage 1965 NE Outage 2003 NE Outage 10


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10 10 10 Number of customers affected by outage

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10

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Introduction/Motivation

The Cost of Unreliability


Since 9/11, [reported] attacks on industrial process control systems have increased 10 fold 10 second electric power outage at LAX
Tower-to-tower communication lost for three hours Approximately 80 100 flights delayed August 14th Blackout1
2 Canadian Provinces 8 U.S. states 3 deaths 12 airports closed 23 cases of looting in Ottawa 100 power plants 9,266 square miles 61,800 MW of power lost 1.5 million Cleveland residents without water 50 million people $4-6 billion in economic activity lost
1. US DOE, Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution, December 1, 2003, Bill Parks

Ohio nuclear power plant disrupted by SQL Slammer worm Stock market crashes

Power System Background


Pictorial View

Power Systems Background


Model view
V0 0 jX2 jX1 V

generation station

transmission lines

substation

load

Components Generation Station, Transmission network, Substation, Loads Key Terms Voltage, Power, Load flow, Steady State, Transient, Dynamic

Data Required for Modeling


Data for Load-Flow/Power-Flow Model The first type of data requested is that needed to develop a load-flow/power-flow model of a power system area: topology of the area with connection points (busses) as nodes and transmission lines and transformers as edges, transmission line parameters such as pi-model parameters, compensation and ratings/limits, transformer parameters such as pi-model, turns ratio and ratings/limits, tie-line locations and ratings, generation location and ratings/limits, load locations and load compensation, and any complete load-flow/power-flow solutions for area (from model or instrumentation) with data mentioned above, generator powers, load powers, line powers, and bus voltages and phase angles. Data for Dynamic Model In order to perform transient analysis and stability studies additional power system data is required to supplement that identified above for load-flow/power-flow models. Example data that would assist with construction of a dynamic model include: number, size and type of generators with any available mechanical, electrical, and control (governor, voltage regulation, etc.) parameters, mix of residential, commercial and industrial load at each bus, location and specifications for distributed control devices such as tap-changing transformers, switched shunt compensation, static Var compensators, flexible AC transmission systems, etc., location and specifications for protection devices such as relays and load shedding, and location and specifications of any other relevant control and/or protection devices. Data for Model Validation
Time-series data (generator powers, load powers, line powers, voltages, voltage phase angles, frequency, currents, etc.) recorded from the power system in response to short-term load fluctuation, 24-hour load variation or known disturbance is requested to support model validation studies and dynamic grid analysis. Data captured over the short term would be sampled at sub-second or faster while long-term would be sampled on intervals of 15 minutes.

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

Detailed Model View


Equivalent transmission line models Single phase assuming 3 phases are symmetrical p.u. (per unit system) ease of power system analysis

Complex Current Injections & Network Line Powers

Real/Imaginary Network & Power Balance Equations

Simplified Generator/Load Equations


Internal generator dynamics Fixed load model
Power (fixed) Internal dynamics (none)

Model
Hybrid Dynamical System (HDS)

set points

discrete system: switching and saturation


q1 q0 q2

grid outputs

qi+1 = h(qi, k(x,y), r) continuous system: generators, loads and network


G G L L

mode changes

dx/dt = fq(x, y, u) 0 = gq(x, y)

disturbances

Model
Key features: physics-based models of network, generators (electromechanical), and loads (aggregate) emphasis placed upon
capturing saturation and switching behavior drawing conclusions about system behavior (time evolution governed by dynamics) with limited data and uncertainty keeping an eye towards analysis

Both dynamic and steady-state representations for the model

Model: dynamic vs. static model


HDS Model qi+1 = h(qi, k(x,y), r) dx/dt = fq(x, y, u) 0 = gq(x, y)
Area C Load Busses 16 49 50 51 52 53 54 71 72 75 68 73 87 67 88 89 76 78 79 80 81 84 85
1.05 16 49 50 51 52 53 54 71 72 75 68 73 87 67 88 89 76 78 79 80 81 84 85

Static (load flow) Model


0 = f(x, y, u) 0 = g(x, y)

(switching is exogenous)
Area C Load Busses

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.95

0.2

0.9

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trajectory

static (equilibrium) solutions

Questions

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