CONCLUSION

1. An ecosystem consists of two components that is the abiotic components and the biotic components. 2. The biotic components refer to the living organism that form the community in an ecosystem. 3. The abiotic components refer to the non living things such as soil, water, air, temperature, pH, humidity, light intensity, topography and microclimate in an ecosystem. 4. In a food chain, energy in the food is transferred through a series of organism that are interdependent on each other to obtain food. 5. A food web consists of many food chains that are interrelated in an ecosystem. 6. The organism in a food chain and food web can be divided into producers, consumers an decomposers. 7. The producers are referred to the autotrophic organism, while consumers are the heterotrophs and decomposers are organism that act on dead organic matter. 8. Symbiosis is an interaction that involves two organisms living together in a certain period of time. 9. Parasitism is an interaction between two different organism where one (called the parasite) benefits and the other (called the host) is harmed. 10.Commensalism is an interaction between two different organisms where only one organisms benefits and the other organism is neither harmed nor benefits from the interaction. 11.Mutualism is an interaction between two organisms in which both organisms benefit from the interaction. 12.Saprophytism is an interaction in relation to feeding whereby the organisms obtained its nutrients from dead and decayed organisms. 13. Predator-prey interaction between two organisms where one animal (prey) is caught and eaten by another animal (predator) which hunt for food. 14.Competition is the interaction between two individuals or species to get the same the same basic needs for life.

CONCLUSION
1. Effects of unplanned development and mismanagement of the ecosystem are soil erosion, flash flood, landslide, eutrophication, pollution (water, air, thermal and noise), global warming, ozone depletion, climatic change, extinction of living things and deforestation. 2. The main source of water pollution is the discharge of domestic wastes, disposal of industrial wastes, disposal of agricultural wastes and oil spillage. 3. The main sources of air pollution is the release of pollutants such as acidic gases, carbon monoxide, soot and smoke from factories, burning of fossil fuels, car exhaust and agriculture activities. 4. Thermal pollution occurs when excessive heat is released into the atmosphere from factories, electric power stations, nuclear reactors and glass buildings. 5. Noise pollution occurs when there excessive noise of a high frequency to disturb the comfort of life.

OBJECTIVE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Understanding the abiotic and biotic components of the environment. Understanding the process of colonisation and succession in an ecosystem. Synthesising ideas on population ecology. Understanding the concept of biodiversity Understanding the impact of microorganisms on life. Appreciating biodiversity.

OBJECTIVE
1. Evaluating human activities that endanger an ecosystem. 2. Understanding the greenhouse effect and the thinning of the ozone layer. 3. Realising the importance of proper management of development activities and the ecosystem.