Problem Solving Part 1

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Problem Solving
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Problem Solving Part-1

The psychiatrist Carl Jung categorized different personality patterns as
psychological types. Based on his observation of peoples behavior, Jung
concluded that people have inherent differences in how they use their minds and
where they derive and focus their energy.
Jung identified two mental processes:
1.
Taking in information (or perceiving).
2.
Organizing information and drawing conclusions (or judging).
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Jung also identified two different ways in which people do each of these mental
activities
1. People take in information either through their senses or by intuition.
2. People organize information either by thinking or by feeling.

People also differ in where they derive and focus their energy. They are either
externally oriented (extroverts), energized by people and activity; or internally
oriented (introverts), energized by ideas and thoughts. These different ways of
organizing and relating to the world obviously can be combined in different ways,
thus creating different psychological types. For example, one person could be an
extrovert who relies on thinking more than feeling and sensing over intuiting,
while another individual could be an introvert who is intuitive and feeling-oriented.
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Using Type Inventories to Determine Preferences

One kind of personality test called a type inventory can help you to determine
your preferred or dominant ways of functioning, including your preferred decisionmaking style. Such tests ask you to answer a series of questions, and, based on
your responses, assign you a type that is an aggregate of your preferences.
1. Extroversion vs. introversion (where energy is derived and focuse(d)
2. Sensing vs. intuition (how information is obtaine(d)
3. Thinking vs. feeling (how decisions are mad(e)
4. Judging vs. perceiving (how the test taker is oriented toward the external
worl(d)
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Your TypeWhat Does It Mean for Decision Making?

The following are some generalizations about each dominant
function:
1. Feeling: The bias is towards integrity. Decisions should consider

peoples values and needs. Ask, How does this affect those
involved?
2. Sensing: The bias is toward stability. Decisions have to make

sense based on past experience. Ask, What are the facts, costs,
and benefits?
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3. Thinking: The bias is toward effectiveness. Decisions must be

objective and logical. Ask, What are the pros and cons, causes
and effects?
4. Intuition: The bias is toward innovation. Decisions should

creatively make use of new opportunities and insights. Asks,
What are the patterns and possible interpretations?
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What Does It Mean to Flex?

To flex means to ask yourself the questions of the other three functions,
as well as the questions of your dominant function that naturally occur to
you.A key to good decision making is that it uses both sensing and
intuition to gather all the pertinent information, and both thinking and
feeling to weigh all the factors involved. When we rely only on our
dominant function, we tend to miss things and make poorer decisions.
Although this process may feel awkward at first, it will lead to decisions
that are more sound.
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Who Decides?
As you read through the four types, note that the amount of control that
the leader has over the decision drops from total to almost none.In
addition to the four dominant functions explained above, there are also
four styles of decision making based on who makes the decision.Yet, the
leader retains ultimate responsibility.
As an emergency manager There are other times, however, when you

must make a command decision alone. Several factors affect whether a
decision should be made by an individual or a group. Use the questions
in Job Aid 3-1, on the following page, to determine whether the
circumstances call for an individual or group decision.
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Individual Decision Making

You work often in situations that require a high degree of coordination in
individual decision making. These cases call for a group decision-making
process. The leader must make the decision alone, and input from others
is limited to collecting relevant information.
Group Decision Making

In this case, the leaden and others work together until they reach a
consensus decision. Each group members opinion and point of view is
considered. As a result of helping to make the decision, group members
buy into the final decision and commit to supporting its implementation.
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Successful Group Decision Making

Group decision making requires good leadership to be successful.
There are special conditions necessary for group decision making, such
as adequate time. There are also particular pitfalls unique to group
decision making, such as groupthink.
Decision Making Through Consultation

In consultation, the leader shares the issue with one or more peopleseeking ideas, opinions, and suggestionsand then makes a decision.
The leader considers the input of others, but the final decision may or
may not be influenced by it.
Delegating the Decision

When delegating a decision, the leader sets the parameters, then
allows one on more others to make the final decision. Although the
leaden does not make the decision, he on she supports it.
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Problem Solving Part-1

Taking in information (or perceiving).

Organizing information and drawing conclusions (or judging).

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1. People take in information either through their senses or by intuition.

2. People organize information either by thinking or by feeling.

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Using Type Inventories to Determine Preferences

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Your TypeWhat Does It Mean for Decision Making?

1. Feeling: The bias is towards integrity. Decisions should consider

2. Sensing: The bias is toward stability. Decisions have to make

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3. Thinking: The bias is toward effectiveness. Decisions must be

4. Intuition: The bias is toward innovation. Decisions should

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What Does It Mean to Flex?

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As an emergency manager There are other times, however, when you

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Individual Decision Making

Group Decision Making

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Successful Group Decision Making

Decision Making Through Consultation

Delegating the Decision

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