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Sound Waves
PHY 1371
Outline
Speed of sound waves Periodic sound waves Intensity of periodic sound waves
PHY 1371
The speed of all mechanical waves follows an expression of the general form elastic property
v= inertial property
The speed of sound depends on temperature. For sound traveling through air
Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1371
v = (331m/s) 1 +
TC 273C
The distance between two successive condensations (or rarefactions) equals the wavelength .
Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1371
Both the condensation and rarefactions propagate along the tube with a speed equal to the speed of sound in the medium. Any small volume of the medium moves with simple harmonic motion parallel to the direction of the wave-longitudinal wave.
Pmax: Pressure amplitude, the maximum change in pressure from the equilibrium value, Pmax= vsmax (see derivation next) A sound wave may be considered either as a displacement wave or a pressure wave, which are 90 out of phase with each other.
PHY 1371 6
x s s+s
Dr. Jie Zou
V Vi The volume of gas Vi = Ax. The change in the volume due to a change in pressure V = As = A[s(x+ x) s(x)]. s As x0, s/x s/x, and P = B . x Since s(x,t) = smaxcos(kx - t), P = Bksmaxsin(kx - t). Replace B with B = v2 and use k = /v, the pressure variation is P = v smaxsin(kx - t), with Pmax = v smax. Derivation completed.
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Example 17.3
The faintest sounds the human ear can detect at a frequency of 1000 Hz corresponds to an intensity of about 1.00 x 10-12 W/m2the so-called threshold of hearing. The loudest sounds the ear can tolerate at this frequency corresponds to an intensity of about 1.00 W/m2 - threshold of pain. Find the pressure amplitude and displacement amplitude associated with these two limits.
Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1371 9
Example 16.4
The string is driven at a frequency of 5.00 Hz. The amplitude of the motion is 12.0 cm, and the wave speed is 20.0 m/s. Determine the angular frequency and angular wave number k for the wave, and write an expression for the wave function.
Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1371 10
Homework #2
Ch. 17, P. 537, Problems: #6, 9, 10, 16, 20.
PHY 1371
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