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BANKING OPERATIONS AND DOCUMENTATIOS (FIN426)

APRIL 2009
PART A QUESTION 1 a) Discuss four (4) functions of Bank Negara Malaysia Banker for currency issue Any central bank in the world is known as the bank the bank of issue. By this the BNM can help the country to attain effective supervision over legal tender money and control over credit expansion in the banking system. The BNM started to issue its own currency on June 12, 1967. With this it replaced the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo as the sole currency issuing authority. The Malaysian currency was renamed ringgit and the sen from dollar and cents under the Malayan Currency (Ringgit) Act 1975. Keeper of international reserves and safeguarding the value of the ringgit International reserves are gold, foreign exchange, reserve position with International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). The BNMs function of holding the nations international reserves was automatically derived from its function as the bank of issue. Gold and foreign exchange has been the major component of external reserves held by BNM. To safeguard the external value of the ringgit The CBO 1958 provides for the maintenance of a minimum external reserves backing of 80.59% against the currency issue, but in practice the ringgit is fully backed by external reserves. On June 21, 1973 due to the international monetary turbulence that happened until early 1970s had prompted the government to allow the ringgit has been determined in terms of a composite basket comprising the currencies of the major trading partners of Malaysia and the principal currencies used in external settlements. Banker and financial adviser to the government BNM acts as banker, fiscal agent and financial adviser to the government and to a number of statutory authorities and State governments. For example is Johor, Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Penang, Sabah, Sarawak, Kelantan, Selangor, Melaka, Terengganu and latest Negeri Sembilan. BNM has close co-operation with the government with the centralization of government deposits with BNM starting 1989. With this all government receipts for example new issue of government securities, tax and dividend payments are placed and managed by BNM.

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Function of BNM as the banker and financial adviser to the government can be explained further by dividing this function into management of government accounts, sources of fund to government and management of the national debt. Agency responsible for monetary policy and management of the financial system To promote monetary stability and a sound financial structure, to influence credit situation in order to achieve the countrys overall economic objectives will be the responsibility of the BNM to the government. Both the supply of money and volume of credit should be elastic to the demands. BNM required the approval of the Minister of Finance on certain areas related to monetary and banking issues even though it is empowered autonomously in implementation of monetary policy measures. BNM is empowered under the CBO 1958 to regulate the supply of money and credit creation through qualitative and quantitative measure. b) Explain two (2) functions on each of the following institutions: Commercial bank The first function of commercial bank is mobilization of savings through current, savings and fixed deposits account. Commercial banks offer their customer for them to open their own account. For examples saving account, current account and fixed deposit account. Commercial bank gave customer to choose the best account and suitable for them. The opening of the account might be individual, joint venture and so on. The second function is provision of facilities for its customers to make payments and receive money. For example customer can receive their money through using checks. Not only that, customer can makes payment and withdraws their money by ATM machine. ATM machine offer all facilities such as customer can top-up and make payment for their bills. Not like before, customer have to queue up to make payment or receive payment. Discount house Discount houses are financial intermediaries dealing specifically in short term funds for short term investors and short term borrowers. They specialize in short term money market operations and mobilize deposits from financial institutions and corporations. Discount houses involve in money at call, overnight money and deposits of 3 month maturity or less. 75% out of deposits accepted by DH must be invested in MTBs, MGS and Cagamas bonds. Insurance company

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The purpose of insurance companies is to spread risks out among all the policy holders. To accomplish this, and stay economically viable, they have to do several things correctly. Not only that, create proper policy language, and most insurance policies must be approved by the Insurance Commissioner. They also typically follow either an ISO or AAIS standard. Next, they need to know how to rate the risks so they know how much premium to charge. They use actuarial studies for this. Or, some companies simply buy their rates from a rating bureau.

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QUESTION 2 a) Explain the sources and uses of fund for merchant bank Sources of fund: Deposit, largest portion will come from fixed deposit Capital and reserves Amount due to financial institutions

Uses of funds: Loan, majority loans are in the form of revolving credit and term loans Investments including in marketable securities such as Treasury Bills and Cagamas bond Amount due from financial institutions

b) Explain briefly the Shariah principles as practiced by Islamic banks in Malaysia.

BaiAl-Dayn BaiAl-Dayn referring to debt financing where the fund needed is used for production, commerce and services of sale or purchase of trade documents and papers. Only documents evidencing debts arising from bona fide commercial transactions can be traded. It is short-term in nature. Al-Ijarah This is the concept of leasing where a lessor leases an asset to a lessee. The lessee will make a series of payments to the lessors for using the asset. Under leasing there is a principle of Al-Takjiri, where the owner of the assets (lessor) agrees to sell the assets to the lessee after an agreed time period and at an agreed price. Al-Murabahah Al-Murabahah is a concept that refer to sale of good at a price which includes a profit margin which have been agreed by both parties. In this case the bank will purchase the goods wanted by the borrower and the bank/lender will mark-up the price. The mark-up is the profit margin mentioned. Al- Musyarakah INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 4

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Al-Musyarakah means joint venture or partnership. Profits are shared according to what have been agreed by both parties and in the event of losses both will bear the losses.

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QUESTION 3 a) Discuss four (4) types of segmentation that can be used by banks in order to serve effectively on a particular segment of consumer market.

Ready-to-Buy Customers Ready-to-buy customers often have a sense of urgency. They have done some preliminary research or at least have an idea of something that they need. Because there is an actual need, the issue for a salesperson or service provider becomes finding out what the requirement is and filling it. Once you demonstrate that you have what the customer needs, they can become a client. If what they need is ongoing, they could become a valuable repeat customer. Therefore, handle the situation in the best way possible for the most lucrative outcome, which is to gain a repeat customer. Potential Customers While every person who enters a store or visits a website has the potential of becoming a customer, many of these types of customers are simply gathering information or browsing. This kind of customer is usually in no hurry to make a purchase, given that there is no urgent need to do so. This is when having a sales message strategy in place can be helpful, so that you can present it to them and more easily make a sale or sign someone up for a service.

Repeat Customer The most loyal customer is a repeat customer or one who regularly uses a companys services and purchases its products. This type of customer is the lifeblood of the business and should be respected as such. Because they were satisfied the first time, they returned for more services or products. Therefore, as long as you continue to satisfy their needs, you have a repeat customer. It has been estimated that it can take up to five times more work to replace a loyal customer as it would to simply continue to service them well enough to keep them.

Sale or Discount Customers

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Sale or discount customers always shop for the best deals available on the items they want to purchase. They are a regular fixture at stores to find store-only sales and avidly read newspaper ads, store circulars and pay attention to local deals. They may also conduct price comparisons online before heading out to visit a store. Most of their purchasing decisions are based upon how high the markdown in a sale is at any given time.

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b) Explain briefly the main components of 5Cs credit analysis.

Character This is associated to the quality in a borrower that makes a borrower want to pay when the loan is due. It is about honesty, integrity, industry, morality and other factors. But characters is a difficult thing to evaluate. To determine the character, a bank may need to arrange for interviews, or to look at relationship of the customer with the bank, or look at his/her business duration or reputation. Capacity This is referred to the legal status of a borrower. This can be referred to the legal the companys incorporation whether legal or not the business. Collateral Collateral means assets which the borrower uses to pledge as security against loan. This is needed to reduce the credit risk. Collateral must be adequate and easily marketable. Capital This is the financial worth of the borrower or the accumulated wealth of the borrower. The amount of capital that the borrower has reflects his or her commitment. This can be ascertained by referring to the balance sheet of the applicant. Condition This is related to the economic condition, political condition and also the global economic condition that may affect the borrower in repaying the loan. Examples of economic condition are whether overheating, slowing down, recession or recovering.

QUESTION 4 a) Explain the following monetary policy instrument, that BNM use in order to achieve its monetary stability objectives.

Moral suasion Moral suasion has an occasions been relied upon to influence the direction of activities of the banking industry. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 8

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Liquidity requirement Statutory liquid assets are kept in the banks. SLR is immobilized in the banking institution to liquidate its liquid assets to support an expansion of loan. Not only that it also to encourage spending, BNM will reduce the SLR rat so that more people can make a loan and start spends Selective credit control These measures are used in regulating the volume and direction of credit. Besides the general guidelines, BNM also use a number of selective measured of credit control that is specific and targeted at certain sectors.

b) Discuss the differences between trust receipt and bankers acceptance. Trust receipt Notice of the release merchandise to a buyer from a bank, with the bank retaining the ownership title to the released assets. In an arrangement involving a trust receipt, the bank remains the owner of the merchandise, but the buyer is allowed to hold the merchandise in trust for the bank, for manufacturing or sales purposes.

Banker acceptance A short-term debt instrument issued by a firm that is guaranteed by a commercial bank. Banker's acceptances are issued by firms as part of a commercial transaction. These instruments are similar to T-Bills and are frequently used in money market funds. Banker's acceptances are traded at a discount from face value on the secondary market, which can be an advantage because the banker's acceptance does not need to be held until maturity. Banker's acceptances are regularly used financial instruments in international trade. PART B QUESTION 1 a) Four advantages of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) to banks customers:

24 hours of operation Minimum usage of staff for large routine transactions Page 9

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Cost saving for staff and overheads Easier accessibility and convenient

b) Though internet banking offers many benefits, there are also risks taken.

Strategic risk This is the current and prospective risk to earnings and capital arising from adverse business decisions or improper implementation of business decisions. Many senior managers do not fully understand the strategic and technical aspects of Internet banking. Spurred by competitive and peer pressures, banks may seek to introduce or expand Internet banking without an adequate cost-benefit analysis. The organization structure and resources may not have the skills to manage Internet banking.

Reputation risk This is the current and prospective risk to earnings and capital arising from negative public opinion. A bank's reputation can be damaged by Internet banking services that are poorly executed (e.g., limited availability, buggy software, poor response). Customers are less forgiving of any problems and thus there are more stringent performance expectations from the Internet channel. Hypertext links could link a bank's site to other sites and may reflect an implicit endorsement of the other sites.

Information security risk This is the risk to earnings and capital arising out of lax information security processes, thus exposing the institution to malicious hacker or insider attacks, viruses, denial-of-service attacks, data theft, data destruction and fraud. The speed of change of technology and the fact that the Internet channel is accessible universally makes this risk especially critical.

Foreign exchange risk This arises when assets in one currency are funded by liabilities another. Internet banking may encourage residents of other countries transact in their domestic currencies. Due to the ease and lower cost transacting, it may also lead customers to take speculative positions INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT in to of in

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various currencies. Higher holdings and transactions in non-domestic currencies increase foreign exchange risk.

c) Credit cards provide a mean of obtaining goods and services immediately on credit. It has a limit on the amount to be used. For businessperson, there are several advantages.

It provides a mean for credit. Its interest free credit if paid within specified time period. Next is its easier to be used. The cardholder can withdraw cash over the counter or from an ATM.

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QUESTION 2 a. In preparing marketing strategies, banks would resort to the principles of marketing mix. These are the strategies adopted by the bank in providing their services to the customers. Product The term product refers to any tangible, physical products and as well as services. Before bank come up with new products, there are several decisions to be made such as the product name, the functionality, quality, safety, supports, guarantees and services. For example, Bank Islam has come up with a product named Al-Awfar Saving Account-i using the Mudharabah concept which is profit sharing. As a warranty, Bank Islam states that the profit will be in the following ratio 98:2 (Bank: Customer). Price The price decision to be made by the bank such as minimum deposits, minimum balance. For instance, minimum deposits required to open the Al-Awfar Saving Account-i is RM100 and the same amount needed for minimum balance.

b. These are a few credit facilities to be discussed: Overdraft is associated with a current account, meaning to say this credit facility operates by using a current account. The current account holder must get the approval from the bank to be able to overdrawn his/her account. The bank will notify the holder on their credit limit he/she is allowed to have. Overdraft is short-term in nature. Bridging loan is a short-term loan given to a housing developer in order to bridge the gap between immediate cash required that is to start the housing project and anticipated cash to be received in the future. A developer needs funds for housing or property development.

Personal loan is a loan given to an individual. It has the maturity between 6 months to 3 years or more. The loan normally paid based on monthly installments. An individual above 18 can apply for the loans by furnishing the statement of income/salary slips or Income Tax Assessment Form. Term loan

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is an intermediate-term loan or it can be sometimes a long-term loan. It is normally used to finance capital expenditure, as for example to purchase fixed assets such as machinery and equipment. The interest depends on the repayment schedule. QUESTION 3 a) Five responsibilities of board of directors of a bank in Malaysia are as follows. Selecting Management. While the board of directors does not manage the bank, one of its foremost duties is to pick the people who will. The board must select and appoint the bank's top executive officers. After hiring a chief executive officer, the board must regularly review his performance and replace him if it is unsatisfactory. The goals and strategies The formulation of clear objectives and policies supplies a framework for the chief executive to work within. The board also helps set priorities for the bank. Managing risk the board of directors not only helps lay out the bank's goals, but acts as a watchdog as well. One of its main duties in this capacity is to limit the bank's exposure to excessive risk of all kinds, including legal, reputational and financial. By judiciously, the board tries to maintain a balance between enterprise and caution. Protecting the shareholders. A bank's board of directors is the stockholders' proxy, and represents their interests. Many banks require that board members own some company stock to provide them with personal incentives in their decision-making. In overseeing the running of the bank, however, the board must keep the interests of the shareholders paramount. Compliance In its role as company watchdog, the board must also ensure the bank complies with all relevant statutes, both internal and external. The boards of some banks suffer a financial penalty if the bank violates certain legal statutes. b) Current account is a necessity for business operation because: We can use cheques either for depositing money or drawing money A cheque can be transferred to another party without prior notice to the bank The cheque is payable on demand INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 13

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Interest is not paid on such account A current account holder also can have an overdraft facility provided that he/she has prior agreement with the bank.

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c) Five (5) principles of good lending that should be practiced by lenders: Purpose Amount Duration Repayment Security

QUESTION 4 a) Irrevocable Letter of Credit (LC) Letter of credit that can only be amended or cancelled if all parties to the credit agree to the alteration or cancellation. The five (5) classification of irrevocable letter of credit are as follows: Transferable LC

It gives the beneficiary the right to pass the credit in whole or in part to a third party or another beneficiary. It is used in financing a middleman for the purchase of goods from a supplier. Back-to-back LC

Which is quite similar to transferable credit. It is used by a middleman with limited financial resources. Seller & buyer do not know each other, thus allow middleman to earn profit. Middleman obtains credit in his favor from the buyer. The middleman arranges for his bank to issue a new credit in favor of the actual supplier with new terms & conditions. It is not governed by the rules specified in the Uniform Customs & Practice for Documentary Credit. Red Clause LC

Contains a special clause, printed in red advising bank is authorized to give advance to the beneficiary up to the extent of the total value of the credit prior to the shipment of goods. It is a form of overdraft to the exporter & guaranteed by the importer and only for exporter who is reliably known by the importer. Standby LC

Requires certain performance on part of the applicant. Beneficiary is assured of payment only when he performs under the contract. It does not provide guarantee to the beneficiary of payment, acceptance or negotiation of bill. Provide guarantee to beneficiary against default by applicant. It is the issues to cover the non performance situation by the applicant. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 15

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Revolving LC

Is established when the importer has regular shipments to be made over a period of time. It takes one credit to cover all the shipments. Can be issued & revolved on the basis of time, shipments or value and can be on cumulative or non-cumulative terms. Cumulative means credit that is not utilized for a particular month or shipment will become available for the following month or shipment.

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b) Remittance is a transfer of fund done in a banking system. It is a service provided by a bank to its customers. There are several types of remittances.

Cashiers Order/Bankers Cheques. It is a form of cheque drawn on a bank, bearing the authorized signature of the banks officer. It is issued by a bank and considered to be better than a cheque drawn by an ordinary customer. It can only be issued in Ringgit Malaysia. It is for remitting funds to beneficiaries residing in the same town or area as issuing bank.

Demand Draft (DD) it is a form of cheque. Unlike bankers cheque, DD is issued for a beneficiary who may residing in another town or another country and must not be payable to bearer. There are two types of DD which is local DD and foreign DD.

Telegraphic Transfer (TT) It is the fastest mode for remitting funds. Messages are sent & received on the same day and sent by telex, fax or SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications). Beneficiary may be residing in another town in the country or overseas. Two types of TT are Outward TT and Inward TT.

Online Transfer it is a transfer of funds from one account to another through the system that can be done through several ways such as internet, ATMs, phone banking, or manually where customer personally go to the bank & instruct the bank to transfer the fund.

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OCTOBER 2009
PART A QUESTION 1 a) Explain the following function of Bank Negara Malaysia ( BNM ) Bank for currency issues Any central bank in the world is known as the bank of issue. Part III of CBO 1958 provides for the Central Bank as sole currency issuing authority in the country. By this BNM can help the country to attain effective supervision over legal tender money and control over credit expansion in the banking system. The BNM commenced started to issue its own currency on June 12, 1967. With this it replaced the board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo as the sole currency issuing authority. The Malaysian currency was renamed ringgit and sen from dollar and cents under the Malayan Currency (Ringgit) Act 1975.

Banker and financial advisor to the government The BNM acts as banker, fiscal agent and financial advisor to the government and to a number of statutory authorities and state governments like Johor, Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Penang, Sabah, Sarawak, Kelantan, Selangor, Melaka, Terengganu, and latest Negeri Sembilan. BNM has close co-operation with the government with the centralization of government deposits with BNM starting April 1989. With this all government receipts for example new issue of government securities, tax and dividend payments are placed managed by BNM. The function of BNM as the banker and financial advisor to the government can be classified by function of management of government accounts, source of funds to government and management of the national debt.

For management of government accounts, BNM performs the functions of providing check facilities, accept funds and makes payments on behalf of

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the government and undertakes the foreign exchange business of the government. Next is the sources of funds to government. This is done by granting advances to the government and as the lender of the last resort. Advances are given to cover any deficit in the budget revenue and must be repaid as soon as possible. CBO stipulates that the advances should not exceed 12.5% of the budget revenue. BNM has the direction to determine the interest rate charged for the advances but government has not taken this advantage. Lastly is the management of the National Debt. BNM manages the public debt and is responsible for the floatation of government loans in Malaysia or abroad. BNM advises the government on its loan programs such as terms and timing of loans and the issue of new types of securities.

b) The central bank of Malaysia had recently granted a license to bank of China to operate its Malaysian branch in Kuala Lumpur. Identify and explain any five (5) sources of funds and also another five (5) uses of funds as would be carried by this new bank.

Five sources of funds: Deposits

Deposits from customer are one of the sources of fund. It includes current account, fixed deposit account, saving account, NIDs and repos Amounts borrowed from other financial institutions

This is also one of the sources of fund .this also known inter bank borrowing in Malaysia as well as abroad Capital and reserves

Capital refers to the money put up by shareholders to run the business while reserves refer to undistributed profits and other capital reserves Debentures and notes

It can be in short term debt borrowing. This is also one of the sources. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 19

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Banker acceptances

This is one of the sources of the bank when bank sell their banker acceptance to the customer and at certain time the customer will give back the banker acceptance to the bank. It called as liabilities of the bank.

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Five uses of fund: Loan activities

Loans given out are assets because the bank has the right of claims Amounts due from financial institutions

This also one of uses of fund because the can get back their money from financial institutions Marketable securities

This can be assets for banks such as through treasury Bills, Malaysian Government securities (MGS), NIDs held and Cagamas bonds Investments

When we invest our money to investment, then we can get return. So this is one of the bank assets Cash and reserve with BNM

The can be uses of fund when banks must have statutory reserve requirement to BNM QUESTION 2 a) In order to achieve its objectives in promoting the development in agricultural, industrial and international trade, Development Finance Institutions (DFI) are obliged to perform a few functions. Briefly explain those functions. The objectives for the establishment of these institutions are to

promote development in the agricultural, industrial and international trade and export sectors, and also to play a complementary role to the banking institutions. These objectives are carried out by implementing these functions:

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As specialists for capital financing for the projects of medium to

long-term financing in the agriculture, industrial and manufacturing sectors.

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Bank Pertanian Malaysia The main focus is in developing the agricultural sector of the on September 1, 1969 under an Act of Parliament and started Malaysian Industrial Development Finance (MIDF) MIDF was set up in 1960 and is a semi-government institution country. It was established operations in 1970.

providing medium and long-term loans to manufacturing industries in Malaysia. Becoming intermediary institutions for BNM special funds to finance Participation in equity capital. Underwriting and acting as issuing house for public share issues. Provision of guarantees for loans. Identify new projects, participate in their promotion and provide Lately, these institutions also have begun to give short-term Berhad, Export-Import Bank of Malaysia, Malaysian businesses in the priority sectors.

financial, technical and managerial services. financing. The examples of these institutions are Bank Pertanian Malaysia Development Finance Berhad and Sabah Development Bank Berhad. b) Unit trust has become a popular investment instruments among Malaysian nowadays. Define unit trust and provide three (3) advantages of unit trust to investors. Unit trusts are organizations that will pool funds together from investors so that a bigger investment in securities market can be made. The advantages will be for small investors with small amount savings can enjoy the benefits: Professional management Unit trust investors enjoy the services of professional fund managers normally available to high net worth or large institutional investors. The funds managers carry out thorough research on companies, industries and the company and apply their finding through carefully develop investment INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 23

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strategies to achieve funds objectives. The fund managers sound knowledge and experience are further reinforced by an investment committee, which provides the investment direction and monitor their performance. Diversification Unit trust invests in a diversified portfolio of securities allowing investors to spread their risks across different securities, industries and countries. Meaningful diversification is achievable through investment vehicles with a considerable fund size such as unit trust. Affordability For a small initial outlay, a unit trust with its pooled investment feature, will afford exposure to a large number of investment opportunities, either individually or collectively for the average investor. QUESTION 3 a) List five advantages of automated teller machine (ATM) to the bank

Improved customer convenience Minimum usage of staff for large routine transactions Cost savings for staff and overheads Easier accessibility and convenient Shared resources for research and development costs for ATMs

since in 1997

b) List five advantages of Electronic Funds Transfer point of Sales (EFTPOS) to the business.

Speed in transactions

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Lower transaction cost charge by bank to retailer Reduction in administration cost since retailer does not have to

process cash and cheques Reduction in bad debts Convenient

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c) Before Electronic Transfer Systems For Funds and Securities (SPEEDS) was replaced by Real Time Electronic Transfer Of Funds and Securities (RENTAS), it was used large value inter bank fund transfers

i.

List four drawbacks of SPEEDS

SPEEDS could not cater for increasing volumes and values and securities processed and settle over the years and therefore increased risks to banks.

SPEEDS was not Y2K compliant SPEEDS lacked of a sound legal basis for multilateral netting SPEEDS lacked rules to govern defaults by banks SPEEDS were repudiation of transactions and monies advanced for the settlement were not secured

ii.

List four advantages of RENTAS

RENTAS using real time therefore can control risks The transfers are settled individually that is without netting debits against credits

Can be used as means of controlling risks associated with large value payments in developed financial markets

The system provides intra day finality that is payee banks able to receive funds with certainty

QUESTION 4 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 26

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a) Write short note on the following: Bridging loan A bridging loan is defined as a short-term loan given to a housing developer in order to bridge the gap between immediate cash required that is to start the housing project and anticipated cash to be received in the future (fund to be received from house buyers). A developer needs funds for housing or property development. A bank will assess the financial standing and capacity of the developer before granting such loan. The bank officer needs to conduct a comprehensive study on the feasibility and viability of the housing project. The loan is normally disbursed periodically according to the stage of housing development. This type of loan is normally given by a bank to the same housing developer and at the same time the bank will provide a long-term loan to the individual house buyer. The proceeds received from the buyer will be used to settle the loan.

Outstation cheque purchased (OCP) Outstation or outportcheque purchase means cheque that is drawn outside the clearing area of a bank at which the cheque is deposited for clearing. For example banks in Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya and Shah Alam will be grouped under same or one clearing area, cheque drawn outside this clearing area is called outstation or outportcheque. Normally, it will take between 3 to 7 days (working days) to clear such cheque depending on the locality of the bank. The proceeds of such cheque will be credited to the depositors account only after the drawee banks get the confirmation for payment from the drawer bank. For such cheques commission will be charged, that is by charging the commission when a depositor wants to deposit the outstation cheque. Term loan Term loan is an intermediate-term loan or sometimes it can be a long-term loan. The loan is normally used to finance capital expenditure e.g. to purchase fixed assets such as machinery and equipment. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 27

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The interest on term loan is dependent on the repayment schedule. The interest is charged once or a monthly rest if it is based on monthly repayment i.e. interest is charged on outstanding loan amount at the beginning of month.

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b) Marketing mix is important in implementing a marketing strategy. Explain the 4Ps in marketing mix by giving an example of your chosen product. The marketing mix model also known as the 4Ps can be used by marketers as a tool to assist implementing the marketing strategy. There are:

Product Historically, the thinking was a good product will sell itself. However there are no bad products anymore in today highly competitive markets. Plus there are many laws giving customers the right to return products that he perceives as bad. Therefore the question on product has become, does the organization create what its intended customers want? Define the characteristics of your product or service that meets the needs of your customers. Example is brand, packaging or service of the product.

Price How much are the intended customers willing to pay? Here we decide on a pricing strategy. Do not let it just happen. Even if you decide not to charge for a service, you must realize that this is a conscious decision and forms part of the pricing strategy. Although competing on price is old as mankind, the consumer is often still sensitive for price discounts and special offers. Price has also an irrational side; something that is expensive must be good. Permanently competing on price is for many companies not a very sensible approach. Examples are list price, discounts or leasing options.

Place Available at the right place, at the right time, in the right quantities? Some of the revolutions in business have come about by changing place. Think of the internet and mobile telephones. Examples is locations, market coverage or service level.

Promotion How are the chosen target groups informed or educated about the organization and its products? This includes all the weapons in the marketing armory like advertising, selling, sales promotions, public relations and others. While the other three Ps have lost much of their

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meaning in today markets, promotion has become the most important P to focus on. Example is direct sales, sales or budget.

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PART B QUESTION 1 a) Describe the differences between saving account and current account

Saving account A saving account is an interest bearing deposits account. Before this, an account holder for a savings account will be given a passbook. Nowadays, commercial banks will issue statements rather than passbooks. With the availability of the internet service, a depositor also can get on line statements. Besides passbooks, an account holder can also have an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) card for easier and convenient withdrawal of funds from his or her account. Not only that, an account holder can deposit money through an ATM. Savings account can be divided into three types which are Individual savings account, Joint saving account and Saving account for associations, societies and clubs. Current account The difference between a savings account and current account is that, if we have a current account we can use cheques either for depositing money or drawing money. Not only that, a cheque can be transferred to another party without prior notice to the bank. A cheque is payable on demand. Other characteristic of a current account is that interest is not paid on such account. Only commercial banks can offer current account. A current account holder also can have an overdraft facility provided that he/she has prior agreement with the bank. Current accounts can be individual account, joint account, sole proprietors account, partnership account, companies account and trustee account. To open an account, a customer is requested to have an identity card ( or passport ) or Memorandum and Articles of Association for a company. To

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open a new current account normally need an introducer known to the bank and a minimum initial deposit.

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b) List four characteristics of Negotiable Instrument of Deposits (NIDs) NID has a nominal value of denominated in multiples of RM 50 000 from a minimum amount up to maximum amount of RM 10 million per certificate. Tenor is in a multiple of three months with minimum tenor of three month and maximum tenor of five years. A short term NID is for a period not earlier than 90 days and not later than 364 days from the date of issue. A long term NID is for a period of not earlier than 12 months and later than 60 months from the date of issue. The deposits is payable to whoever is the holder at maturity date.

c) What are the four types of NIDs available in Malaysia? Short term Negotiable Certificate of Deposits (SNCDs) with maturity between 90 to 364 days. Long term Negotiable Certificate of Deposits (LNCDs) with maturity between 1 to 5 years. Zero coupon Negotiable Certificate of Deposits (ZNCDs) with maturity of 3 month and without interest and sold at discount Floating rate Negotiable Certificate of Deposits (FRNCDs) with maturity of 1 year and interest is not fixed and interest is dependent on Kuala Lumpur Inter bank Offered Rate (KLIBOR)

QUESTION 2 a) Identify the differences between demand draft and cashiers order Demand Draft (DD)

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DD is use to remit fund to beneficiary who is at different area like in another town or area or country. This is to say that the bank being addressed is required to pay on DD to the person or beneficiary specified on the draft. DD is drawn in Malaysia Ringgit and payable in Malaysia. The applicant will indicate where he wants DD to be payable. The bank officer in return will locate the branch of the bank in that town and if there is no branch of the bank available, the DD can be drawn at its correspondence bank and if no correspondence bank available, the bank officer will try to find other bank available. Drawing bank or issuer has to inform the drawee bank that it has issued the DD and also to make arrangements to transfer fund to the drawee bank. The maturity of DD is 6 months. Under local DD can be divided into 2 types: Outward DD is DD drawn by an issuing bank or drawing bank. Inward DD is DD issued by other bank and received by a drawee

bank. Foreign DD can be divided into 2 types: Outward foreign DD it is necessary to mention the amount and Inward foreign DD DD issued by other bank and received by a currency involved and also the selling rate. drawee bank. Cashiers order A cashiers order is also known as Bankers Cheque. It is in a form of a cheque drawn on a bank. It has the authorized signature of banks officers. The difference between a cashiers orders as compared to a cheque is that the cashiers order is a cheque issued by a bank and therefore its normally does not have default in payment. It is used normally when payment by personal cheque is not accepted or payment in cash is not advisable. It is drawn and payable at the issuing Bank (branch) itself. A customer needs to furnish the following information in order for a cashiers order to be issued by a bank: Name and address of customer or applicant. An identification card also required to be produced to the bank officer.

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Name and address of beneficiary (who to receive the money or Application date. Amount involved. To mention whether the transfer is by cash or cheque or debiting

fund).

the applicants account.

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b) Aside from having demand draft, cashiers order and mail transfer as mode of remitting fund, telegraphic transfer is considered is fastest mode. i) Explain the procedure of the Telegraphic transfer (TT) as adopted by banks TT is a mode to transfer of fund electronically by using cable, telex, fax, telephone transmission and through Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). Since the transfer is not using any signature, therefore Test Key (authentication system) is needed. TT can be used domestically or internationally. ii) Differentiate inward and outward TT Outward TT Outward TT can be for in or out a country. Please refer Specimen 8 for applying an outward TT. Local outward TT can be made in Malaysian Ringgit but for overseas transfers can be done in Malaysian Ringgit or foreign currencies. The cost involved will include the amount to be remitted, cost of inland exchange for local TT and transmission charges. If the TT is done in foreign currency, the Malaysian Ringgit equivalent will be calculated at prevailing selling rate. Inward TT Inward TT can be form in or out the country, either from other local branches, local agents or from overseas branches or overseas agents. To remit the fund, the bank has to contact the beneficiary. If the inward TT is in foreign currency, the Malaysian Ringgit equivalent is calculated at the buying rate.

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QUESTION 3 a) Before a loan officer can approve a loan application, he has to observe a few principles. Explain five (5) principles of good lending

Purpose

An applicant for the loan should mention why he / she need the loan. The purpose of taking the loan must be for something good not for gambling, speculation, and smuggling or for any other illegal activities. The purpose should be consistent to the government policy and should be able to serve the business activities. A loan officer should be concerned with the purpose because purpose is being correlated with risks. Amount

The amount of loan that an applicant is trying to get is enough or sufficient for him/her to implement his/her business project. If an applicant underestimates his/her requirement, he/she may have to seek for additional amount. Duration

Duration or maturity of the loan should compensate the purpose and amount. We should know either short term loan or long term loan. The longer the duration there is an element of risk associated. Repayments

When we talk about repayments, we are concerned about the source of making repayments. Source of repayments can come from present income likes salary to pay housing loan, future income (can be determined by having the projection of income statements or Pro forma Income statements). Normally for those applicants whose source of income is irregular, the banks will be quite reluctant to give out loan. Security Page 37

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Security is also referred as collateral. Since lending involves risk, a bank will require its borrower to provide collateral. Banks also will arrange for obtaining control over the assets used as security. Meaning to say, a bank may want to sell the assets if a borrower fails to make repayments in order to compensate for the loan amount. Several factors need to be considered related to collateral such as value of assets, it is stable, does the assets has marketability or is the assets easily ascertainable.

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b) Elaborate three (3) credit facilities made available by commercial banks

Overdraft

This facility is associated with a current account, meaning to say this credit facility operates by using a current account. The current account holder must get the approval from the bank in order to be able to overdrawn his/her account. The bank will notify the account holder the credit limit this he/she is allowed to have. If the account is overdrawn, daily interest will be charged on the outstanding balance at the end of each day but it is only debited once a month (at the end of month) to the account. If he/she fails to utilize fully the amount allowed to be overdrawn, he/she will be charged a commitment fee on the unused amount. Overdraft is short term in nature.

Outstation / outportcheque purchase

Outstation / outportcheque purchase means cheque that is drawn outside a clearing area of a bank at which the cheque is deposited for clearing. For example banks in Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya and Shah Alam will be grouped under some/one clearing area, cheque drawn outside this clearing area is called outstation or output cheque. Normally it will take between 3 to 7 working days to clear such cheques depending on the locality of the bank. The proceeds of such cheque will be credited to the depositors account only after the drawee bank gets the confirmation for payment from the drawer bank. For such cheques commission will be charged that is by charging the commission when a depositor wants to deposit the outstation cheque.

Term loan

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example, to purchase fixed assets such as machinery and equipment. The interest on term loan is dependent on the repayment schedule. The interest is charged once or a monthly rest if it is based on monthly repayment. For example interest is charged on outstanding loan amount at the beginning of the month.

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QUESTION 4 a) During recent annual general meeting of Junebank Malaysia Berhad, Dato Farid Ahmad was appointed as one of the directors in its Board of Director (BOD). Explain to Dato Farid Ahmad five (5) functions of board of directors. A board's activities are determined by the powers, duties, and

responsibilities delegated to it or conferred on it by an authority outside itself. These matters are typically detailed in the organizations by laws. The bylaws commonly also specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and when they are to meet. Typical duties of boards of directors include: objectives. Selecting, appointing, supporting and reviewing the performance of the chief executive. Ensuring the availability of adequate financial resources and approving annual budgets. Accounting to the stakeholders for the organization's performance. Setting the salaries and compensation of company management. The legal responsibilities of boards and board members vary with

Governing the organization by establishing broad policies and

the nature of the organization, and with the jurisdiction within which it operates. For public corporations, these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous and complex than for those of other types.

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b) There is a provision under Section 56 BAFIA 1989 where a director can be disqualified from his position. What are the factors discussed in this section that can terminate a director? Disqualification of directors. No person shall be appointed or shall

remain as Governor, deputy Governor or other director of the bank who: Becomes a member of the senate or House of Representatives or any legislative assembly. Becomes an officer or, subject to subsection 9(3), a director (as those words are defined in the banking and financial institutions act 1989) of any banking institution or other financial institution. Becomes a public officer.

Yang Di-Pertuan Agong may terminate the appointment of the Resigns his office. Becomes of unsound mind or incapable of carrying out his Becomes bankrupt or suspends payment or compounds with is convicted by a court of law in Malaysia of an offence and

Governor, or any other director if he:

duties. his creditors. sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than two years, or of any offence involving dishonesty, and has not received a free pardon. Guilty of serious misconduct in relation to his duties. Absent, except on leave granted by the minister, from all

meetings of the board held during two consecutive months or during any three months in any period of twelve months. Fails to comply with his obligations under section 14.

The minister may terminate the appointment of any deputy

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APRIL 2010
PART A QUESTION 1 a) One of the functions of Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) is to act as a banker to all financial institutions, and there are several activities that lie under this function. Licensing Of Banks and Non-Banks. In order to get the licenses, licensed institutions need to get approval from BNM. The licenses are issued by Minister of Finance on BNMs recommendations. Banks should fulfill minimum criteria in order to get the licenses, such as banks shareholding structure should be in accordance with the economic policy, maintain minimum assets just so it is adequate to safeguard depositors interest and some more. Maintaining the Banking Relationships by Having Two Types of Deposits Accounts with BNM. As for example, Statutory Reserve Requirements (SRR) and current account. The current account comprises normal current account and clearing account.

Currency distribution. BNM will provide the cash required by the commercial banks and also for the acceptance of cash from commercial banks. Banks have to order the currency from BNM to replenish their cash supply. BNM will then charge this to the current account of concerned bank. Extra cash from the banks can be handed in to BNM.

BNM will do some inspection and investigation of banks and nonbanks. BNM has the authority to inspect licensed banks and do investigations to ensure the banks are running smoothly. Inspections are done in the areas of investment, lending policies, assets, quality of management and compliance with SRR and guidelines and directives given by BNM.

QUESTION 2

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a. Functions of commercial banks as outlined in the Banking and Financial Institutions Act (BAFIA) 1989 can be divided into five (5).

Mobilization of savings through current, savings and fixed deposits accounts. Secondly is provision of facilities for its customers to make payments and receive money by using checks, savings book and ATM facilities. Granting loans and advances to business enterprises and private individuals for working capital, investment and consumption. Financing of the government through purchase of government securities and treasury bills. Provision of various banking facilities and services as authorized by the BNM for example trade financing facilities, treasury services, cross border payment services and to deal with foreign exchanges.

b. The differences between money market and capital market are as follow :

Maturity period

Credit instruments

Money Market Deals in the lending and borrowing of short-term finance which is for one year or less. Main instruments of money market comprise call money, collateral loans, acceptances, and bills of exchange.

Capital Market Deals in the lending and borrowing of long-term finance which is for more than one year. Main instruments of capital market are stocks, shares, debentures, bonds, and securities of Government.

Purpose of loans Relations with central bank Risks

Caters the long-term credit Meets the short-term credit needs of industrialist and needs of business, it provide fixed working provides working capital to capital for buying lands, the industrialist. machineries and more. Closely and directly linked to Still linked with the central the central bank of the bank but indirectly and country. through the money market. Greater risks because the Lower risks because the maturity is much longer maturity of one year or less than the money market gives a little time for default and anything can happen to occur. during the period.

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QUESTION 3 a. Roles played by DFI in contributing to the development of Malaysian economy as a whole.

The specialists for capital financing for medium to long-term financing in the agriculture, industrial, and manufacturing sectors. Becoming the intermediary institutions for BNM special funds to finance businesses in the priority sectors. Participating in equity capital and followed by provision of guarantees for loans. Identifying new projects participate in their promotion and provide financial, technical and managerial services.

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b. Commercial banks have to maintain strong CAMEL framework. Criteria of the CAMEL framework are as follows : Capital adequacy Asset quality Management capability Earnings performance Liquidity position

c. Investment banks were formerly known as merchant banks. Fund-based activities carried out by investment banks, for example is to conduct lending activities to complement the fee based activities. Number two is to assist corporations involved in mergers and acquisitions through Corporate Financial Advisory Services. Thirdly is to accept wholesale deposits where investment banks are allowed to mobilize deposits with the minimum amount of RM500, 000. It is excluding the repurchase agreements with the cost of RM50, 000. Fourth, to provide ancillary services such as market making and the trading of derivatives, fixed income instruments, foreign exchange, commodity, and equity securities. Fifth would be advising and assist clients with specialized industry expertise such as technology and real estate.

QUESTION 4 a. Short notes on the following money market financial instruments :

Treasury Bills are issued by the federal government. It is a short-term paper which has the maturity of 3, 6, and 12 months.

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Cagamas Bond is issued by Cagamas Berhad. It acts as the intermediary between primary lenders of housing loans and investors of long-term funds. It is issued on an auction basis through a system of principal dealers.

Bankers Acceptance is a bill of exchange drawn on and accepted by either the commercial bank or a merchant bank. It is a short-term trade financing which is limited to 21-365 days. It is either drawn by importer, exporter, buyer or supplier who requires financing.

Negotiable Certificate of Deposits (NCDs) is a receipt for a time deposit in Ringgit placed with a commercial bank. It is called negotiable because the name of depositor is not stated. It is issued for multiples of 3 months to 5 years.

b. There are several principles of Islamic Banking

Al-Wadiah Yad Dhamanah. It referred to safekeeping with guarantee, for example is deposits. Wadiah is a trust and depository becomes a guarantor that guarantees to pay all the deposits on demand. The depositors may receive a gift (Al-Hibah) for the money being deposited.

Al-Mudharabah which refers to profit sharing concept for an agreement made between two parties. One party will provide capital and another party will act as entrepreneurs who carry-out business and both will share profits according to the agreed ratios. If any losses occur, the bank will bear it.

Al-Musyarakah, it means joint venture or partnership. Profits are shared as agreed by both parties and in case of losses, both will bear it. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 47

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Al-Murabahah, it is a concept of sale of goods at a price which includes a profit margin agreed by both parties. In this case, the bank will purchase the goods wanted and they will mark-up the price. The mark-up is the profit margin mentioned.

Al-Qardhul Hasan which refers to benevolent or charity loan. It is a loan without interest given by the bank for welfare purpose. The borrower only has to pay the amount borrowed and if they want to pay more, it is considered as a gift to the bank.

PART B QUESTION 1 a. As a credit officer, it is crucial to define the factors in determining the ability and willingness of a potential borrower. The factors are as follows :

Character This is associated with the quality of the borrower on paying the loans when it is due. It is about being honest, integrity, the morality of the borrower, and other factors. Character is one difficult thing to evaluate. It takes an arrangement for interview, look at the customers relationship with the bank and his/her previous business duration or reputation.

Capacity Referred to the legal status of the borrower as such their legal age, the companys incorporation to know whether it is legal or not, and the businesses.

Collateral

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It means the assets which the borrower uses to pledge as security against loan. This is needed to reduce the credit risk. Collateral must be adequate and easily marketable.

Condition Which related to economic, political, and also the global economic condition which may affect the borrower in repaying the loan. Example of economic condition are whether overheating, slowing down, recession, or recovering.

Capability Refers to the ability of the borrower to pay or to look at the income of the borrower. It is done through examining the customers financial statement, salary, wealth, academic qualifications and business.

b. There are five (5) principles of good lending commonly practiced by credit officers when preparing their credit proposals.

Purpose The applicants must mention why he/she needs the loan. Their purpose should be for something good and not for gambling, speculation, and smuggling or for any illegal activities. We must concern on the purpose because it is correlated with risks.

Amount Whether the amount needed by the applicant is enough or sufficient for him/her to implement their business project. If they understate the requirement, he/she might need an additional amount.

Duration Which must compensate with the purpose and amount. To define whether the loan should be in short-term or long-term. The longer the duration, the greater the risk will be.

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Repayments When it comes to repayment, we are concerned about the source of making repayments. The source can come from present income (e.g. salary to pay housing loan), future income (having the projection of income statements or Pro-forma Income Statements). Those applicants with irregular income will have the reluctance by the bank to give out the loan.

Security, Which is referred as collateral. Since lending involves risk, a bank will require its borrower to provide something for security. The bank will sell the collateral in case the borrower fails to pay for the loan. Factors to consider upon the collateral are the value, stability, marketability and whether the asset is easily ascertainable.

QUESTION 2 a. There are several factors that can cause the loans to become nonperforming. Credit Culture. Most nonperforming loans are caused by borrower decisions. Sometimes borrowers decide to qualify for loans without thinking enough about the future and what else they need to buy with their income. When this occurs, a credit culture can develop where borrowers take out large loans not because it is financially wise but because they see others doing it. That can easily result in defaulted loans. Sudden Market Changes. Any sudden market change can change the loan market by affecting how much money people have to take out loans and make payments. If the market suddenly changes and the prices of objects increase due to shortages or greater demands, borrowers will have less money to pay off their loans, which can lead to greater overall nonperformance. Real Estate Changes The real estate industry and home loans--one of the staples of the loan industry--are closely connected. If prices in the real estate market fall--if houses sell for less and less--then lenders recoup less and less money from seizing properties in response to defaulted loans. This results in more INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 50

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loans becoming nonperforming, losing the lender money instead of making it. Bank Performance Bank performance also acts as a key cause of nonperforming loans. An efficient and well-run bank should be able to adjust loan rates and terms to the current market in order to decrease the chance of nonperforming loans. Banks should also be selective as to which borrowers they accept. Banks that do poorly in these areas will create more non-performing loans.

b. The areas of marketing mix or also be known as 4Ps can be divided into four which are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. This is how it can relates to the banking industry : Product The term product refers to any tangible, physical products and as well as services. Before bank come up with new products, there are several decisions to be made such as the product name, the functionality, quality, safety, supports, guarantees and services. For example, Bank Islam has come up with a product named Al-Awfar Saving Account-i using the Mudharabah concept which is profit sharing. As a warranty, Bank Islam states that the profit will be in the following ratio 98:2 (Bank: Customer).

Price The price decision to be made by the bank such as minimum deposits, minimum balance. For instance, minimum deposits required to open the Al-Awfar Saving Account-i is RM100 and the same amount needed for minimum balance. Place (distribution) It is about getting the product to the customer. Bank must decide who can open the Al-Awfar Saving Account-i, whether individuals, associations, universities, clubs/societies, religious groups or all that stated. Promotion It represents various aspects of marketing communication in order to reach the goals and achieving positive response from customers. Promotion decisions comprise the promotional strategy, advertising, public relations and publicity, marketing promotional budget. Bank Islam must decide on how to advertise Al-Awfar products with minimum budget and still able to fascinate the customer.

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a. Five services available at an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) are: Check your balances and statements online Submit applications for new accounts, credit cards or loans online Place fixed deposits Transfer funds between accounts (own and third party) Pay bills, credit cards, loans and insurance premiums

QUESTION 4 a. Services that a bank can offer to an individual customer who wishes to spend a vacation in Switzerland are demand draft, telegraphic transfer, and mail transfer.

Demand draft In the form of cheque. Unlike bankers cheque, DD is issued for a beneficiary who may reside in another town or another country. Must not be payable to bearer. There are two types of Demand Draft (DD) which is local DD and foreign DD. Thus, the customer who wants to spend his/her vacation in Switzerland must use the foreign DD. Foreign DD is denominated in foreign currencies and also can be divided into two which are outwards and inwards. Outward foreign DD is necessary to mention the amount and currency involved and also the selling rate. Inward foreign DD is issued by other bank and received by a drawee bank.

Telegraphic transfer(TT) is the fastest mode for remitting funds where messages are sent & received on the same day and messages will be sent by telex, fax or SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications). Beneficiary may be residing in another town in the country or overseas. Two types of TT are outward TT and inward TT. Outward TT is to other banks/banks branch or agents; may it be local or overseas. It may be in RM or foreign currencies and method of application is the same as DD. Inward TT come from other banks/banks branch or agents; may it be local or overseas. It may be in RM or foreign currencies, if in foreign currencies, we have to convert into RM before effecting payment

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Mail transfer is the same as TT. The difference is the message is sent through mail rather than electronically.

b. Five services under electronic banking services.

Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is an electronic banking outlet which allows customer to complete basic transactions without the aid of a branch representative or teller. The functions of ATM are account balance inquiry, cash withdrawals, requesting for statement of accounts, and depositing cash and cheques.

Electronic Funds Transfer Point of Sales (EFTPOS) is used at retail outlets or supermarkets where Point of Sales Terminals is located. The buyer uses a plastic card, including ATM cards and credit cards in order to make payments.

Phone Banking by using telephone banking, a customer can have account inquiry, can perform payment of utility bills, can transfer funds from one account to another and also can enquire banking information.

Internet Banking allow customer to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their credit union or bank.

Home/Office Banking it can be done by using a personal computer with software installed in the computer, a customer is able to enjoy the benefits of banking at home or office.

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OCTOBER 2010
PART A QUESTION 1 a) List five (5) operational guidelines on investment banks (formerly known as merchant banks) and on finance companies are required by Bank Negara Malaysia. Operational guidelines on investment bank are: Paid-up capital not less RM 10 million Maintain SRR and MLR Cannot operate current and saving account Cannot receive fixed deposits less than one month Are allowed to give loans in foreign currencies

Operational guidelines on finance companies are: Must maintain SRR with BNM Observed minimum liquidity requirement (MLR) Paid up capital minimum RM 5.0 million Restricted from giving loans to directors, staff and their relatives Individuals can acquire maximum 5% share equity, company or co-operate society not more than 20%.

b) Briefly explain the functions of the capital market in the economic development.

To Assist The Process The Development By Mobilizing Medium And Long Term Funds From A Wide Cross Section Of The Population To Finance Development Programs And To Fund Private Investment

To Help Banking System In Securitizing Their Assets Providing Intermediary Services Via Promoting Private Enterprises By Providing Intermediary Services To Raise Funds For Corporate Investment And Expansion And Also Changing The Ownership Structure O Companies.

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QUESTION 2

a) Discuss how BNM would implement this policy on the banking system using four (4) monetary instruments.

Statutory Reserve Requirement A Reduction In The Ratio Would Increase The Level Of Deposits And Loans

Liquidity Requirement / SLR Statutory Liquid Assets Are Kept In The Banks. SLR Is Immobilized In The Banking Institution To Liquidate Its Liquid Assets To Support An Expansion Of Loan. To Encourage Spending, BNM Will Reduce The SLR Rat So That More People Can Make A Loan And Start Spends.

Open Market Operation Direct Intervention Of BNM In The Open Market Through The Sale And Purchases Of Government Papers In The Money Market.To Encourage Spending, Government Will Buy Back The Securities From Public And Cash Will Automatically Inject To The Economy.

Direct Borrowing And Lending Short Term Borrowings Were Used On A Large Scale To Sterilize The Large Inflows Of Fund

Moral Suasion Moral Suasion Has An Occasions Been Relied Upon To Influence The Direction Of Activities Of The Banking Industry.

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b) Discuss how commercial banks help in the countrys economic development?

Commercial banks in Malaysia have experience in two economic turbulences. First in economic downturn in 1985 to 1986 and second on financial crisis on 1997 to 1998.From 1989 to 1998, various measures have been implemented to strengthen commercial banks.

In 1988 to 1989 in order to overcome the downturn, net non-performing loans (NPLs) were at 17.8% of total loans. The net NPLs were large because of an overconcentration of lending in property sector. BNM had to inject capital into three ailing commercial banks after changing the top management. BNM also implemented the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) capital adequacy framework in 1989 to replace the minimum free capital adequacy ratio requirement. By doing this, it increases the risk sensitivity of the commercial banks are also asked to diversify their credit concentration from the property sector to manufacturing and general commerce sectors. In 1989, BAFIA was introduced in order to provide an integrated supervision of Malaysian financial institutions.

In 1990 to 1996 due to strong economic growth, corporate and individual earnings had increased. Because of this, net NPLs in commercial banks had reduced from 8.8% to 1.9% in 1996. During the period, BNM introduced measures to liberalise the commercial banking sector and also BNM exerted its influence in shaping the banking industry and building a core of domestic banking institutions. During this period Base Lending Rate (BLR) was freed from the control of BNM. But in 1989, the ceiling rate was pegged to BNMs intervention rate in the money market, this rate is also used by banks when to borrow from two-tier regulatory system with the objective of accelerating the pace of liberization.

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QUESTION 3 a) Explain three (3) benefits of bank mergers in Malaysia Economies of Scale In economics, the term economies of scale refers to the financial advantage that a business gains when it expands, including the growth that occurs in a merger. Banks that merge pool their assets and streamline their processes. This means that whereas two separate banks would need to invest in two different projects to deliver similar results, the single bank that exists after a merger only needs to invest in the program once and apply its results to the entire company. This reduces the cost of providing services and basic operations, which results in higher profits or lower costs passed along to bank customers. Debt Consolidation Banks provide loans to many of their customers, but to do so they must often incur high levels of debt themselves. Banks borrow money to expand, meet payroll obligations, invest in marketing and make loans to individual and business customers. When banks merge they can consolidate their debt, which reduces the amount of interest they pay compared to the total debt two separate banks carry on their own. Consolidating debt is especially important when a bank spends money arranging a merger, which leaves less money to pay down existing debt. More Branches One of the primary reasons banks merge is to acquire new branches and expand geographically. Merging means that a bank takes on new locations, including local branches in states, cities and neighborhoods it might not currently serve. This is far more cost-effective than opening the same number of new branches. It also provides a benefit for customers who will find more places to make deposits, get cash and perform other banking tasks conveniently.

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b) Discuss the functions of any two (2) institutions under the savings institution category. Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN) BSN was formed as a reorganization of the Post Office Savings Bank. BSN has number of branches all over Malaysia. By end of 1998, BSN had 435 branches. BSN also diversified its products and services to fulfill the need of its customers. BSN also introduced Islamic Banking facilities in 1994 for example Al-Wadiah saving account and Al-Mudharabah investment account. The bank also introduced GIRO system, credit card services, and loan schemes such as hire purchase in the early 1990s. Since 1994 BSN had prepared itself for corporatization and privatization. BSN commercial has been established in 1994 to promote commercial banking. All savings deposited in BSN are guaranteed by the government.

Cooperative societies These societies are comprised of urban credit cooperative, rural cooperatives, housing cooperatives and Farmers Organization Authority. To complement the operations of these cooperatives, Bank Rakyat was established in 1995 to channel funds made available by the government as loans to farmers and to promote thrift and savings among the rural population. Nowadays, Bank Rakyat also offer a wide range of financing facilities including personal and property loans as well as hire purchase, leasing, bridging finance and mortgage facilities. Bank Rakyat launched its Islamic Banking facilities in 1993 with no conventional banking facilities being offered to customers.

QUESTION 4 a) Explain the differences between Al-Mudharabah Investment Deposit and AlMudharabah Project Financing Al-Mudharabah Investment Deposit

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An investment partnership, whereby the investor provides capital to another party or entrepreneur in order to undertake a business or investment activity. All profit was shared on a pre-agreed ratio while the loss of investment is born by the investor only. Al-Mudharabah Project Financing Means that all profit and loss bearded by investor and entrepreneur.

b) Explain two (2) sources and uses of funds for Bank Negara Malaysia.

SOURCES Major sources come from deposit Shareholder Capital, reserves, and profit Borrowing Insurance, provident and pension funds

USES Deposits with other financial institution Land and advances Investment, trade financing, treasury products

PART B QUESTION 1 a) What is credit card? State four (4) common charges of credit card that may occur Credit card is used to get goods and services on credit. It has a limit on the amount to be used. The retailer is given commission by the bank for such transaction carried out. Transaction will be carried out by using a special machine placed together with a INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 59

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sales voucher. The card will be placed on the machine by the retailer and the details and amount of sales are entered on the voucher and signed by the purchaser.

The four common charges of credit card are: 1. Finance charge (interest charge) Fees and other costs billed to you on your statement for using the credit cards (i.e., balance transfer fees, cash advance fees, late fees, over limit fees, etc.).

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2. Balance Transfer Fee A fee charged by a credit card company to transfer a balance from one account to another. 3. Cash advance A cash loan from a credit card using an ATM or bank withdrawal. 4. Annual Percentage Rate (APR) The yearly percentage rate charged when a balance is held on a credit card. This rate is applied each month that an outstanding balance is present. b) Explain with example a co-branded credit card Co-branded credit card means any credit card that is offered by a credit card company that is jointly sponsored by both a bank and a retail merchant. This type of card can generally be issued more cheaply than private label retail cards. This type of card is designed to give the issuing bank access to the retailer's customer base. Example of co-branded credit card is dell computers with Intel processors.

c) Describe the factors that are being considered in the 5C analysis Character This is associated to the quality in a borrower that makes a borrower want to pay when the loan is due. It is about honesty, integrity, industry, morality and other factors. But character is a difficult-thing to evaluate. To determine the character, a bank may need to arrange for interviews, or to look at relationship of the customer with the bank, or look at his or her business duration or reputation. Capacity This is referred to the legal status of a borrower. This can be referred to the legal the companys incorporation whether legal or not the business.

Collateral

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Collateral means assets which the borrower uses to pledge as security against loan. This is needed to reduce the credit risk. Collateral must be adequate and easily marketable Capital This is the financial worth of the borrower or the accumulated wealth of the borrower. The amount of capital that the borrower has reflects his or her commitment. This can be ascertained by referring to the balance sheet of the applicant. Condition This is related to the economic condition, political condition and also the global economic condition that may affect the borrower in repaying the loan. Examples of economic condition are whether overheating, slowing down, recession or recovering.

QUESTION 2 a) Discuss five (5) main functions of a banks Board of Directors There are five main functions of a banks Board of Directors which is goals and strategies, allocating resources, managing risk, protecting stockholders and compliance. Goals and strategies In conjunction with the bank's top officers, the board is responsible for formulating broad goals and strategies for the bank. The formulation of clear objectives and policies supplies a framework for the chief executive to work within. The board also helps set priorities for the bank. Managing Risk The board of directors not only helps lay out the bank's goals, but acts as a watchdog as well. One of its main duties in this capacity is to limit the bank's exposure to excessive risk of all kinds, including legal, reputational and financial. By managing risk judiciously, the board tries to maintain a balance between enterprise and caution. Allocating Resources The primary function of banks is to take money from people who want to save and lend it to people who want to borrow. Deciding, in a general way, to whom it lends is INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 62

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one of the board's most important duties. Banks that chose not to invest in sub-prime mortgages in the late 2000s, for instance, were more likely to stay afloat than banks that invested in them heavily. Protecting Stockholders A bank's board of directors is the stockholders' proxy, and represents their interests. Many banks require that board members own some company stock to provide them with personal incentives in their decision-making. In overseeing the running of the bank, however, the board must keep the interests of the shareholders paramount. Compliance In its role as company watchdog, the board must also ensure the bank complies with all relevant statutes, both internal and external. The boards of some banks suffer a financial penalty if the bank violates certain legal statutes.

a) Explain why current account is required in business.

Current account is required in business because it make all business transaction easier. Among of that is with current account business can use cheques either for depositing money or drawing money. Not only that, a cheque can be transferred to another party or business without prior notice to the bank. Business that holder a current account also can have an overdraft facility provided that he or she has prior agreement with the bank. Current account can also be divided into individual account, joint account, sole proprietors account partnership and so on.

b) Name any four (4) identification documents that are accepted by the commercial banks for the opening of an individual current account. o o o o o Identity card or passport Photocopies of documents are taken for record purposes Stamp original sighted & initial of the OIC Filed together with Application for Opening of Account Forms For non-residents, should stamp external on copies of the documents

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QUESTION 3 a) Explain four (4) conditions when the director of a bank can be disqualified

1. If he is bankrupt , has suspended payments, or has compounded with his creditors, whether within or outside Malaysia 2. Without prejudice to paragraph, if a charge for a criminal offence relating to dishonesty, fraud, or violence under any written law punishable with imprisonment for one year or more, whether by itself, or in lieu of, or in addition to a fine, has been proved against him in any court within or outside Malaysia. 3. If a charge for any offence under this Act has been proved against him 4. If there has been against him any order of detention , supervision , restricted resident, banishment or deportation, or if there has been imposed on him any form of restriction or supervision by bond or otherwise, under any law relating to prevention of crime or drug trafficking or to restricted residence, or banishment or immigration

b) List five (5) advantage of electronic banking

o o o o o

Minimum usage of staff for large routine transactions Cost savings for staff and overheads Easier accessibility and convenient 24 hours operation Shared resources for research and development costs for ATM

c) Puan Saflina Azis brought her 5 year old son, Adam Affandi to a bank and to open a saving account for him. As an officer of a bank, how would you open a saving account for Adam? Firstly bank officer sit down with Puan Saflina Azis and her son Adam, and fill out the necessary forms required to open a bank account. Puan Saflina Azis have to provide INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 65

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personal information for her child, including their date of birth and Social Security Number. The bank officer may request to see the Adam Social Security card as a form of identification. Then, Puan Saflina Azis and Adam will both sign the application form for an account her signature will be required because all bank accounts must be attributed to an adult, even if they are a children's savings account. This holds her responsible for whatever happens in association with the account. Fill out a deposit slip provided by the bank officer. It will ask for the amount of the opening deposit Puan Saflina Azis are making. Return the deposit slip and the money to the banker to be credited to her child account. Bank officer give pamphlets or handout to Puan Saflina Azis to review and take home. These materials can help answer questions as they arise and further help your child understand the new savings account.

QUESTION 4 a) You are bank teller attached at remittance and currency exchange department. How do you handle the following situation? i) Situation A: A foreign worker came to you and he wanted to transfer money to his mother in Indonesia. Explain to him how foreign demand draft could be used to remit the money. Demand draft is used to remit fund to beneficiary who is at different area, in another town or area or country. This is to say that the bank being addressed is required to pay on DD to the person or beneficiary specified on the draft. i) On the situation A, its a foreign DD, because the foreign want transfer the currency. It call outward foreign DD which is necessary to foreign mention the amount and currency involved and also the selling rate. And his mother will receive the DD by a drawer bank. ii) Situation B: Mr. Kenny Tan wanted to remit NZD1,500 to her daughter who is studying in New Zealand. Which type of remittance that he could use if he wanted the daughter to receive the proceeds in two days time? Mr. Kenny Tan can use telegraphic transfer (TT) to remit money to her daughter who is studying in New Zealand. Telegraphic transfer is the fastest mode for remitting INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 66

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funds. Telegraphic transfer is a mode to transfer of fund electronically by using cable, telex, fax, telephone transmission and through Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). Telegraphic transfer can be divide into to which is outward and inward telegraphic transfer. b) Encik Afiq Affandi, who recently joined MKSA Berhad (produced of batik sarongs for export purposes), has come to seek your advice on documentary credits. Explain to Encik Afiq:

i)

Two (2) advantages of the documentary credits to the exporter.

For exporters iii) Guaranteed payment upon presentation of the documents specified in the terms of the letter of credit. Reducing the production risk, first of all, for the situations when the buyer cancels or changes his order. The ability to structure the delivery schedule according to the exporter's interests. The chance to obtain financing for production or purchase of goods (pre-export finance). The chance to get financing in the period between the shipment of the goods and receipt of payment (especially, in case of delayed payment). The buyer cannot refuse to pay due to a complaint about the goods.

Two (2) advantages of the documentary credits to the importer.

For importers The possibility to structure the payment plan in the contract according to the importer's interests. Certainty that the payment will be made only upon presentation of the documents confirming shipment of the goods. The use of a letter of credit allows the importer to avoid or reduce pre-payment.

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The seller must fulfill all terms of the contract, as indicated in the letter of credit (shipment of the goods, meeting delivery terms on stock, amount, and deadlines) in order to receive the payment. Having opened a letter of credit, the importer proves his ability to pay and can count on more favorable payment terms in the future.

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APRIL 2011
PART A QUESTION 1 a) The details of the Malaysian financial structure

The Malaysian Financial System is similar with those in other countries. It is consist of two which is financial institution and financial market.

Malaysia financial institution is divided into banking system and nonbank financial intermediaries. Banking system can be divided further into two categories. It is monetary and non-monetary institutions. Banking system comprising commercial bank, investment bank and Islamic bank, is the primary mobilize of fund and main source of financing which support economic activities in Malaysia. It is under control and supervision of BNM.

First category of banking system is monetary institution whose principal liabilities are generally accepted as money. For example, BNM is the sole currency issuing authorities in country and commercial bank including Islamic bank as the only institution allowed to cooperate current account. Second, non-monetary are institution that are linked closely to the monetary and whose liabilities are generally accepted as near-money.

Non-bank financial intermediaries are institutions that are supervised by various government department and agencies. These institutions involved saving institution, provident and pension fund, insurance companies, unit trust, property trust and etc. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 69

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b) Explain the meaning of SRR and describe how changes in it can affect banks in providing their credit service to the customers

SRR is defined in term of a banks eligible liabilities (EL) which comprises of deposit (including negotiable certificates of deposit) NCD, repurchase agreement (REPOS) and net interbank borrowings.

SRR is an instrument that available to BNM because it affects the level of deposits and loans. Higher ratio would therefore reduce amount of loans and deposits or vice versa. Such reverses do not earn interest: therefore the cost will be passed on to the customer by increasing interest on loans.

The variation in SRR in necessary to either reduces or inject large amount of liquidity.

QUESTION 2 a) How commercial development banks do contribute in the country economic

Commercial bank in Malaysia is the largest and main players in banking system. The main characteristic is provision of current account facilities where payment can be made through issuing cheques. Commercial bank serves all types of surplus and deficit units. Its offer deposit account with the size and maturity characteristic desired by surplus units. For example, Affin Bank Berhad.

Merchant bank as a wholesale banking is to accept wholesale deposits where investment bank is allowed to mobilize deposits with minimum amount of RM500,000. It is excluding repurchase agreement where the minimum transaction amount is RM50,000. It is also to conduct lending activities to complement the fee based activities.

b) The differences between conventional and Islamic banking are :

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The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully manmade principles. While the functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of Islamic Shariah. Conventional aims at maximizing profit without any restriction. An Islamic bank aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions. Conventional banks not deal with Zakat. Islamic banking system, it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat. Conventional banks interest-based commercial banks, borrowing from the money market is relatively easier. For the Islamic banks, it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction. Conventional no akad but Islamic required you have akad.

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c) Meant by merchant bank as a wholesale banking and commercial bank as retail banking and example

Merchant bank can be defined as receiving deposits on deposits account, providing consultancy and advisory services relating to corporate and investments matters. The functions of merchant bank focused on wholesale banking areas, focusing their expertise in the provision of tailored financial services including financial advisory and consultancy services, prevented from competing with commercial banks and finance companies by their inability to operate current accounts and savings accounts, and merchant bank do not allow to accept fixed deposits from individuals, sole proprietors and partnership. The examples of merchant banks are Arab-Malaysian Merchant Bank Berhad and Bumiputera Merchant Bank Berhad.

Commercial bank as retail banking services such as the acceptance of deposits, granting of loan and advances and financial guarantees. The first function of commercial bank is granting of loan and advances through business enterprise and private individual for working capital, investment or consumption. Commercial banks provide loan in the form of overdrafts, revolving credit, term loans and advances, bridging finance, trade bills, bankers acceptance for working capital, trade finance and capital expenditure. The second function is provision of facilities for its customers to make payments and receive money by using cheques, saving book and ATM facilities. For example commercial bank are Affin bank Berhad and RHB bank Berhad.

QUESTION 3

a) Explain the main sources and uses of the bank

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There are many source of fund of national saving bank. The first source is saving. Savings is money that is deposited to the bank from saver or depositor. The saver may come from middle or lower income group.

The second source of fund of national saving bank is fixed deposit. It is a definite sum of money is placed with a bank for a fixed period of time or to earn interest at a fixed rate. It can be 1, 2, 3, or 6 month.

While the uses of fund of national saving bank is for investment in MGS, shares, stock, and fixed assets.Secondly, the uses of fund are also to provide loan and advances to members and non-members in term of properties and consumption loan.

b) Distinguish features of money market and capital market

Money Market it is a place where money can be borrowed or deposited it is a financial market dealing in short-term fund and instruments. The examples such as treasury bills, banker acceptance, and etc. It has no physical market place. It is consists of two which is inter-bank market and shortterm funds market.

Capital Market In Malaysia, it is consists of two which is primary securities markets and secondary markets. Primary securities markets are new issues of government and corporate securities are offered. Secondary market existing government corporate securities transacted are and are

Capital market refers to the market of long-term securities instrument which comprises both public and private debt instruments.

QUESTION 4

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Al-Musyarakah It defined as the business that involved the joint venture or partnership between two or more parties. It is one of the Islamic banking principles and it is apply by the Islamic banking sector in Malaysia. The concept use in Al-Musyarakah is the situation where the profit and loss are shared among the parties. But the profit and loss sharing are based on amount of their contribution and agreed by both parties. Provident and pension fund Are institutions that provide members and their dependent with social security in the form of retirement, medical, death, or disability benefits. Source of funds comes from contribution from members and their employees. Examples of this institution are Employees Provident Funds (EPF), the Social Security Organization (SOCSO), Tabung Amanah Tentera.

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Foreign exchange market is a wholesale inter-bank market for sale and purchase of foreign currencies including purchase by importers to pay for their imports and sale of ringgits by exporters arising from receipt of export proceed. For examples the institution that involves in the foreign exchanges is commercial bank, bank Islam Malaysia, investment bank and the money charges. Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC) It was establishing with the objective to enable small-scale enterprise to have ready access to bank credit at reasonable price. CGC has a single scheme known as Principle Guarantee Scheme (PGS). It is introduced to assists small-scale enterprises without collateral or inadequate collateral to obtain local and foreign institution. CGC took initiatives to expend it range of product and services. At the same time, CGC wider its distribution channel, developed alliances with strategic local and foreign institution. Money market Is a place where money can be borrowed or deposited. It is also a short term fund and instrument for examples such as treasury bills, government securities, banker acceptance, Cagamas Berhad, and others. Money market in Malaysia constitutes the inter-bank market and short-term fund market. Inter-bank market involves short-term funds such as overnight money, 7-day money, and funds for period of 1, 2, 3 or 6 months. PART B QUESTION 1

a) Describe three types of depository facilities offered by commercial banks

Saving account. It is an interest bearing deposits account. An account holder will be given a passbook. A depositor also can get online statement. Commercial bank will issue statement rather than passbook. Besides, an account holder also has an ATM cards for easier and convenient. Withdrawal of fund from his

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or her account. Saving account can be divided by five types which is individual, joint, societies, trustee and minors.

Current account. We can use cheque either for depositing or drawing money. Not only that, a cheque can be transferred into another party without prior notice to the bank. A cheque is payable on demand. Others characteristic is that interest not paid on such account. Only commercial bank can offer current account. Current account can be individual, sole proprietors, partnership, companies and trustee account. Fixed deposit account. It is the most conventional form of deposit being offered by commercial bank and finance companies. Fixed deposited is defined as an investment or deposits account where fund can be placed with a bank for a fixed period of time to earn interest. This type of investment has better return than a saving account. It can be 1, 2, 3,or 60 months.

b) Discuss two benefits of using debit cards and credits cards

The first benefit of debit cards is it can be used by the customer who does not want credit. Secondly, it is also can be used for a single transaction debit that is debiting of a current account in real-time or monthly debit that is giving the cardholder the benefit of deferred payment. While the first benefit of credit cards is it can be used to get a goods and services on credits. It has a limit on amount to be used. Secondly, the retailer is given a commission by bank for such transaction carried out.

c) The two common charges that may occur when using credit cards is:

Must pay an interest if payment make after specific time period. A commission will be given to the retailer.

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QUESTION 2

a) The four types of loan facilities that can be applied by a firm doing business in Malaysia.

Overdraft This facility is associated with a current account, meaning to say that this credit facilities operated by using a current account. The current account holder must get the approval from banks in order to overdrawn his/her account. The bank will notify the account holder the credit limit that she/he is allowed to have.

Term loan It is an intermediate-firm loan or sometimes it can be a long-term loan. It is normally used to finance capital expenditure. For example, is to purchase fixed assets such as machinery and equipment. There also interest will be charge.

Outstation or OutportCheque Purchased (OCP) Outstation/outportcheque purchase means cheque that is drawn outside a clearing area of a bank at which the cheque is deposited for clearing. For example banks in Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya and Shah Alam will be grouped under same / one clearing area, cheque drawn outside this clearing areas is called outstation or outportcheque.

Housing Loan Housing loan as a name implies is a loan given to a purchaser in order to enable him to meet the full purchase price of a house for own residence. The loan is secured against a first legal charge on the property purchased. It can be a single storey or a double storey terrace house, a semi detected or a bungalow or even a condominium.

b) Maria Sharapova is a businesswoman who wishes to travel abroad. Briefly explain any four (4) alternatives that the bank can offer her.

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i.

Demand draft (DD) Cashier order is used for remitting money and fund in the same area but DD is used to remit fund to beneficiary who is at different area i.e. in another town, area and country. This is to say that the bank being addressed is required to pay on DD to the person and beneficiary specified on the draft. Foreign DD will be in foreign currency. It also can be divided into two, Outward foreign DD- it is necessary to mention the amount and currency involved and also the selling rate. Inward foreign DD- DD issued by other bank and received by drawer bank

ii.

Telegraphic transfer (TT) TT is a mode to transfer of fund electronically by using cable, telex, fax, telephone transmission and through Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). Since the transfer is not using any signature, therefore Test Key (authentication system) is needed. TT can be used domestically or internationally. Outward TT can be for in and out a country. Local outward TT can be made in Malaysia Ringgit but for overseas transfer can be done in Malaysia Ringgit or foreign currencies. The cost involved will include the amount to be remitted, cost of inland exchange for local TT and transmission charges. If the TT is done in foreign currency, the Malaysia Ringgit equivalent will be calculated at prevailing selling rate.

iii.

Credit card These cards are used to get goods and service on credit. It has limited on the amount to be used. The retailer is given commission by the bank for such transaction carried out. Transaction will be carried out by using a special machine placed together with a sales voucher. The card will be placed on the machine by the retailer and the detail and amount of sales are entered on the voucher and signed by the purchaser. The signature of purchaser on the invoice than will be compared to the one at the back of the card. Some credit cards can have photograph of the holder. Credit cards also

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are passed through EFTPOS. Advantages of credit card are, provide a mean for credit, interest free credit if paid within specified time period, easier to use and cardholder can withdraw cash over the counter or from an ATM.

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iv.

Charge Card Charged card are another mean for payment. They are similar to credit cards but the amount must be paid fully every month. Examples of these cards are American Express and Diners Club.

QUESTION 3

a) Usage of ATM to the customers

Account balance enquiry So, it will be easier to the customers to check their account balance without need to go to the counter.

Cash withdrawals It is means that the customers can withdraw their money anytime they want to use it. They can withdraw money at any ATM machine that operates 24 hours.

Requesting for statement account If the customers need the statement account for any purpose, they can just go to nearest atm.

Transferring money If the customers want totransfer their money to other bank or the want to make a payment of any transaction, they can do it by using atm.

b) Two types of business loan that suits the firm purpose

Current account is mainly required in business because if they have current account, they can use cheques either for depositing or drawing INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 80

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money. Current bank account is opened by businessmen who have a number of regular transactions with the bank, both deposits and withdrawals. It is also known as Demand Deposit. Current account is mainly required in business because the certain reasons.

The first is current account enables businessmen to conduct his business transactions smoothly. The second is the businessmen can withdraw any amount at any time from their current accounts. It means there are also no restrictions on withdrawals. The third is the businessmen can make direct payment to their creditors with the help of cheques and the current account facilitates the industrial progress of the country. Without the help of this account, businessmen would have difficulties in running their business.

c) Two types of business loan that suits the firm purpose

Bridging the loan It can be defined as a short-term loan given to a housing developer in order to bridge the gap between immediate cash required that is to start a housing project and anticipated cash to be received in future. A developer needs fund for housing or property development. A bank will assess the financial standing and capacity of the developer before granting such loan.

End financing A permanent, long-term loan used to pay off a short-term construction loan or other form of interim financing. Although an end loan can have interest-only or other features that delay the repayment of principal, at some point, an end loan begins to amortize. This differs from construction loans or other forms of interim financing, which are typically interest-only loans that require full repayment of principal and accrued interest only upon disbursement of funds from the end loan. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 81

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QUESTION 4

a) Five types of services provided by electronic banking.

ATM ATM can be used for account balance enquiry, cash withdrawal, requesting statement of account, and etc. The advantage of ATM is it operated 24 hours per day.

Electronic fund transfer point of sales (EFTPOS) It is used at retail outlets or supermarket. The advantage is it very convenient and greater speed in transaction. It is also reduced transaction cost.

Phone banking By using this service, the customers can have an account enquiry, can perform utility bills payments, can transfer fund from one account to another account and others.

Home banking By using the personal computer with software installed in the computer, customers can able to enjoy the benefits of banking at home or office.

Electronic banking for corporate

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This is done through financial electronic data interchange (EDI). EDI is an electronic bridge between banks and customers which carry detailed data and payment information.

b) Five benefits of implementation of electronic banking are: Technical reliability. Customers relationship management. Implementation cost. Management problem. Security.

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JANUARY 2012
PART A QUESTION 1 a) Bank Negara Malaysia was given several objectives as spelt out in the Central Bank of Malaya Ordinance (CBO), 1958. Describes four of the objective.

To issue currency and keep reserves safeguarding the value of the currency. Any central bank in the world is known as the bank issue. BNM can held the country to attain effective supervision over legal tender money and control over credit expansion in the banking system. The BNM started to issue its own currency on June 12, 1967. The Malaysian currency was renamed ringgit and sen from dollar and cents under the Malayan Currency (Ringgit) Act 1975. The international reserves are gold, foreign exchange, reserve position with international Monetary Fund (IMF) and Special Drawing Right (SDRs).The BNM function of holding the nations international reserves was automatically derived from its function as the bank of issue. To safeguard the external value of ringgit, the CBO 1958 provides for maintenance of a minimum external reserves backing of 80.59% against the currency issue, but in practise the ringgit is fully backed by external reserves.

To

act

as a banker and

financial

adviser / agent to the

government. The BNM act as a banker, fiscal agent and state government. BNM has close cooperation with the government with the centralization of government deposit with BNM starting April 1989. With this all government receipt for example new issue of government securities, tax and dividend payment are placed and manages by BNM. Beside that BNM INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 85

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also provide for management of government accounts, provide sources of fund to government and provide management of the national debt.

To promote monetary stability and a sound financial structure. To promote the monetary stability and a sound financial structure, to influences credit situation in order to achieve the countrys overall economic objective will be the responsibility of the BNM to the government. Both the supply of money and volume of credit should be elastic to the demands.BNM requires the approval of the Minister of Finance on certain areas related to monetary and banking issues even though it is empowered autonomously in implementation of monetary policy measures. BNM is empowered under CBO 1958 to regulate the supply of money and credit creation though qualitative and quantitative measures.

To influences credit situation to the advantage of the country. This objective is to achieve the countrys overall economic objectives .in other hand the credit situation will influence our economic growth. When the individual or organisation were used a credit money to run their business, the demand of the money will be increase and BNM should increase the amount money to support the demand of credit. By this situation, it can increase the value of ringgit money.

b) Describe both Statutory Reserves Requirement (SRR) and Minimum Liquidity Requirement (MLR) under quantitative measures.

BNM is empowered under the CBO 1958 to regulate the supply of money and credit creation trough qualitative and quantitative measure. The Statutory Reserves Require meant (SRR) is defined in term of a banks eligible liabilities (EL) which comprise of deposit (including negotiable certificate of deposit (NCDs), repurchase agreements (REPOs) and net INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 86

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interbank borrowings. SRR is an instrument available to BNM because it affects the level of deposits and loans. Higher ratio would therefore reduce amount of loan and deposits ore vice-versa. Such reserves do not earn interest; therefore the cost will be pass on to the customers by increasing interest on loans. When SRR was first introduce in 1959, the ratio was fixed at 2.5% of total liabilities but in 1989, the first revision was made where the SRR of banking institution were revised to a uniform ratio of 4.5% of the E.L base. The variation in SRR necessary to either reduce or inject large amounts of liquidity.

The minimum Liquidity Requirement (MLR) is under the BAFIA 1989, the banking institution (including Bank Islam) are required to observe a minimum liquidity ratio in order to ensure liquidity to meet customers withdrawals. Liquidity requirement is a percentages out of deposit liabilities in 1959 when it was first introduced, it was 20% OUT OF DEPSIT LIABILITIES. But now liquid asset include cash, clearing balances with the central bank , money at call, treasury bill, government securities, government investment certificates, Cagamas bond , bill discounted or purchase, Bank Negara Bills, BNM Certificates securities. QUESTION 2 a) Explain three functions of savings institutions and State government

Promote development in the agricultural. For example in Agro Bank, at Agro bank, we can use our saving money to make development or make investment in agricultural. Besides that, we also can apply the loan for to expand our business in agricultural if we in the saving institution.

Promote and mobilize savings among the middle and lowerincome groups.

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The banking institutions today always find the good ways to promote their bank to make interested to other people in joining their bank. Most of the banking institution today was provide the business for saving among the middle and lower group. It is the good ways to the bank to go widely or expands their business to other people with different level or group.

Provide a convenient and easily accessible medium to small savers. Besidesthat, to encourage to other people to join the bank, the banks should provide the business base on to provide a convenient and be easily accessible medium to small saver. It is important for the bank to encourage the small saver such as the students, kid and many more to invest in the bank.Base on that, it can help the bank to be growth quickly in their business.

b) Labuan International offshore Financial Centre (IOFC) was established in October 1990. Explain one objective and discuss three functions of this financial centre.

The objective of Labuan (IOFC) To develop national objective, policies and priorities for the elderly development and administration of offshore financial services of Labuan IOFC. The good management will bring the Labuan IOFC to be the best in the world and also will achieve their goal.

The function of Labuan (IOFC) To be turned into a duty free zone in order to attract foreign companies. Labuan offers various tax incentives to become an island of tax haven.

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Labuan offers the wide range of offshore product such as banking, business, activities. In august 1999, Labuan (IOFC) had 63 offshores banks, 50 insurance and insurance-related companies, 20 trust offshores leasing companies and six fund managers were available in Labuan. insurances fund and insurance related activities, holding, trust management, investment Islamic

financing, company management services and capital market

To be the regulatory authority of the Labuan (IOFC). The regulatory authority of Labuan (IOFC) is the Labuan offshore financial services authority (LOFSA). LOFSA is a regulatory agency to streamline and rationalize the governments administrative machinery in supervising the activities and operations of Labuan IOFC.

c) Briefly define any three principle of Islamic banking.

Al- Wadiah Yad Dhamanah The al wadiah yad dhamanah is referred to safekeeping with guarantee. For example is referring deposit. Wadiah is a trust and depository becomes a guarantor that guarantees to pay all deposits on demand. The depositors may receive a gift (Al Hibah) for the money being deposited

Al-Mudharabah A profit sharing concept for an agreement made between two parties. The two parties mean one party will provides the capital to run the business and another party will be an entrepreneur. The entrepreneur will carry out business and both parties will be share a profits according to the ratios

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agreed but if their company or business has losses, the owner of capital will only will be loss

Al-Musyarakah The joint ventures or partnership concept.Profit are shared according to what have been agreed by both parties and in the event of losses both will bear the losses.

QUESTION 3 a) Illustrate five important functions of commercial banks as outlined by the BAFIA 1989.

Mobilization of savings through current, saving and fixed deposits accounts.

Provision of facilities for its customers to make payments and receive money. For example are through using checks, saving book and ATM Facilities.

Granting

loans and advances to business enterprises and private

individuals for working capital, investment and consumption. Financing of the government through purchase of government securities and treasury bills. Provision for various banking facilities and services as authorized by the BNM for example trade financing facilities, treasury services, cross border, payment services, custody services and to deal with foreign exchanges.

b) Recognize five sources and five uses of investment bank. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 90

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Sources Uses Investment Loan activities Amount due from financial institution Cash and reserves with BNM Others Deposit Lending activities Capital and reserves Banker acceptance Others

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QUESTION 4 a) Write short note on each of following:

Life insurance Life insurance is the insurance of the life of an individual and to include coverage for disability or illness. There are three types of policies under life insurance for example is whole life (death or permanent disability), endowment policy (provide death coverage and also act as a mean for saving for the policy holder. It is used for paying housing loans or mortgage in the event of death of policy holder) and term assurance (protection against contingency of death or permanent disability. Besides that, life insurance also provides the benefits for example are income fund, education fund, burial fund, retirement fund and mortgage.

Anti-Money laundering Anti-Money Laundering (AML) is a term mainly used in the financial and legal industries to describe the legal controls that require financial institutions and other regulated entities to prevent, detect and report money laundering activities. Anti-money laundering guidelines came into prominence globally as a result of the formation of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and the promulgation of an international framework of anti-money laundering standards. An effective anti-money laundering program requires a jurisdiction to have criminalized money laundering, given the relevant regulators and police the powers and tools to investigate; be able to share information with other countries as appropriate; and require financial institutions to identify their customers, establish activities. risk-based controls, keep records, and report suspicious

Capital market INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 92

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Capital market is referring to the market of long term securities investment which comprise both public and private debt instrument. Long term means maturities of such instrument will be more than one year or for shares and stocks without maturity. Capital market is important to assist the process of economic development by mobilizing medium to longterm funds from the public for financing public and private development programmes. This also helps the banking system in securitizing their assets.

Development Finance Institution The development finance institution is the way to build the finance in each organisation. The objective for the establishment of these institution are to promote development in the agricultural, industrial and international trade and export sectors, and also to play a complementary role to the banking institution. The sources of funds of the financial institution are borrowing (deposit from public, borrowing from related corporation, the government, BNM and foreign institution) and share holder. The uses of fund that financial institutions supply are loans and advances and investment.

Employees Provident Funds Provident is the institution that provides members and their dependents with social security in the form of retirement, medic, death, or disability benefit Sources of fund come from contribution from members and their employees wages. Provident fund are defined as funds contributed by members where upon retirement, the total contribution paid by the members and their employers including the accumulated interest will be given to members.

PART B QUESTION 1 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Page 93

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a) Define the meaning of an electronic banking and list two services provided by electronic banking.

Electronic banking The way that the individuals can use the banking services through the electronic. For example are the individuals can use the electronic banking services for debit cash withdrawal and many more. The advantage for using this banking services, it provide for 24 hour operation and more than that. The two services are: Account balance inquiry Cash withdrawal

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b) Hire purchase and leasing are common credit facilities offered by financial institution. Contrast the main features between these two modes of financing.

Hire Purchase Is a legal term for a contract or an

Leasing Is contractual agreement between a

agreement lessor and a lessee is one of the most common ways for Is alternative to purchasing the asset people to buy Specify time period when the period Can run from one to five years hall start c) Amilia is trying to decide whether to keep her money in a saving account or in a fixed deposit account. You have been assigned to compare the features between saving and fixed deposit account.

Saving Account Interest bearing deposit account Convenient withdrawal of fund Individuals Joint saving account Saving account for association societies and club QUESTION 2

Fixed Deposit Account Interest rate free to be quoted by bank Must withdrawal after the maturity Individual (aged 18 years and above) Joint Individuals societies

a) Discover two types of TT that generally used by bank.

Telegraphic transfer A mode to transfer of fund electronically by using cable, telex, fax, telephone transmission and through society for worldwide interbank financial

telecommunication. The two types of TT that generously used by bank are outward and inward.

Outward Telegraphic transfer can be for in or out a country. Local Outward telegraphic transfer can be made in Malaysian Ringgit but for overseas transfer can be done in Malaysian Ringgit or foreign currencies. The cost involved will include the amount to be remitted, cost of inland exchange for local telegraphic transfer and transmission charges.

Inward telegraphic transfer can be form in or out the country, Either from the local branches, local agents or from overseas branches or overseas agents. To remit the fund, the bank has to contract the beneficiary. If the inward telegraphic transfer is in foreign currency, the Malaysian Ringgit equivalent is calculated at the buying rates.

b) Differentiate between cashiers orders and demand draft

Cashiers Order Also known as bankers cheque Cheque issued by banks

Demand Draft Is used for remitting money Is used to remit fund to beneficiary

who is different area Normally does not have default in Beneficiary specified on the draft payment

c) Interpret the following credit facilities:

Term loan

Term loan is an intermediate-term loan or sometimes it can be a long term loan, Theloan is normally used to finance capital expenditure .for example is to purchase fixed assets such as machinery and equipment. Overdraft This facility is associated with a current account, meaning to say this credit facility operates by using a current account. If the account is overdrawn, daily interest will be charged on the outstanding balance at the end of each day but it is only debited once month (at the end of month) to the account. Overdraft I short- term nature. Bridging loan A bridging loan is defined as a short term loan given to a housing developer in order to bridge the gap between immediate cash required that is to start the housing project and anticipated cash to be received in the future (funds to be received from house buyers. A developer needs funds for housing or property development.

End financing End financing is the loan that normally disbursed periodically according to the stages of housing development. This type of loan is normally given by a bank to the same housing developer and at the same time the bank will provide a long term loan to the individual house buyer. The proceeds received from the buyer will be used to settle the loan.

QUESTION 3 a) Amirul is the managing Director of AZB Sdn. Bhd, who already have an establish firm. Currently, he hold two types of cards: that is American Express and XOX visa credit card. Analyze the basic features of each type of card.

The American Express / Business ExtrAA Corporate Card Its provides employees with a flexible and safe method of payment for virtually all their business expenses, including air travel, hotel stays, restaurants, as well as couriers, office supplies, phone bills and more. The Card also meets the demanding requirements of the frequent business traveller, including:

24-hour, door-to-door business travel insurance1 of up to $350,000

every time Card members purchase common carrier tickets with an eligible American Express Corporate Card. o Automatic enrolment in our Global Assist Hotline2 extends 24-hour,

worldwide legal and medical emergency referral coverage when Card members are more than 100 miles from home. o Assistance anywhere in the world through one of the worlds largest,

most established travel services networks, where professionals can help you with everything from buying airline tickets to reserving hotel accommodations, online servicing through Manage Your Card Account3 site and 24-hour, toll-free assistance by phone.

The XOX visa credit card The way that the bank try to help us in doing business such as in doing paying the good and everything else. The visa credit card is also trying to make smart decisions with your money can feel overwhelming. With a Visa cash-back card from Nationwide Bank, you can enjoy the credit card benefits that help you make the most out of your money with the convenience and security that you deserve. While using a visa, u can make any payment at all over that you want, for example while using a visa credit card, it able to u for pay any good that you buy from overseas.

b) Explain two advantages of e-banking to customers as well as two advantages to the banks.

Advantages to customer are: Convenient and greater speed in transaction By using the electronic banking, we can use banking service very fast. For example when we use this service we are not able to suffer for waiting at the counter to process our business like our transaction or anything else.

Reduced transaction cost. Besides that, by using the electronic banking we are able to reduce our transaction cost, whereby we are not able to go to the bank just for do the transaction. Bye using this electronic banking, we are able to use the banking service everywhere like at our house and many more place.

Advantages to bank are: Increase in transaction Normally today, the factor that constraint of us today is less time. So, every second each of us will find the alternative ways to do or manage our daily life become stable. When most of us were using e-banking, it can increase in transaction for the bank, and it also can give a lot of advantage of that bank.

Speed in transaction.

When most of users are use e-banking as a medium to doing their business with the banks, it can help the bank in giving the fast service to their customer. And because of that, the banks customers do not need wait for a long time in doing a business with that bank.

c) State the meaning of standing instruction and provides some examples on it usage.

The standing instruction An instruction given by a customer to a bank to remit regular interval of payment or transfer of fund to a same person or beneficiary. The amount involved is also the same amount. Examples of such payments will be payments parents). for loans, insurance premium, monthly gift to the parents or children pocket money( for children staying in boarding schools or away from

QUESTION 4 a) Write short note on the following: Negotiable Certificate of Deposit (NCDs) The negotiable certificate of deposit (NCDs) is a certificate of deposit with a minimum face value of $100,000. These are guaranteed by the bank and can usually be sold in a highly liquid secondary market, but they cannot be cashed-in before maturity. For example of this certificate is bond. Electronic Data Interchange Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the structured transmission of data between organizations by electronic means, which is used to transfer electronic documents or business data from one computer system to another computer system, i.e. from one trading partner to another trading partner

without human intervention. It is more than mere e-mail; for instance, organizations might replace bills of lading and even cheques with appropriate EDI messages. It also refers specifically to a family of standards.

Personal Loan Personal loan is a loan given to an individual. This personal loan normally will have maturity between six months to three years or more. The loan is normally paid based on monthly instalment. Besides that, the individual can apply the loan is the individual that eighteen years old. Phone Banking Most of us today are using phone banking. It is because by using phone banking, a customer can have account inquiry, can perform payment of utility bills, can transfer funds from one account to another and also can enquire banking information. A customer has to pay his regular phone call charge and bank service charge if he is using this facility. The phone banking can be done through this method voice response, voices recognition and programmable telephones. b) List four function of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Account balance inquiry Cash withdrawals Requesting for statement of accounts Depositing cash and cheque

JUNE 2012
PART A QUESTION 1 a) Explain the following monetary instruments Money Market Operations MMO conducted by BNM to influence the liquidity situation in a system. During tight monetary policy, the BNM will reduce liquidity by issuing or selling government paper to the market participants. This is to say that MMO can be conducted either through borrowing or lending by BNM in the interbank market and also through open market operations i.e. through selling and buying government papers in open organized market. To ensure a smooth functioning of the MMO, BNM intervenes when the money rates are volatile, it will inject funds into the market through purchasing of paper or outright supply of funds when the market is tight and when the market is liquid, the reverse will happen. Interest Rate Ceiling BNM was involved in the setting of the minimum lending rates for bank loans (best customers rate) and ceiling on interest rates may be offered by banks for deposits accounts. By end of the 1970s, BNM had begun to encourage a market-oriented system of interest rate determination in order to reflect the true cost of funds and to reduce the distortions in the market. ON November 1, 1983 the base lending rate (BLR) was introduced and BNM administered the BLR. But starting from February 1, 1991; the banking institutions were free to quote their own BLR in order to reflect each institutions cost of funds.

b) Discuss two functions of BNM as banker and financial adviser to the government Management of Government Accounts BNM performs the functions of providing check facilities, accept funs and makes payments on behalf of the government and undertakes the foreign exchange business of the government. Sources of Funds To Government This is done by granting advances to the government and as the lender of the last resort. Advances are given to cover any deficit in the budget revenue and must be repaid as soon as possible. BNM has the direction to determine the interest rate charged for the advances. But, government has not taken this advantage. QUESTION 2 a) List two acts introduced by BNM CBO 1958 Islamic Banking Act 1983

b) Compare the Al-Mudharabah and Al-Murabahah principles in accordance to the Islamic principles and concepts. Al-Mudharabah This is a profit sharing concept for an agreement made between two parties. One party will provide capital and another party will be an entrepreneur. The entrepreneur will carry-out business and both parties will share the profits according to the ratios agreed but if the company has losses, it will be borne by bank Al-Murabahah

This concept refers to sale of goods at a price which includes a profit margin which have agreed by both parties. In this case the bank will purchase the goods wanted by the borrower and the bank or lender will mark-up price. The mark-up is the profit margin mentioned. c) Two objectives of Saving Institution and two objective of Development Finance Institution(FDI) Saving Institutions To promote and mobilize savings among the middle and lower-income To provide a convenient and easily accessible medium to small savers groups

Development FDI To promote development in the agricultural, industrial and international trade and export sectors To play complementary role to the banking institutions

QUESTION 3 a) Four services offered by investment bank under fee based activities Corporate Financial Advisory Services Include share-underwriting and issuing, corporate advice on equity restructuring, advise on merger and take-over, advise on investment and partnership opportunities and undertaking of feasibility studies. Investment and Fund Management Services Management of business investment and portfolios, trustee and management of trust funds and unit trusts and nominee services. Banking Intermediation Services

Management of loan syndication, acceptance and guarantee of bills and lock discounting.

b) Identify one similarity and four differences between money market and foreign exchange market Similarities Both are short term market. Differences Financial Assets Money Market are Domestic currency Foreign Exchange Market Foreign currency

traded in Price quoted is Payments

In rate of interest In rate of exchange Payments for the marketable Traded in both local and foreign securities instruments traded currencies are in Malaysian Ringgit Participants are citizens of the Participants can be local and country foreigners Demand for the instruments are Determination influenced by internal of rate of

Participants Determination of rate

rate exchange is between forces of

Financial intermediaries

offered in the market supply and demand It is a financial intermediary It is a financial intermediary between those who have between sellers who possess temporary excess funds and foreign currencies and buyers others who are in need of funds who have local currencies who for short periods. wants to acquire foreign currencies.

QUESTION 4 Define on each of the following: a) Anti-Money Laundering AMLA is guidelines established and formulated to address the requirement that must be compiled with financial institution under the AMLA to effectively cambat meney laundering and financing of terrorism activities.

b) Credit Guarantee Corporation(CGC) CGC was established in 1972 with the objective to enable small-scale enterprises to have ready access to bank credit at reasonable cost. Smallscale enterprises are registered businesses with net assets up to RM500,000. In 1992 CGC launched a new scheme under the New Entrepreneurs Fund (NEF). Small-scale enterprises also include hawkers and petty traders. Hawkers and petty traders are businesses with net assets not exceeding RM20,000 to eligible under Loan Fund for Hawkers and Petty Traders (LFHPT). They must be licensed hawkers and petty traders and members of recognized trade associations. CGC schemes were also extended to the mining and quarrying sector during the period of 1989 to 1993. c) Provident and Pension Funds Provident and Pension Funds are institutions that provide members and their dependents with social security in the form of retirement, medical, death or disability benefits. Sources of fund come from contributions from members and their employers. The contribution is determined by using pre-determined percentage of the employees wage. The funds are used for investments and at the same time a portfolio of investment are maintained to meet the members; claims. d) Al-Ijarah This is concept of leasing where a lessor leases an asset to a lesse. The lessee will make a series of payments to the lessor for using the asset. Under leasing there is a principle of AL-Takjiri, where the owner of the asset (lessor) agrees to sell the asset to the lessee after an agreed time period and at an agreed price. e) Capital Market Capital market is made up of primary securities market and secondary market. Capital market refer to the market of long-term securities investments which comprise both public and private debt instruments. Capital market is important to assist the process of economic development

by mobilizing medium to long-term fund from the public for financing public and private development programs.

PART B QUESTION 1 a) Determine five main features between Current account and Saving account Current Account This accounts only issued by Commercial Bank and Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad. It is operated through the use of cheques. Cheques are used for depositing money or drawing money. Interest is not paid on such account. It provides an overdraft facility. To open a current account normally need an introducer (reference). References are very important as they lend to support to the character and integrity of the individual or officials of firms, companies, clubs, societies or associations and to the existence and genuineness of their respective institutions. Saving Account Saving account as the name implies is a form of deposit account. Upon opening of a Saving Account, the customer-depositors establishes a banking relationship whereby the customer-depositors places his savings in the custody of the bank with the understanding that monies deposited may accrue interest and be withdrawn on demand. With the Rules of the Association of Banks in Malaysia, interest rates for Saving Account are quoted at the discretion of individual banks. Interest may be calculated on a minimum monthly balance basis or on a daily basis. On a minimum monthly basis, credits received up to and including the fifteenth of each month are for the purpose of calculating interest treated as though received on the first day of the month. Where interest is calculated on a daily basis, the balance at the end of each day is taken for the purpose of calculating interest. Interest is payable half yearly i.e. as the end of June and December. Banks open Saving Accounts only for individuals, societies, associations, and institutions other than firms, corporations and business enterprises.

b) Describe four services available in transferring the funds Cashiers Order A cashiers order is also known as Bankers Cheque. It is in a form of a cheque drawn on a bank. It has authorized signatures of banks officers. It is used normally when payment by personal cheque is not accepted or payment in cash is not advisable. It is drawn and payable at the issuing Bank (branch) itself. Demand draft DD is used to remit fund to beneficiary who is at different area i.e in another town or country. This is to say that the bank being addressed is required to pay on DD to the person or beneficiary specified on the draft. DD can be divided into two types which is local DD and foreign DD. Telegraphic Transfer TT is a mode to transfer of fund electronically by using cable, telex, fax, telephone transmission and through Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). TT can be used domestically o internationally. TT can be divided into two which is outward TT and inward TT. Mail Transfer Mail transfer is the same as the TT. The difference will be the message is sent through mail rather than electronically. Please refer to Specimen 8 for applying for a mail transfer. QUESTION 2

a) Illustrate the concept of block discounting and hire purchase of these credit facilities Block Discounting

Block discounting is simply the purchase of a book debt such as the purchase of a block of hire purchase agreement (debt) belonging to another bank or a dealer and charging the bank or the dealer a lower interest rate than that contained in their agreement. Legally, it is the purchase of 100 per cent of the book debt (residue and interest in the hire purchase agreement) under the block at a discounted rate to the dealer. Upon purchase, the dealer is appointed to handle all activities in collection including compliance with legal requirements on behalf of the block discounting loan provider. All block discounting facilities are usually with recourse and are guaranteed by the dealer and their directors, partners or shareholders. Hire purchase The definition of hire purchase agreement is in essence a hire of goods under which the hirer (debtor) has possession of the goods with an option to purchase and an obligation to make payments to the owner of the goods (usually the banks) every month for a period of time. The reality is that the hirer has every intention to purchase and become the owner of the goods. The transactions in a hire purchase agreement are basically credit arrangements where credit in the shape of hire purchase is granted by the retailer or more likely, by the banks introduced by the retailer to the hirer or approached direct by the hirer himself. Thus, in legal terms, the retailer sells the goods to the banks which then let the goods on hire purchase to the hirer. The banks are in law both the supplier of goods and the supplier of credit. b) Explain the features of term loan and overdraft Term Loan Term loan is an intermediate-term loan or sometimes it can be a long-term loan. The loan is normally used to finance cap[ital expenditure e.g to purchase fixed assets such as machinery and equipment. The interest on term loan is dependent on the repayment schedule. The interest is charged once or a monthly rest if it is based on monthly repayment i.e interest is charged on outstanding loan amount at the beginning of the month.

Overdraft This facility is associated with a current account, meaning to say this credit facility operates by using a current account. The current account holder must get the approval from the bank in order to overdrawn his or her account. The bank will notify the account holder the credit limit that he or she is allowed to have. If the account is overdrawn, daily interest will be charged on the outstanding balance at the end of each day but it is only debited once a month (at the end of month) to the account. If he or she fails to utilize fully the amount allowed to be overdrawn, he or she will be charged a commitment fee on the unused amount. Overdraft is short-term in nature.

QUESTION 3 a) Difference credit cards and debit cards Credit Cards These cards are used to get gods and services on credit. It has a limit on the amount to be used. The retailer is given commission by the bank for such transaction carried out. Transactions will be carried out by using a special machine placed together with a sales voucher. Debit Cards To be used by customer who does not want credit. It can be used for a single transaction debit that is debiting of a current account in real-time or monthly debit that is giving the cardholder the benefits of deferred payments. b) Four benefits of using electronic banking in business transactions Increase overall scope and quality of services Decreases the proportion of routine transactions at branches Customers can access the bank at their convenience

24 hours a day & speed

c) Four advantages of using ATM 24 hours operation Minimum usage of staff for large routine transactions Cost savings for staff and overheads Easier accessibility and convenient

QUESTION 4 Write short notes on the following a) Fixed deposit FD is defined as an investment or deposit account where fund placed with a bank for a fixed period of time to earn interest. The interest rate is free to be quoted by the bank. The fixed period can be 1 to 60 months. The interest rate for more than 12 months can be negotiated between the customers and the banks. For the period of one month, the minimum amount of deposit is RM5000. b) Online transfer Online transfer is about transfer of fund from one account to another through the system. Its can be done through several ways which is internet, ATM, phone banking and manually. It is also known as e-banking or virtual transaction. Widely used because lower cost and banking transaction can be done at your convenience and at anytime. c) Housing loan IT is loan to finance the purchase of a house. A housing loan normally will have maturity between 10 to 15 years or even 25 years. A bank usually will give a housing loan amounting up to 95% margin of finance or of the purchased price of the house based on its current market value. d) Factoring Factoring is selling accounts receivables or debtors accounts ( in term of invoices) to a factor (factoring company) in order to finance continued business. Factoring is the sale of receivables invoices at a discount, but at the same time it is a borrowing where the receivable is used as collateral. e) Charge cards

Charge cards are another mean for payment. They are similar to credit cards but the amount must be paid fully every month. Examples of these cards are American Express and Diners Club.

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