African Youth Fulfilling The+potential

African Youth: Fulfilling The Potential
Dakar, November 2012
2012 Ibrahim Forum Facts & Figures
Adaptability Courage e Mobility Resilience Cr eativity Integrity Thoughtfuln ess Equity Autonomy Anticipa tion Strategy Participation Conne ctivity Potential Future Transforma tion Intuition Freedom Independence Strength Purpose Pride Adaptability Cou rage Mobility Resilience Creativity Integrit Connectivity Thoughtfulness Equity Auton omy Anticipation Stra tegy Participation Con nectivity Potential Futu re Transformation Intuition Freedo m Independence Strength Purpose Pride Adapta bility Courage Mobility Resilience Creativity I ntegrity Tho ughtfuless Equity Au utonomy
DYNAMICS. In less than 3 generations, 41% of the worlds youth will be African By 2035, Africas labour force will be larger than Chinas In some African countries, secondary school achievement has regressed The median age of African leaders is 3 times the median age of the African population At the end of the century, Africa will have the lowest dependency ratio in the world Africas powerhouses are already ageing Literacy is growing, but Africa still lags behind the rest of the world Young Africans are more literate than their parents, but more unemployed Current African educational levels are lower than Chinas and Indias By 2050, over 1/4 of the worlds labour force will be African Nearly 9 million primary school-age children are out of school in Nigeria Between 2010 and 2020, Africa will add 163 million people to its potential labour force Only 2/3 of students progress from primary to secondary education in Africa Youth is a process of becoming rather than being Education is not compulsory in Ethiopia Over the next 10 years, there will be 108 million more school-age children in Africa In around 1/2 of African countries there are almost 40 pupils per teacher Africa spends more on secondary education than the global average The youngest athlete in the 2012 Olympic Games was a 13 year-old Togolese swimmer The informal sector represents more than 80% of total employment in sub-Saharan Africa Youth unemployment increases with education level in Africa Africa has the lowest share of engineering graduates in the world Sectors that drive GDP growth do not create the most jobs Renting an office in Lagos is more expensive than in Manhattan or Dubai West and Central Africas literacy lags behind East, Southern and North Africa Heroin markets are expanding in Africa, noticeably in Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria and Tanzania Job readiness is lacking in Nigeria, Kenya and Egypt Almost 1/2 of the worlds out-of-school children live in sub-Saharan Africa Current projects in extractive industries are capital intensive and create few jobs 1/2 of primary school-age children are out of school in Niger
2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth
AfricAn Youth: fulfilling the PotentiAl 2012 ibrahim forum | Agenda Dakar, Senegal | 11th november 2012 introductory Session - African youth: An asset or a liability Africa is the only continent with a significantly growing youth population. In less than three generations, 41% of the worlds youth will be African. By 2035, Africas labour force will be larger than Chinas. How do we ensure that Africa benefits from this imminent demographic dividend? How do we ensure that African youth will compete at the global level not only due to sheer numbers? What is the future that we are creating for our most precious resource? This introductory session will outline the main trends and issues at stake, setting the scene for the subsequent discussion: How to allow and empower Africas youth to gain economic autonomy, to acquire social and political responsibility and to share ownership of their continents future. Panel 1 - employment outlook: Setting the global and regional context of the potential demand Africa has become an important player within the global economic system. Sub-Saharan African growth prospects outperform the Middle East & North Africa, Latin America and Europe. Meanwhile, demographic shifts, the western worlds financial crisis, and the development of technologies, are impacting the shape of the global job market. In this new international context, what will global job demand look like, at the world level and in Africa? How will this impact on youth employment prospects? Do we need to design development policies around job creation rather than economic growth? Panel 2 - ensuring African youth competitiveness: Developing the right skills and providing adequate tools African youth are better educated but less employed than their parents. On the continent, too many African young people are neither employed, nor studying, nor looking for a job. Is this forced idleness sustainable? What needs to be done to increase the global competitiveness of African youth? What is missing: health, education, skills, financial help, employers motivations? Should the skilled diaspora be enticed back? How do we deal with the lost generation from various civil wars? Panel 3 - Acquiring social and political responsibility The continental median age is 20 years old and the median age of African leaders is 62. Electoral turnout has been falling among African youth. How committed are Africas youth to shaping the environment around them? How committed are policy makers to listening to and including African youth in policy decisions? Does democracy need new tools? How can we promote an intergenerational dialogue of substance and meaning? Is the Arab spring to become an African summer?
contentS
Youth: A trAnSition Varying age brackets A transition: Becoming rather than being Several entry points into adult life AfricA'S DeMogrAPhY: froM BurDen to DiViDenD From now on, Africa remains the only continent with a significantly growing youth population By the end of the century, 41% of the worlds youth will be African By 2035, Africas labour force will be larger than Chinas By 2050, over a quarter of the world's labour force will be African By the end of the century, Africa will have the lowest dependency ratio in the world Emerging powerhouses are already ageing Spotlight: Lost assets heAlth & Well-Being: froM gloBAl to locAl iSSueS Youth-specific health risks are the same all over the world Life expectancy differs across the continent, from 75 in Libya to 47 in Lesotho Nutrition: Undernourished children, malnourished young people? Reproductive health: Early sex, early marriage, early pregnancy Communicable diseases HIV/AIDS Addictions: A growing concern Violence Orphans Spotlight: Young champions eDucAtion: Better But not gooD enough Literacy levels differ across the continent At a global level, Africas literacy lags behind Almost half of the worlds out-of-school children live in sub-Saharan Africa School completion rates remain a concern Spotlight: Tertiary education distorted Africa Children without schools in Africa vs. schools without children elsewhere? Despite significant efforts, education remains a huge financial challenge Spotlight: A highly mobile generation
4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 17 18 19 20 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 34
eMPloYMent: DileMMAS, DYnAMicS, DeciSionS Dilemma # 1: Low unemployment, but highly vulnerable employment Dilemma # 2: The more educated, the less employed Dilemma # 3: The largest employers, the most vulnerable jobs Dynamic # 1: Africa's GDP is growing fast Dynamic # 2: By 2040, Africa's labour force will be the largest in the world Dynamic # 3: Development shapes a country's workforce landscape Decision # 1: Job creation or economic growth? Decision # 2: Agriculture as the new driver for development? Spotlight: African Agriculture: From Meeting Needs to Creating Wealth Decision # 3: Brain drain or brain retain? What is the current employment situation for African youth? Spotlight: The poor (s) choice unemployed or badly paid The main obstacles to employment PArticiPAtion: toWArDS neW DeMocrAtic toolS A failing belief in democracy Young Africans are rather optimistic, and more interested in the economy than in freedom A highly connected generation Spotlight: The median age of African leaders is three times the median age of the population Young coMMitMentS Millennium Development Goals Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development African Youth Charter African Peer Review Mechanism Youth ministries Spotlight: e-Government Annex Annex 1: Regional Economic Community (REC) factcards Annex 2: Employment definitions References Acronyms
36 37 38 39 40 42 43 44 46 48 49 51 53 55 57 57 58 59 62 63 63 63 63 63 65 67 68 68 71 72 76
A range of sources have been used in the creation of this document see References at the end of the report for a full list. Many of the facts and figures have been reprocessed by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation. Data were correct at time of research. In some instances, the numbers may not add up to the total due to rounding. The Mo Ibrahim Foundation is committed to making data freely available and accessible to all citizens of the continent and interested stakeholders. We welcome and encourage any accurate reproduction, translation and dissemination of this material. The material must be attributed to the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, but not in any way that suggests that the Foundation endorses you or your use of the material. To request additional copies of this or other publications, contact media@moibrahimfoundation.org. For a list of any errors or omissions found subsequent to printing, please visit www.moibrahimfoundation.org The Mo Ibrahim Foundation gives special thanks to Yaa Ofori-Ansah and Jonathan Lalude for contributing their time and knowledge to this research.
Youth: A trAnSition
Youth: A trAnSition
Africa's youth map
tuniSiA Morocco
AlgeriA
liBYA
egYPt
MAuritAniA
cAPe VerDe MAli
SenegAl BurkinA fASo
niger chAD SuDAn eritreA
gAMBiA guineA-BiSSAu guineA
DjiBouti cte D'iVoire ghAnA togo Benin

nigeriA
SierrA leone liBeriA
ethioPiA
cAMeroon
centrAl AfricAn rePuBlic
South SuDAn
equAtoriAl guineA
gABon congo
So toM AnD PrnciPe
ugAnDA DeMocrAtic rePuBlic of congo
kenYA
SoMAliA
rWAnDA BurunDi
tAnzAniA
SeYchelleS
% of population aged 15-34 30-32 32-34 34-36 36-38 38-40 40-42 No data available
Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
AngolA zAMBiA MAlAWi coMoroS
nAMiBiA
ziMBABWe BotSWAnA MozAMBique
MADAgAScAr
SWAzilAnD South AfricA leSotho

MAuritiuS
Au Au Age 80 30 40 50 60 70 Varying age brackets 10 20 0 un Age 35 20 25 30 Life expectancy

Source: Country and institutional websites
10
15
Source: CIA, CIA World Factbook, data for 2011
For the African Union (AU) young people are individuals aged between 15 and 35 For the United Nations (UN) young people are individuals aged between 15 and 24 Many African countries apply national definitions The median ages of all African countries fall within the AU definition of youth
Youth age brackets: institutional vs. domestic definitions
Median age of population
Ma li Be Ma nin da gas ca Rw r an Bu d rki na a Fas Ca me o roo n Gh an a Gu Guin ine ea a-B iss a Les u oth o L Sie iberi a rra Leo ne Sw azi lan d Bo tsw an a Nig eri a Nig er An go l Ga a mb ia Ke nya Ma uri tiu s Na mi bia Sey che lles So ma lia Alg eri a Tun isia Ug an d Bu a run Ca di pe Ve rde L Ma ibya uri tan Tan ia zan ia Tog o UN AU
Ma Sey uritiu che s Tunlles Alg isia e SouMoro ria th cco Afr ic Lib a Egyya Ca Lesot pt pe ho Bo Verd tsw e Dji ana b Na outi mi bia S Gh C wazi ana Gu te d' land ine Ivo i a Ma -Biss re u a Ca ritan u me ia r Ga oon mb i Tog a o CA Eq. Nige R Sie Gu ria rra ine L a Co eone mo r Kenos Er ya Rw itrea an Ga da Gu bon in S ea Tan udan zan i ZimLiber a Ma bab ia da we gas An car Sengola e Som gal So ali Toma Be nin MaDRC l Bu Co awi rki ng na o Bu Faso run C di Mo Eth had zam iopi biq a Zam ue bi Maa Nig li Ug er an da
Youth: A trAnSition
Youth: A trAnSition
A transition: "Becoming rather than being" In contrast to age-static definitions of youth, youth can be seen as the transition from childhood to adulthood, one that would be defined by the acquisition of social, economic and political autonomy and responsibility. Youth is the process of becoming rather than being1. Youth become adults through the gradual accrual of roles and responsibilities that define them as such The timing of this transition is usually aligned with the attainment of an individuals natural prime: when one has the greatest expectations and the most energy to expend
children acquire their basic values and norms during the first 3 years of life are not fully developed physically or mentally are in the process of developing their identity are in a learning process learn fast and are open to new ideas are highly dependent on their parents or other adults need protection live with their parents in most cases do not decide for themselves are poorer that adults may not vote cannot be charged for a crime are not financially responsible
Young people are at their prime physically subject to adequate nutrition and care are in the process of developing their identity are in a learning process question ideas and perceptions of (adult) society are flexible, open-minded and quick to adjust are sexually active most often still live with their parents, but are about to establish a family and find a place to live compete with adults for learning opportunities and jobs are often dependent on their parents or other adults do in many cases decide for themselves, however not in all (e.g. economic, marriage) are poorer than adults often contribute to the income of the family may have the right to vote can be charged for a crime but are not always considered financially responsible Adults are fully developed physically - or beginning to deteriorate have developed their identity are not in a formal learning process often become more conservative as they grow older are less flexible and quick to adjust are in control of finances decide for themselves are responsible for income of the family have the right to vote can be charged for a crime
Source: The World Bank, Who are Youth?, 2012 1 James. A, Childhood Identities: Self and Social Relationships in the Experience of Childhood, 1993. Cited in Honwana, A & De Boeck, F, Makers & Breakers: Children & Youth in Postcolonial Africa. 2005
Developed from Gallup and Afrobarometer survey data, the following graphs display youth age brackets in several African countries, if marriage or becoming head of the household are considered to be the end of youth Age 60 50 40 30 Au 20 10 0
tsw an Co a ng Ga o bo An n go Sw azi la lan d So uth CAR Afr ic Alg a eri a Mo Tun zam isia biq ue Sie Sud rra an L Ca eone me r Mo oon roc Les co oth Lib o er Nig ia eri Dji a bo uti Zim Togo ba b Rw we an d Gh a an a Ke Co nya mo ros DR G C Ma uine uri a ta Tan nia zan ia Ma M da ali ga Ma scar uri Bu rki tius na Fa Zam so bia Eg yp Be t nin Ch Bu ad run Ma di la Sen wi ega Ug l an da Nig er Bo
if end of youth = beginning of marriage Female Male
Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2011
Age 60 50 40 Au 30 20 10 0
if end of youth = becoming head of household rural vs. urban Rural Urban
Ve rde
law i
Ug an da
Bo tsw an a
Les oth o
Sen ega
ba bw e
Gh an a
Ke nya
Be nin
biq u
Nig e
Afr
Na m
Zam
da ga
Ma
Mo zam
Sou th
Zim
pe
Age 60 50 40 30 Au 20 10 0
gas car Ma li ega l nin tsw an a
if end of youth = becoming head of household female vs. male Female Male
an a
nia
da
oth o
bw e
law i
Nig eri a
Fas o
Ken ya
ica
Ma
Ca
Zam bia
eri a
ibia
Tan
Ve rd
Ug an
Tan za
Na m
Gh
Afr
Be
Sen
Zim ba
Ma
Lib
Source: Afrobarometer, Afrobarometer Round 4, data for 2008
Mo zam b
Les
Ma da
na
Bo
rki
pe
Bu
Sou
Ca
th
iqu
zan ia
ibia
bia
ica
ria
li
Ma
sca
Youth: A trAnSition
Several entry points into adult life
AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND
From now on, Africa remains the only continent with a growing youth population Millions 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Africa - - - Asia - - - Europe - - - Latin America - - - North America - - - Oceania
Youth population trends (15-24) Projected 4
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
Of the 50 least populated countries in the world, 17 are African, with less than 30 inhabitants per km2 Meanwhile, Mauritius and Rwanda rank in the top 20 most densely populated, with more than 400 inhabitants per km2 Of the world's 20 countries with the most occupied households, 6 are African, 4 of which are in North Africa Population density World rank 11th 18th 32nd Highest Africa in top 50 Mauritius Rwanda Burundi People/km2 636.8 403.4 301.2 Lowest World rank Africa in top 50 4th Namibia 8th Mauritania 10th Botswana 12th Libya 13th Gabon 15th Central African Republic 17th Chad 21st Congo 22nd Niger 23rd Mali 29th Somalia 31st Algeria 32nd Angola 37th Sudan 37th Zambia 48th Democratic Republic of Congo 49th Mozambique People/km2 2.8 3.4 3.5 3.6 5.6 7.0 8.7 11.8 12.2 12.4 14.6 14.9 15.3 17.4 17.4 28.1 29.2
Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013
Households with 6 or more occupants World rank 5th 8th 10th 11th 15th 20th Country Algeria Morocco Nigeria Tunisia Egypt South Africa % 45.6 39.5 37.6 35.0 26.8 19.0
In the 21st century, Africa will be the only continent whose youth population will continue to significantly expand Between 2000 and 2100, Africa will gain 340 million young people, compared to a net increase of 137 million in the whole world, due to diminishing cohorts in Europe, Latin America and Asia This will increase its share of the global youth population from 15% to 41% Distribution of global youth population Youth total 2100 1,217 million
Millions g Africa g Asia g Europe g Latin America g North America
1950 43 263 95 32 26
2000 164 670 101 101 44
2050 391 631 75 92 55
2100 505 502 76 73 61 Africa 41%
Youth total 2050 1,245 million
Africa 31%
Youth total 2000 1,080 million
Africa 15%
Youth total 1950 459 million Africa 9%
By the end of the century, 41% of the worlds youth will be African
By 2035, Africas labour force will be larger than Chinas Between 2010 and 2020, Africa will add 163 million people to its potential labour force By 2040, Africa's labour force will be larger than Indias By 2050, Africas labour force will be at least 3 times bigger than Europes Working age population (15-64 years) Projected 4
Millions 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1970
1975
1980 - - - China
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Africa
- - - India
- - - Japan - - - South-East Asia - - - Europe - - - Latin America & the Caribbean - - - North America
By 2050, over 1/4 of the world's labour force will be African Labour force total 1970 1,899 million 10% Labour force total 2000 3,385 million Labour force total 2050 5,010 million
13% 27%
g Africa g China g India g Japan g South-East Asia g Europe g Latin America & the Caribbean g North America
10
Africa's dependency ratio1 is currently the highest in the world, due to the high child dependency ratio2 In less than 2 generations, Africa will have the lowest dependency ratio, due to increasing labour force, declining child dependency ratio, and a low old-age dependency ratio3 Meanwhile, due to a soaring old-age dependency ratio, Latin America will become the region with the highest dependency ratio, closely followed by Europe and North America
% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1990 2010
Child dependency ratio

Projected 4
% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Old-age dependency ratio

Projected 4
2030
2050
2070
2090
1990
2010
2030
2050
2070
2090
% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1990 2000 2010
Total dependency ratio

Projected 4
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
Africa Asia Europe Latin America & the Caribbean North America
1 Number of dependents aged 0-14 and aged 65+, per 100 persons of working age 15-64 2 Number of dependents aged 0-14, per 100 persons of working age 15-64 3 Number of dependents aged 65+, per 100 persons of working age 15-64
11
By the end of the century, Africa will have the lowest dependency ratio in the world
Emerging powerhouses are already ageing At the global level, ageing Asia vs. youthful Africa Asia Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4
200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150
Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4
Africa
At the continental level, ageing North Africa vs. youthful sub-Saharan Africa North Africa Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4
20 10 0 10 20 150 100 50 0 50 100 150
Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4
Sub-Saharan Africa
Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4
Among African countries, maturing regional powerhouses South Africa

Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4 4 2 0 2 4 5 2.5 0 2.5 5
Egypt
Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4 30 20 10
Nigeria
Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4
Kenya
10
20
30
7.5
2.5
2.5
7.5
Population pyramids (in 100,000s) g Male g Female gg 1950 gg 2000 gg 2050 gg 2100
12
In 10 African countries, the population has known between 9 and 45 years of conflict Human Rights Watch (HRW) estimates that 100,000 children are currently serving in armed conflicts across 10 African countries Tens of thousands of children have left armed forces and groups since 2004 Many were demobilised through Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes, but the majority self-demobilised Inadequate provision for long-term reintegration of former child soldiers was reported for post-conflict Burundi, Cte dIvoire, Guinea, Liberia and South Sudan Official DDR programmes made no provision at all for children and discouraged their participation (in Central African Republic 26 children out of 7,500 child soldiers were DDR beneficiaries)
Countries Chad Eritrea Sudan Angola Somalia Uganda Congo, Dem. Rep. Mozambique Sierra Leone Cte dIvoire
Years of Conflict 45 years (1965-2010) 30 years (1961-1991) 28 years (1983-2011) 27 years (1975-2002) 26 years (since 1986) 25 years (since 1987) 16 years (since 1996) 15 years (1977-1992) 11 years (1991-2002) 9 years (2002-2011)
Source: CIA World Factbook, BBC World News
Child soldier use Country Central African Republic Chad Cte d'Ivoire Congo, Dem. Rep. Eritrea Libya Rwanda Somalia South Sudan Sudan Uganda In national army x x x x x x x x In state security forces x x x x x x x x x x x In irregular paramilitaries x x x In armed opposition groups x
x x
Source: Child Soldiers International, Louder than Words, 2012
13
Spotlight: Lost assets
HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES
Youth-specific health risks are the same all over the world Risk Early pregnancy and childbirth What happens
- globally, 16 million girls aged 15-19 years give birth every year - this represents 11% of all births worldwide - the vast majority of adolescents' births occur in developing countries - the risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes is much higher for adolescents - the lower the age, the higher the risk - 15-24 year olds account for 40% of all new HIV infections worldwide - every day 2400 young people are infected - more than 5 million young people are living with HIV - currently only 36% of men and 24% of women have the comprehensive and correct knowledge to protect themselves
What can be done

- too early pregnancies can be decreased by: - the formulation and enforcement of laws that specify a minimum age of marriage - mobilisation of community support for these laws - better access to contraceptive information and services - provision of quality antenatal care and skilled birth attendance - where legal, access to safe abortion - provision of knowledge to protect and means to do so: access to condoms and clean needles - better HIV testing and counselling - HIV prevention strategy that takes into account social, economic and cultural conditions
HIV
Malnutrition
- undernourishment makes young people more prone to disease and - provision of food and micronutrient supplementation early death - prompt and effective identification and management of problems - overweight and obesity are increasing among young people in both (such as anaemia) low- and high-income countries - knowledge about adequate nutrition, healthy eating and physical exercise habits as foundations for good health in adulthood - in any given year 20% of adolescents will experience a mental health problem, most commonly depression or anxiety - risk is increased by experiences of violence, humiliation, devaluation and poverty - suicide is one of the leading causes of death of young people - psychosocial support in schools and community settings
Mental Health
Tobacco use
- the vast majority of tobacco users start when they are adolescents - banning tobacco advertising - globally, 150 million young people use tobacco - raising the price of tobacco goods - and the number of young smokers is increasing, particularly among - laws prohibiting smoking in public places young women - half of those users will die prematurely as a result of tobacco use - 14% of girls and 18% of boys aged 13-15 years in low- and middleincome countries reportedly use alcohol - it reduces self-control and inceases risky behaviours - it is the primary cause of injuries (including traffic accidents), violence (especially domestic violence) and premature death - banning alcohol advertising - regulating access - advice and counselling
Harmful use of alcohol
Violence
- one of the leading causes of death of young people, particularly

males: 430 10-24 year olds die every day through interpersonal violence - every day between 8,600 and 17,200 youths require hospital treatment for violence-related injuries
- reducing access to alcohol and lethal means, such as firearms - care for young victims and support for the physical and psychological consequences of violence
Injuries
- road traffic injuries kill 700 young people every day
- advising young people on driving safely - increasing access to public transportation - laws that prohibit driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol
Source: WHO, Young people: health risks and solutions (Fact sheet N345), [accessed October 2012]
14
Of the worlds 20 countries with the lowest life expectancy, 19 are in Africa The only non-African country in the bottom 20 is Afghanistan Current life expectancy at birth
Years 75 70 65 60 55 50 45
Nutrition: Undernourished children, malnourished young people? GHI 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

90 96 01 12 90 96 01 12 90 96 01 12 90 96 01 12 90 96 01 12 90 96 01 12
Lib y Ca Tuni a pe sia Ve Sey rd che e lles Ma Egyp uri t t Al ius Mo geria Ma ro da cco g So asca Tom r Gh a Ga na Na bon mi Eri bia Co trea mo Sen ros E ega Ma thiop l uri ia t Ga ania m Dji bia bo Tan uti zan Co ia ngo Tog Ken o Lib ya er B ia Rw enin Bu rk an C ina F da te d'Iv aso oir Ni e Gu ger i Ug nea a Ma nda la B Souotsw wi th ana Afr N ica Ca iger me ia roo n M Som ali Eq. a Gu lia in An ea B gola Zim urun Mo ba di zam bw biq e u Ch e Zam ad Sw bi azi a lan Gu ine D d a-B RC iss au Sie rra CAR Leo Les ne oth o
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, data for 2010
Sub-Saharan Africa is the 2nd poorest performer in the 2012 Global Hunger Index (GHI), after South Asia The situation has improved in the majority of countries since 1990 However, GHI scores in Botswana, Cte dIvoire, Comoros and Swaziland have deteriorated since 1990 2012 Global Hunger Index
World
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Southeast Asia
Near East & North Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
g Under-five mortality rate
g Prevalence of underweight in children
g Proportion of undernourished
Source: IFPRI, 2012 Global Hunger Index
15
Life expectancy differs across the continent, from 75 in Libya to 47 in Lesotho

Bo
10
20
30
40
50
60
% 70
10
20
30
40
50
60
% 70
10
15
20
25
% 30
sni Me xic o Sen ega l El S alv ad or Be lize Nic ara gua Ga mb ia Gh an a Ho n DP Ken ya Ca me roo n C te d 'Ivo ire Lib eri a a Nig eri a Som alia Tan zan ia Mo zam Pap biq ua ue Ne wG uin ea Gu ine Ma li ras RK ore a du
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, data for 2010
a&
Source: UNESCO, 2012 Education for All, data for 2005-2010
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, data for 2005-2011
Ha iti
In 15 African countries more than 30% of the population is undernourished All North African countries have the lowest % of undernourishment Undernourishment is a greater problem in rural areas Malnutrition also leads to overweight children
Undernourished population
Moderate or severe stunting rate
Prevalence of overweight (children under 5)
16
Rural
Be nin Ch PD R Rw an da Tim orLes te Lao ad
Total
He Lib rz E ya Ge gypt or Syr Sou Ser gia ian th A bia Gu Ara frica ine b R a-B ep. is Mo Arm sau nte eni Kaz ne a ak gr Mo hstao Aze ngo n rba lia ij B an Dji elize bo A u So lger ti Tomia Sw Ben a i Bo zilann tsw d Mo ana ro Sie Nig cco rra eri Ca Leo a me ne roo C n Ma hile l Ku awi wa Tun it isi C a Co AR Za ngo Th mbia a Lesiland o Bu Rw tho rki and na a Fas D o Ch RC in Zim Gha a ba na bw Tan e za Sudnia Gu an C K inea te en d'Iv ya Ug oire an d Ma Som ali alia Na Togo mi Mo Li bia zam ber biq ia ue Ge Nige rm r Sen any Ga egal E mb Ma thio ia uri pia ta Tu nia Uk rkey rai ne
Er Bu itrea Co rund mo i Zamros An bia Eth gola iop ia CA Mo R zam Cha Sie bi d rra qu L e Tan eone zan Ken ia Lib ya Rw eria an d Zim Tog a ba o b Ma we Dji lawi B bo Ma otsw uti da ana ga Gu Cam scar ine ero a-B on iss Su au Ug dan a Ga nda mb Se ia Sw nega az l Na iland mi bia Gu ine a C te Nige d'Iv r oir Les e ot Co ho ng Be o nin Ca pe Mal Bu Ve i rki rd Ma na Fa e u so Sey ritan che ia Nig lles e Alg ria er Eg ia Ga ypt b Gh on an a Ma Liby uri a tiu Mo s S roc Souo To co th m Afr Tun ica isi Eq. DR a Gu C in Sou Som ea th alia Sud an
Urban
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 % 80
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 % 45 0 5
Mo zam biq ue
Reproductive health: Early sex, early marriage, early pregnancy
Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2008/9 Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2003-2011
Ba
20
40
% 60
Ma
li
Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2003-2011
i Ma da gas car
Ma law
Sex before age 15
Married women at 18
Mothers or pregnant at 18
In at least 13 African countries, over 15% of girls have sex before 15 In at least 9 African countries, over 15% of boys have sex before 15 In Congo, Cte dIvoire, Guinea and Mozambique, over 15% of both boys and girls have sex before 15 In at least 7 African countries, over 20% of girls are mothers or pregnant at 18. In Mozambique and Mali it is more than 50%
17
Ug an d
Sen
ega l
Gh an
Rw an d
Male
Nig Ch er ngl Mad a al G des i Mo uineh Bu zam CA a rki biq R na ue MaFaso Ma Ye law da me i Sie g n rr a Ca a Lescar me one Erroo Ug itren an a Nic In da ara dia Z gu Etamb a Do mi hiopiia nic Ne a an pa R Nig ep.l eri S DR a Ho eneg C nd al Ma Liburas uri eria ta GuTanzania ate ni a Tri nid S Bmala ad o eni & T Tomn o C G bag te ab o d'Iv on Cooire n Zim Togo ba go bw Co Ha e m iti El S Meoros alv xico ad Sud or Kenan G y Pakhana is a B ta Les razn ot il Co Turkho lom ey E b Indcuad ia on or es ThBolivia Ca aila ia m n Par bod d agu ia ay Bu Peru run Eg di PhMoro ypt ilip cc Sri pineo VieLank s tna a Bo Jord m tsw an Uk ana r Tu ain Albnisie Na ania m a Sou Rw ibia th an Sw Afr da azi ica lan d
Nig er C Mo zam had biq ue Ma Sie rra li Leo ne Gu ine a Co Ca ngo m C eroo te n d Ma 'Ivoir e da gas car Lib eri Nig a eri Ug a Do a mi nic nda an Re p. Ha iti Ma l Co awi lom bi Zam a b Tan ia zan ia Nic ara gua Be nin Ken Eth ya io Ho pia nd ura s Ind ia Gu yan Sen a e So gal Tom Gh an Les a o Bu rki tho na Fa Na so mi bia Ne pa Bo l livi Sw azi a lan Rw d an Zim da ba bw e
Female
Communicable diseases Malaria is perceived by young people as a higher risk than HIV/AIDS Since 2000, Africas average IIAG score for immunisation against measles and DPT has improved
Most serious diseases as perceived by youth1
MALARIA Nigeria Tanzania

Ghana Benin Madagascar Angola Mali Mauritania Niger Senegal Burkina Faso Sierra Leone Burundi Chad Congo Djibouti Liberia Togo
HIV/AIDS
Kenya Uganda South Africa Botswana Mozambique Rwanda Zambia Cameroon Zimbabwe
TB
Egypt Algeria Tunisia
% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 2000
Immunisation: 2012 IIAG scores
Africa ---- Sub-Saharan Africa ---- Central Africa ---- East Africa ---- North Africa ---- Southern Africa ---- West Africa
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG)
1 Question: Which of the following diseases are serious problems in your country? Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Malaria
18
An African problem: more so for Southern Africa, more so for women, more so in cities 10 million young people live with HIV/AIDS: 6.2 million of them in Africa HIV/AIDS prevalence: Worldwide
Central Asia & Eastern Europe 630,000
30%
68%
32%
High income countries 188,000
70%
East Asia & Pacific 351,000

72%
31% 29%
69%
28%
71%
Caribbean 125,000 Latin America 610,000

38%
Middle East & North Africa 118,000 Sub-Saharan Africa 6.2 million
24%
60%
40%
62%
South & South East Asia 1.8 million

76%
Source: UN, At the Crossroads: Accelerating Youth Access to HIV/AIDS Interventions, data for 2004
% 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
HIV/AIDS prevalence: Africa g Female g Male
Source: UNAIDS, 2010 Report on the Global Aids Epidemic, data for 2009
% 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Female Male Lesotho Female Male Malawi
g Rural
Algeria Egypt Tunisia Comoros Madagascar Morocco Mauritius Mauritania Eritrea Mali Niger Somalia Benin Liberia Senegal Burkina Faso Guinea DRC Ghana Sudan Cte dIvoire Sierra Leone Angola Rwanda Djibouti Guinea-Bissau Burundi CAR Togo Gambia Chad Congo Nigeria Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Kenya Uganda Eq. Guinea Namibia Malawi Zimbabwe Mozambique Zambia Botswana South Africa Lesotho Swaziland
HIV/AIDS prevalence: Selected countries
Female Male Mozambique
Female Male Swaziland
Female Male Zambia
Female Male Zimbabwe
g Urban
19
HIV/AIDS
Addictions: A growing concern
Alcohol consumption under 151

Africa
Benin Botswana Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Namibia Senegal Seychelles Swaziland Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe (Bulawayo) Anguilla Antigua & Barbuda Argentina British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Equador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Montserrat
The Americas
10
20
30
40%
St Lucia St Vincent/Grenadines Suriname Trinidad & Tobago Uruguay
g <1 or 1 drink
g 2-3 drinks
g 4+ drinks
Venezuela
Source: WHO, Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), latest data available
10
20
30
40
50%
% 50 40 30 20 10 0
lles a Ken ya ngo ica
Smoking under 15
Na mi bia
ad
da
Bo tsw an
ine a
ine
di
Ve rd
Tom
run
Sey che
Rw an
Afr
Co
Ch
Gu
Gu
Bu
So
th
g Have smoked a cigarette
Sou
g Currently smoke cigarettes
Source: WHO, Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), data for 2006-2011.
1 In the last 30 days
20
Ca pe
Eq.
Eri
tre
Drugs under 151 Africa

Botswana Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Namibia Senegal Seychelles Swaziland Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe (Bulawayo) Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Dominica Equador Grenada Guyana Montserrat St Lucia St Vincent/Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago
The Americas
0 g Female
20 g Male
40%
Uruguay Venezuela
Source: WHO, Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), latest data available
20
40
60
80%
Drug use in Africa: A fast growing concern The most commonly used drugs in Africa are cannabis and ATS (amphetamine-type stimulants, not including ecstasy). In West and Central Africa, prevalence of cannabis use is much higher than the global average. Cocaine use is reportedly high in West, Central and Southern Africa, as a result of increased trafficking through coastal countries in West Africa. Heroin markets are expanding in Africa increased heroin seizures in East, West, Central and North Africa Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania specifically.
Source: UNODC, 2012 World Drug Report
1 In the last 30 days
21
BOX: What can be done - anti-tobacco policy The African Youth Charter (2006): States Parties shalltake legislative steps such as banning advertising and increasing price in addition to instituting comprehensive preventative and curative programmes to control the consumption of tobacco, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and alcohol abuse. Policy interventions Taxation Advertising Smoke-free Health Cessation Monitoring bans policies warnings programs
Taxation: Share of tobacco-specific taxes in the price of a widely consumed brand of cigarettes 25% 26-50% 51-75%
Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde CAR Chad Comoros Congo Cte d'Ivoire DRC Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda So Tom & Prncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Togo Uganda Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe
49% 10% 2% 30% 12% 41% 20% 20% 16% 18% 71% 16% 35% 27% 19% 47% 32% 30% 15% 55% 32% ... 28% 46% 14% 47% 49% 15% 26% 69% 36% ... 29% 28% 50% 52% 21% 79% 20% 32% 20% 15% 56% 20% 46% 34%
||| || || || ||| || | | |||| ||| | || | || | ||| ||| ||||| || | | | | || | | |||| |||| || | ... || || ... ||||| ||||| ||| ||| ||| || ... ||| ||| ||||| ||||| |||| ||| | | ||| ||
|| | | | | || | ||| ||| || | | | | || | | | | || | || | | | | | | | | | | | | | || | ||| || | | | | | | || | | | | || | | | | | | | .| |. . | | | | || | | | | || | | | | ||| ||| .| |. . | | | | || | || | | | | | | | | | | |||| ||| | | | ||| || | | | | | | ||| ||| | | | .| |. . | ||| |||
...
>75%
...
No data
...
... ... ...
Advertising bans: Bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship Health warnings: Health warnings on tobacco packaging Cessation programs: Treatment of tobacco dependence No policy Minimal policy Moderate policy Complete policy
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
No data
Smoke-free policies: Policy on smoke-free environment Complete absence of smoke-free legislation or absence of smoke-free legislation covering either healthcare or educational facilities Smoke-free legislation covering both healthcare and educational facilities, as well as one or two other places or institutions Smoke-free legislation covering both healthcare and educational facilities, as well as three, four or five other places and institutions Smoke-free legislation covering all types of places and institutions assessed No data
Monitoring: Prevalence data Recent but not representative data for either adults or youth Recent but not representative data for either adults or youth; or recent but not representative data for adults but not for youth; or recent but not representative data for youth but not for adults Recent data for both adults and youth but missing representative data for either adults or youth Minimal requirements met for recent and representative adults and youth data
... ... ... ...
No recent data or no data
Enforcement*: Enforcement of bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and smoke-free policy
|-| | | |-| | | | | ||| | | | | -| | | | | |||| ||||| ...
Minimal enforcement (0/10 to 2/10) Moderate enforcement (3/10 to 7/10) Complete enforcement (8/10 to 10/10) No data/not available No data/not applicable
Source: WHO, MPOWER, data for 2001
*Based on a score of 0-10, where 0 is low enforcement.
22
Violence against women remains normal in too many countries. In at least 6 countries between 20% and 60% of young women have experienced physical violence In Ethiopia, Mozambique and Zambia 50% of 15-19 year olds agree that a husbands violence is justified In Mali, Ethiopia and Liberia between 45% and 85% of 15-29 year old women have experienced female genital mutilation In conflict zones, sexual violence is a common weapon Africa has the worlds highest rate of homicides of young women Africa has the highest rate of child and youth mortality as a result of road accidents Young women who have experienced violence Youth who agree that a husband is justified in hitting his wife
% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Nigeria
Kenya
Ghana
Zambia
Uganda
DRC
Madagascar
Malawi
Ghana
Liberia
Mozambique
Zambia
Ethiopia
g Physical
g Sexual
g Female (15-19)
g Male (15-19)
Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2008/9
Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2008/9
% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting
Sexual violence as a weapon in conflict zones In the DRC approximately 1,100 rapes are being reported each month, with an average of 36 women and girls raped every day. It is believed that over 200,000 women have suffered from sexual violence in that country since armed conflict began. The rape and sexual violation of women and girls is pervasive in the conflict in Darfur. Between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Sexual violence was a characterising feature of the 14-year long civil war in Liberia. Recently in Northern Mali, worrying cases of the abduction and rape of girls have been reported.
Kenya
Nigeria
Senegal
Liberia
Ethiopia
Mali
Sources: UN, UNITE to End Violence against Women: Violence against women: the situation, [accessed October 2012] and Human Rights Watch, Mali: War Crimes by Northern Rebels, April 2012
g 15-19
g 25-29
23
Violence
50 45 40 35 Per 100,000 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Female Male
Child and youth homicide
Road traffic injury mortality (0-20 years old) (rate per 100,000)
Western Pacific (6.4) Africa (19.9) Eastern Mediteranean (17.9) Americas (8.2)
Female Male
Female Male
Female Male
Female Male
Africa
North America
Europe
Asia
Europe (6.75)
South East Asia (7.4)
g (15-17)
g (10-14)
g (5-9)
g (0-4) years
Source: WHO, 2010 World Report on Child Injury Prevention, data for 2004
Source: WHO, World Report on Violence and Health, data for 2002
Orphans % 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990 g Sub-Saharan Africa 1995 2000 g Latin America & the Caribbean 2005 2010 Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where the number of orphans has increased in recent years An increasing % of them are orphaned as a result of AIDS Children who are orphans
g Asia
% 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1990
Source: UNAIDS and UNICEF, data for 2006
Orphans due to AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa
1995
2000
2005
2010
24
34 African champions brought medals home to their African countries from the 2012 Olympic Games The youngest athlete in the whole 2012 Olympic Games was a 13 year old from the Togolese team who competed in swimming The oldest athlete from an African team was a 46 year old from the South African team who competed in archery. The oldest athlete in the entire games was a 71 year old Japanese equestrian 2012 Olympic Games: Young champions in African teams
Global rank by gold medals won 23rd 24th 28th 45th 50th 50th 58th 69th 69th 79th
Country team South Africa Ethiopia Kenya Tunisia Algeria Uganda Egypt Botswana Gabon Morocco
Gold medals
Silver medals
Bronze medals
Total medals
Median age of team
Age of youngest athlete on team 18 18 17 17 14 15 17 18 16 18
3 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 1 4 1 0 0 2 1 1 0
1 3 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
6 7 11 3 1 1 2 1 1 1
25.4 23.5 24.8 25.3 24.4 23.8 24.4 23.8 21.8 25.4
Source: London2012, The Guardian
Young African champions in UK Premier League football 50 young Africans played in the Premier League in the 2011-2012 season 13 young Africans played in the top 4 teams: - Chelsea - 1 Ghanaian, 2 Ivorians, 1 Nigerian - Manchester City - 3 Ivorians, 1 Togolese - Manchester Utd - 1 Senegalese - Arsenal - 2 Ivorian, 1 Cameroonian, 1 Ghanaian Number of players 10 8 8 6 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Africas Youth Football Talents The desire among young Africans to become professional footballers is evident in the number of children who attend continent-wide trials to get into professional football programmes. The 2008 trials to enter the Aspire sports academy in Qatar saw around 750,000 African children compete for only 23 places FIFA created the Transfer Matching System, to restrict the illegal transfer of underage players. The system will stop unscrupulous agents from luring children with false promises of contracts and then dumping them in the streets of European cities said former Ghana captain Anthony Baffoe Other initiatives involve the creation of training centres and football academies that help young footballers to develop. Such centres with new and modern facilities prevent the best young players from having to go abroad - In Morocco, the Mohamed VI Academy is home to 60 youngsters from all over the country - The Algerian Football Association receives state funding for professional youth coaches - Successful programmes in Tunisia and Egypt contributed to Esperance de Tunis CAF Champions League win in 2011 and Egypts 3 consecutive Africa Cup of Nations wins - Cameroon boasts the Kadji Sport Academies, which have produced stars like Samuel Etoo
Player nationality Nigeria Cte dIvoire Senegal Cameroon Ghana Algeria Mali Morocco South Africa Egypt Congo Benin Togo DRC
Source: Football Lineups website and The Telegraph, Premier League: which countries are the players from? August 2011
Source: FIFA 2012, The Guardian, 2008
25
Spotlight: Young champions
EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH
literacy levels differ across the continent In 4 countries of the Sahel, less than 50% of youth are literate In 16 countries, mostly in North and Southern Africa, at least 90% of youth are literate youth literacy rate
TUNIsIA mOROCCO
AlGERIA
lIByA
EGypT
mAURITANIA
CApE vERDE mAlI
sENEGAl BURkINA fAsO
NIGER CHAD sUDAN ERITREA
GAmBIA GUINEA-BIssAU GUINEA
DjIBOUTI CTE D'IvOIRE GHANA TOGO BENIN

NIGERIA
sIERRA lEONE lIBERIA
ETHIOpIA
CAmEROON
CENTRAl AfRICAN REpUBlIC
sOUTH sUDAN
EqUATORIAl GUINEA
GABON CONGO
sO TOm AND pRNCIpE
UGANDA DEmOCRATIC REpUBlIC Of CONGO
kENyA
sOmAlIA
RwANDA BURUNDI
TANzANIA
sEyCHEllEs
youth (15-24) literacy rate (%) Less than 50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 No data available
ANGOlA zAmBIA mAlAwI COmOROs
NAmIBIA
zImBABwE BOTswANA mOzAmBIqUE
mADAGAsCAR
swAzIlAND sOUTH AfRICA lEsOTHO

mAURITIUs
26
With the exception of the DRC, young Africans are generally more literate than their parents Africa's education level still lags behind the rest of the world Currently, Africas education level is worse than Indias and Chinas West and Central Africa are lagging behind East, Southern and North Africa in literacy rates Gender disparity is high, but varies across the continent proportion by age and level of education Africa 2000 Education levels1 (% of total population) Africa Africa 2010 2020 India
Age 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
OECD countries
sub-saharan Africa
% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
China
100 80 g Primary
60 40 20 0 20 40 g Secondary g Post-secondary
60
80
100 %
0 g Pre-primary or primary g Secondary g Tertiary
Source: UNESCO, Overcoming inequality: Why governance matters, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009, data for most recent year available
Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at work: Job creation and inclusive growth, 2012
% 100 80 60 40 20 0 East Africa g Literate
youth literacy levels In mali, 22.4% more young men than young women are literate In Uganda, 4.2% more young men than young women are literate In Cape verde, 1.7% more young women than young men are literate southern Africa g Illiterate North Africa Central Africa west Africa In lesotho, 12.3% more young women than young men are literate
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for 2010
% 25 20 15 10 5 0
Gender disparity in youth literacy 0 = equal Female youth literacy higher Male youth literacy higher
1 Percentage of population with at least some of the given level of education
Ma li Be rra nin Leo n An e gol Zam a bia Gu ine CAR a Mo -Biss zam au biq ue Ch a Gu d ine a C Niger te ia d'I voi Ga re mb ia DR C Ma Egypt uri tan ia Sud an Eri tre Ug a an d Ga a bo n Gh an Tan a za Co nia mo ro Ma s law i Lib ya Bu Eq rundi .G u Sey inea che ll Rw es an Zim da ba b So we Tom Ca pe Ve Ma rde uri tiu s Ke Sw nya azi Bo land tsw a Na na mi bi Lib a eri Les a oth o
Sie
27
At a global level, Africas literacy lags behind
Almost 1/2 of the worlds out-of-school children live in sub-saharan Africa 1/2 of the worlds out-of-school children are concentrated in 15 countries, 8 of which are in sub-Saharan Africa Almost 9 million children are currently out-of-school in Nigeria, which is more than 1/3 of its primary school-aged children No compulsory education in Ethiopia and few African countries make 11 or more years of education compulsory Out-of-school primary school-age children % g Sub-Saharan Africa g South & West Asia g East Asia & the Pacific g Arab States g Latin America & the Caribbean g North America & Western Europe g Central & Eastern Europe g Central Asia
Source: UNESCO, 2011 World Atlas of Gender Equality in Education, data for 2009
45 24 12 9 4 3 2 1
45%
Out-of-school primary school-age children (% of school-age population) Nigeria Pakistan India Ethiopia Niger Kenya Phillipines Yemen Mozambique Burkina Faso Ghana Thailand Brazil South Africa 0 2.7 million out-of-school 21% 50% 18% 8% 27% 21% 36% 24% 12% 5% 7% 1 1.2 million out-of-school 1.1 million out-of-school 1.0 million out-of-school 1.0 million out-of-school 0.9 million out-of-school 0.9 million out-of-school 0.8 million out-of-school 0.7 million out-of-school 0.7 million out-of-school 0.5 million out-of-school 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 millions 5.6 million out-of-school 5% 8.6 million out-of-school 37% 7.3 million out-of-school 36%
Source: UNESCO, 2011 Education for All Global Monitoring Report, data for 2008
years of compulsory education

African countries Ethiopia Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar Cameroon, Benin, Gambia, GuineaBissau, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone Botswana, Central African Republic, Cte d'Ivoire, Congo, Dem. Rep., Ghana, Guinea, Namibia, Seychelles, Togo Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Congo, Gabon, Liberia, Djibouti Mauritius
Non-African countries
Cambodia
Bangladesh, Pakistan
Iraq, Malaysia, Belize, Chile Columbia, Costa Rica
Mexico, Guatemala
Uzbekistan, Chile
Argentina, Ecuador
Peru
Puerto Rico
10
11
12
13
14
17 years
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for most recent year available
28
Only 2/3 of African students progress from primary to secondary school. This is 20 percentage points behind the world average and has remained unchanged since 2000 Though steadily rising, primary school completion rates in Africa have been the lowest in the world since 1984 In 1970, primary school completion rates in sub-Saharan Africa were higher than in Arab States and South & West Asia % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 1970 1975 South & West Asia 1980 Arab States 1985 Sub-Saharan Africa 1990 World 1995 2000 2005 2009 Global primary completion rates
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics
% 100 80 60 40 20 0
progression to secondary school: selected African countries
Uganda
CAR
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Algeria
Eritrea
Seychelles
Swaziland
Cape Verde
Morocco
Zimbabwe
Lesotho
Comoros
Djibouti
Source: World Bank, 2012 World Development Indicators, data for 2009
secondary and tertiary enrolment ratios % 100 80 60 40 20 0
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
East Asia & Pacific
Middle East & North Africa
Europe & Central Asia
Cte d'Ivoire
North America
g Secondary
g Tertiary
Source: World Bank, 2012 World Development Indicators, data for 2009
29
Burundi
Sudan
Congo
Senegal
Tunisia
Benin
school completion rates remain a concern
Spotlight: Tertiary education - distorted Africa Tertiary education enrolment
Tertiary education spending
Source: (c) Copyright SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan), data for 2006
30
Over the next 10 years, there will be 108 million more school-age children in Africa By 2020, the number of school-age children in sub-Saharan Africa will be twice the number in North America and Western Europe The pupil-teacher ratio ranges from 12.5 in Seychelles to 81.3 in Central African Republic In around 1/2 of African countries there are almost 40 pupils per teacher Growth in school age population, 2010-2020
Sub-Saharan Africa Arab States South & West Asia North America & Western Europe Latin America & the Caribbean Central Asia East Asia & the Pacific Central & Eastern Europe
+108m +16m +37m +2m -4m -1m -53m -20m -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25%
Source: UN Population Division, data for 2010
pupil-teacher ratio in primary schools seychelles Tunisia mauritius Algeria Cape verde world liberia Gabon Botswana Egypt morocco Equatorial Guinea so Tom & prncipe Namibia Comoros south Africa Ghana sierra leone swaziland senegal lesotho Djibouti somalia Nigeria Gambia DRC
12.5 17.0 21.5 23.3 23.6 24.2 24.3 24.5 25.4 26.3 26.4 27.2 29.8 30.1 30.2 30.7 31.0 31.3 32.3 33.7 33.8 35.2 35.5 36.0 36.6 37.0
mauritania Eritrea Niger madagascar Togo Guinea Cameroon Angola Benin kenya Burkina faso mali Uganda Cte d'Ivoire Congo Burundi Tanzania Guinea-Bissau Ethiopia mozambique zambia Rwanda Chad malawi CAR
37.2 38.0 39.0 40.1 40.6 42.2 45.5 45.8 46.4 46.8 48.2 48.5 48.6 48.8 49.1 50.6 50.8 51.9 54.1 55.4 58.0 58.1 62.2 79.3 81.3
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, latest available data
31
Children without schools in Africa vs. schools without children elsewhere?
Average number of pupils per textbook in selected African countries Cameroon 11.2 CAR 8 2.9 Angola Chad 2.7 2.4 Togo 2.4 Uganda 2.3 Gambia Cte d'Ivoire 2 pupils per 1.8 Congo 1.8 DRC reading 1.5 Ethiopia 1.3 Mozambique textbook 1.1 So Tom & Prncipe Benin 1.1 Guinea 1 Niger 1 Mali 1 Cape Verde 1 0.8 Madagascar 0.8 Burkina Faso 0.4 Rwanda 0.3 Mauritius
13.1 7.9 3 2.6 3.6 3.2 2.1 2 pupils per 2.1 1.9 mathematics 1.5 1.3 textbook 1.1 1 1.1 1 1.1 1 1.4 1.3 0.8 1
schools without toilet facilities 0 Niger Chad Equatorial Guinea Madagascar Cte dIvoire Togo Congo Mali Benin Central African Republic Senegal Ghana Cameroon Gabon Eritrea Guinea Burkina Faso Congo, Dem. Rep. Cape Verde Burundi Ethiopia Mauritius Rwanda Tanzania
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for most recent year
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
More than 1/2 of schools have no toilet facilities 30-50% of schools have no toilet facilities Less than 30% have no toilet facilities
32
Africa spends more on secondary education than the global average (as a % of GDP per capita) Eritrea, Algeria, Angola and Central African Republic spend less on education than on defence Globally, there has been significant education support from donors and foundations % GDP per capita 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2000 g Primary 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 g Secondary World average (secondary) Education budget: African average
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics
% 15 10 5 0
Education and defence spending
20.9% Education Defence
$911m
United Kingdom
Source: UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2012
Les ot Bu ho run Dji di bo Na uti mi Bo bia tsw Sw ana azi lan Ken d Tun ya is Co ia ngo Ta Sou nzan i th Afr a i Ma ca law S i Ca eneg pe a Ve l rd Gh e an Mo a Sey rocco Mo che zam lles biq Ga ue m Eth bia iop ia C Rwan te da d'Iv oir e Be nin Ma li Sie rra Togo Leo ne A Ma lgeri a Bu urita rki nia na Fas o Nig er Ga bo n Ca Egyp me t roo n Ma Ango da l gas a Ug car Ma anda uri tiu s Ch ad Zim DRC ba bw Gu e ine Eri a tr Zam ea bia CA R
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, data for 2011; UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for 2010
Education funding: donors and foundations

$888m Carnegie William Corporation & Flora of MasterCard Hewlett Ford Foundation Foundation Foundation New York
$567m
Open Society Foundations
$61m
$59m
$52m
$36m
$61m United States Netherlands
Switzerland
New Zealand
Finland
Luxembourg
$21m
$15m
$13m
$9m
33
Despite significant efforts, education remains a huge financial challenge
Spotlight: A highly mobile generation 15-29 year olds constitute 1/2 of the worlds total migration flows In sub-Saharan Africa, the top 10 emigration countries (in % of total population) are: Burkina Faso, Zimbabwe, Cte dIvoire, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, Eritrea, Congo, Dem. Rep. and South Africa Almost 2/3 of sub-Saharan emigration takes place within the continent. 1/4 of it goes to high-income OECD countries Almost 2/3 of students who go abroad still go to North America and Western Europe, except in Southern Africa, where they go to South Africa
FRANCE ITALY SPAIN
MOROCCO ALGERIA LIBYA EGYPT
JORDAN
SAUDI ARABIA
MALI
BURKINA FASO
SUDAN
ERITREA
CTE DIVOIRE CONGO, DEM. REP.
ETHIOPIA UGANDA KENYA
RWANDA
ZIMBABWE MOZAMBIqUE
g Top sub-Saharan corridors Top North African corridors g Within Africa g Outside of Africa
LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA
34
% 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Africans as a % of migrants (15-24)
Source: OECD, StatExtracts
Africans (15-29) with European citizenship Spain Germany Netherlands Switzerland Sweden Austria Norway Denmark Finland Czech Republic Hungary Slovakia Poland Latvia Slovenia Lithuania 269,242 92,150 31,302 12,267 11,375 8,453 8,140 5,414 3,838 805 445 140 37 31 29 23 3.1
sub-saharan Africans studying abroad (%) 2.8 0.8 0.01 g North America & Western Europe 6 g Sub-Saharan Africa g East Asia & the Pacific g Arab States 22.5 61.5 g Central & Eastern Europe g Latin America & the Caribbean g South & West Asia g Central Asia
2.9
Source: Youth in Europe, A Statistical Portrait, 2009, Eurostat European Commission, data for 2007
Source: UNESCO, Global Education Digest 2011
% Total population 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0
African students overseas1
g Studying outside Africa g Studying in other African countries
pe Ma Verd e Sey uritiu che s So lle To s Ga m Co bo Eq. mor n G os Bo uine tsw a a Tu na Dji nisia Mo bout roc i co Ca Cong me o roo Gu Se n ine ne a-B gal iss a Lib u Alg ya G er Ma ambia u i Zim ritan a ba ia b Gu we ine a Sw Tog azi o lan Be d n Ken in An ya g C Gh ola te d'Iv ana Na oire m Zamibia b Ma Nige ia da ria ga Somscar alia Ma li Rw CAR an Bu Eri da rki tre na a Fa Sou Lib so th eria Afr Sie Eg ica rra yp L t Tan eone z Bu ania run Ug di an d Ch a ad N Les iger ot Sudho Mo Ma an zam law b i Eth ique iop ia DR C
1 Total population figures used due to no age limit among African students Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for 2009
Ca
35
Tur key Po lan d Hu nga ry No rw ay Fin lan Ne d wZ ea l an d Sw ed en De nm ark Ire lan d Spa in Ne the rla nd Un s ite dS tat es Sw itze rla Un nd ite dK ing do m Au str ia Ca na da Au str Slo alia vak Re pu Cze blic ch Re pu blic Be lgiu m Po rtu gal
ly Me xic o Lux em bo urg Jap an Fra nce Gre ece
Ita
EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS
The demands of leadership have changed. The highest levels of leadership require mastery of a new task: job creation Job creation is the new currency of all world leaders
Source: Clifton, J (Chairman of Gallup), The Coming Jobs War, 2011, p3 and p186
BOX: Definitions, definitions1 Are you between the ages of 15 and 64? Yes You are part of the working-age population2 Yes You are employed Do you work? No Are you looking for work? Yes You are unemployed Paid employment: Continued receipt of a wage/salary Assurance of return to work Includes apprenticeships and Armed Forces Self-employment: Employers Own-account workers Unpaid family workers People producing goods/services for family consumption Includes: Vulnerable employment Working poor Informal employment/sector Those temporarily absent from job but with formal job attachment, e.g. maternity leave Underemployment Can include: Students/homemakers who satisfy above criteria Without paid or self-employment Available to work Actively looking for work Includes: Those temporarily absent from job but with no formal job attachment Can include: Students/homemakers who satisfy above criteria Not in employment, education or training who satisfy above criteria No You are inactive Discouraged No work, available for work, but not looking Can include: Students/homemakers who satisfy above criteria Not in employment, education or training who satisfy above criteria
No You are not part of the working-age population
You are part of the labour force / currently economically active population Measured by labour force participation rate (short-term measure)
You are currently economically inactive
The ILO concept of Decent Work and the Decent Work for All Agenda Decent work is defined as opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity. The ILOs Decent Work for All Agenda is a policy approach based on 4 strategic objectives: 1 Fundamental principles and rights at work and international labour standards 2 Productive and freely chosen employment 3 Social protection 4 Social dialogue The ILO has defined Decent Work indicators to measure the different dimensions of the concept and to track progress over time. In 2010, the UN Summit on the MDGs included a new target under Goal 1 (Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger): Achieve full and productive employment and Decent Work for All, including women and young people. The Decent Work indicators are being used to help countries measure progress and establish priorities. A limited set are used to monitor progress toward the MDG target.
Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2013
1 See Annex 2 for further definitions 2 Age ranges can be country specific
36
In most sub-Saharan African countries, people have to make a choice between being unemployed or taking a vulnerable job The employment rate in sub-Saharan Africa (47.5%) is higher than the world average (42.6%) and much higher than in North Africa (24.1%) But, in sub-Saharan Africa, non-wage employment represents more than 80% of total employment for women and more than 60% for men In North Africa there are more stable jobs but fewer employment prospects Employment rate % 70 60 East Asia 50 40 30 20 10 0 North Africa Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & the Caribbean World South Asia 50 40 30 20
Mauritius Morocco
VE% 100 90 80 70 60
Benin
Vulnerable employment rates (VE) vs. unemployment rates (UE)

Sierra Leone Ethiopia Burkina Faso Tanzania Madagascar Niger Cameroon Liberia Uganda
Ghana Kenya Zimbabwe
Mali Zambia
Lesotho
Algeria Tunisia Egypt
Botswana
Namibia
10 0 0 5 10 15 20
South Africa
Source: ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) data for 2011
25
30 UE%
Source: AfDB OECD UNDP UNECA, African Economic Outlook, 2012
% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Europe & Central Asia
A job does not always come with a wage % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Labour force employment status
Algeria
South Africa
Morocco
Cameroon
Namibia
Zambia
Tunisia
Ethiopia
Wage employment Self-employment Farming
Men Women
g Unemployment
g Vulnerable employment
g Stable employment
Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, data for 2010
37
Sierra Leone
Burundi
Egypt
Kenya
South Asia
Middle East & North Africa
East Asia & Pacific
SubSaharan Africa
Dilemma # 1: Low unemployment, but highly vulnerable employment
Dilemma # 2: The more educated, the less employed In many countries, the most educated people are the least employed - Tertiary educated people in Algeria and Madagascar (as in Pakistan) are the most unemployed - Secondary educated people in Botswana, Mauritius and South Africa (as in Brazil and Chile) are the most unemployed - Since 2005, unemployment among university graduates has increased in Tunisia Unemployment by educational level
% 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 South Africa Algeria Botswana
Russian Federation g Tertiary
United Kingdom
Brazil
Mauritius
Chile
Pakistan
Macau, China
Madagascar
g Pre-primary or primary
g Secondary
Source: ILO, KILM, latest data available
% 35
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Unemployment rates among university graduates in Tunisia
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
38
Agriculture is the largest employer in Africa, providing 185 million jobs in 2010 Almost 90% of jobs provided by the agricultural sector are vulnerable The 2nd largest employer, retail and hospitality, creates more vulnerable jobs than it does stable The most stable employer, government and social services, represents only 10% of the labour force
Millions 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

G & s over oci nm al s en erv t ice s ure
Stable and vulnerable job distribution across sectors (population)
Re ho tail & spi tal ity
ng
T com ransp mu ort nic & ati on
sin Finan ess ce ser & vic es
rce s
es
ult
ruc
Re sou
fac t
Uti
Ag
nu
nst
Ma
Co
g Stable
g Vulnerable
% 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
G & s over oci nm al s en erv t ice s ure
Stable jobs and distribution of the labour force, by sector (%)
Re ho tail & spi tal ity
T com ransp mu ort nic & ati on
sin Finan ess ce ser & vic es
bu
Re sou rce s
es
ult
nu fac tu
nst ru
Uti
Ag
Ma
Co
g Stable jobs
g Labour force
39
bu
Un
em p
ric
loy ed
rin
ctio
liti
Un
em p
ric
loy ed
tio
uri
liti
Dilemma # 3: The largest employers, the most vulnerable jobs
Dynamic # 1: Africa's GDP is growing fast Sub-Saharan Africa is the worlds 2nd fastest growing region, after Asia However, at an estimated $1,785 billion in 2017, the whole of sub-Saharan Africa will still only equate to just over 1/2 of India's GDP and around 14% of China's At an estimated $496 billion in 2017, the continents biggest economy, South Africa, will still amount to less than 1/2 of Turkey, less than 1/3 of Indonesia, and just less than Thailand and Argentina
% 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 2005
GDP growth Projected 4
World ---- European Union ---- Central & Eastern Europe ---- Developing Asia ---- ASEAN-5 ---- Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Source: IMF, IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012
Africas 10 largest economies (GDP) $ billion 500 Projected 4 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2005
South Africa Nigeria Egypt Algeria Angola Morocco Libya Kenya Ethiopia Ghana Sudan
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
40
Worlds highest growth rates 2000-2010 (Annual increase in real terms) GDP World rank 1st 5th 8th 9th 10th 12th 15th 18th Country Equatorial Guinea Angola Sierra Leone Nigeria Chad Ethiopia Mozambique Rwanda Annual GDP growth (%) 17.0 11.3 9.5 8.9 8.6 8.3 8.0 7.8 World rank 1st 3rd 6th 8th 9th 10th 14th Services Country Lesotho Equatorial Guinea Nigeria Ethiopia Angola Congo, Dem. Rep. Namibia Annual growth (%) 22.5 14.8 13.4 12.1 11.7 11.6 10.0
Industrial output World rank 2nd 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 14th 15th Country Equatorial Guinea Angola Sudan Zambia Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Malawi Annual growth (%) 14.3 11.4 11.2 9.8 9.5 9.2 9.1 9.0 World rank 1st 3rd 5th 6th 9th 12th 14th 17th
Agriculture output Country Angola Mozambique Ethiopia Nigeria Senegal Gambia Morocco Mali Annual growth (%) 14.4 8.2 7.2 7.0 6.5 6.4 6.2 5.5
Source: The Economist, Pocket World In Figures, 2013
BRICS GDP ($ billion) BRICS GDP Brazil Russia India China South Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 2010 2,143 1,487 1,630 5,930 363 1,091 2011 2,493 1,850 1,827 7,298 409 1,231 2012 2,425 1,954 1,947 8,250 391 1,281 2013 2,504 2,109 2,117 9,039 402 1,367 2014 2,685 2,308 2,315 9,926 422 1,454 2015 2,864 2,529 2,547 10,928 445 1,555 2016 3,053 2,755 2,836 12,021 469 1,663 2017 3,254 2,977 3,171 13,212 496 1,785
41
Many African countries now rank among the worlds best performers for economic growth - Of the 20 fastest growing economies in the world between 2000 and 2010, 8 were African - Of the top 20 countries with the highest services growth, 7 were African - Of the top 15 countries with the highest growth in industrial output, 8 were African - Of the top 20 countries with the highest growth in agriculture, 8 were African
Dynamic # 2: By 2040, Africa's labour force will be the largest in the world By 2035, Africas labour force will be larger than Chinas By 2040, Africas labour force will be larger than Indias By 2100, Nigerias labour force will almost equal Chinas Nigeria, Tanzania, DRC, Uganda and Kenya should be the biggest African labour force providers by 2100
Working age population (15-64 years)

Millions 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1970
World
Projected 4
1975
1980 - - - China
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Africa
- - - India
- - - Japan - - - South-East Asia - - - Europe - - - Latin America & the Caribbean - - - North America
African countries, China, India

Millions 1200 Millions 1200
All African countries

Millions 1200
Nigeria
Middle African countries

(without Nigeria, Tanzania, DRC)
Uganda
1000
India
1000
1000
Kenya Ethiopia Niger Zambia Malawi Sudan Egypt
800
800
800
600
China Nigeria
600
Tanzania
600
Burkina Faso Madagascar Mali Mozambique Somalia Ghana
400
400
DRC Uganda Kenya Other African countries 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
400
200
Tanzania Other African countries
200
200
Other African countries
1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
42
In Africas pre-transition countries - Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, DRC, Mali - workforce landscapes compare to that of Thailand in 1960 In Africas transition countries - Rwanda, Uganda, Madagascar, Cameroon, Ghana, Tanzania, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal - workforce landscapes compare to that of South Korea in 1965 In Africas diversified economies - Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia - workforce landscapes compare to that of Brazil in 2001 As development level increases, employment and vulnerability tends to spread more evenly across all sectors Africa pre-transition countries, 2010 Thailand, 1960 Employment status % Vulnerable
Stable
Sector employment, % of total labour force Africa transition countries, 2010
Stable
Sector employment, % of total labour force South Korea, 1965
Employment status % Stable Vulnerable
Sector employment, % of total labour force Africa diversified countries, 2010 Employment status % Stable Vulnerable Employment status % Stable Vulnerable
Employment status % Stable Vulnerable
Sector employment, % of total labour force Brazil, 2001
Sector employment, % of total labour force Stable1 employment g Agriculture g Transport & communications g Retail & hospitality g Construction g Manufacturing g Finance & business services g Vulnerable2 employment in each sector Pre-transition countries per capita GDP between $200 and $600 in 2010, but growing very rapidly. Private sector nascent, agriculture and natural resource account for much of GDP.
Sector employment, % of total labour force g Resources g Utilities g Government & social services
Transition countries lower GDP per capita than diversified economies, but growing rapidly. Agriculture and resource sectors account for up to 35% of GDP and 2/3 exports. Service industries expanding.
Diversified economies largest and most advanced economies, significant manufacturing and service industries, least volatile GDP growth in Africa.
Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, data for 2010 1 Stable employment includes wage and salary employees and business owners 2 Vulnerable employment includes subsistence farming, informal self-employment and work for a family member
43
Dynamic # 3: Development shapes a country's workforce landscape
Employment status % Vulnerable
Decision # 1: Job creation or economic growth? Sectors that drive GDP growth do not create the most jobs In comparison to other sectors, the extractive industries create more growth than jobs, unless they include a value adding process
GDP growth
Stable job creation
GDP growth ($billion) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 Stable jobs added 2002-2010 (million)
Number of stable jobs, 2010 n Utilities n Construction n Agriculture n Natural resources
n Manufacturing n Retail & hospitality
n Government & social services n Finance & business services
n Transport & communication
This covers the 10 countries which account for 70% of Africas GDP in 2010: Algeria, Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, 2012
44
Country Papua New Guinea Mongolia Botswana Papua New Guinea Mozambique Tanzania Namibia Zambia Pakistan Peru
Project
(sector or resource)
LNG Project (natural gas) Oyu Tolgoi (copper, gold)
Investment, % of 2010 GDP 237.0 74.2 20.2 19.0
Direct employment 9,300 during construction; 1,000 afterwards 14,800 during construction; 3,000-4,000 afterwards 1,000 5,000 during construction; 2,000 afterwards Currently 150; 4,500 afterwards 5,000 5,200 during construction; 1,200 afterwards 4,700 during construction 2,500 during construction; 200 afterwards 6,000 during construction; 1,700 afterwards
Jwaneng Cut 8 Project (diamonds) Ramu Mine (nickel)
Benga Mining (coal) 13.6 Mchuchuma (coal) Husab Mine (uranium) Lumwana Mine (copper) Reko Diq Mining (copper, gold) Conga Mine (gold) 12.2 11.9 9.3 4.0 2.6
World rank 1st 2nd 4th 5th 1st 3rd 4th 8th 5th 6th 7th 7th
Country Cte dIvoire Ghana Nigeria Cameroon South Africa Kenya South Africa Ghana Ethiopia South Africa Zambia South Africa
Commodity Cocoa
Platinum Tea Gold Coffee Raw wool Copper Coal
Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013, data for 2010 and 2011
Job creation within Sierra Leones mining industry Sierra Leones mining sector is the 2nd most important sector for employment and income generation in the country. Post-war mining revenues have increased, with contributions to GDP averaging about 5.5% for the last five years Currently over 60% of employees in this sector are youth under the age of 35 With the new Mines Act in place, the mining sector is expected to offer more employment opportunities, especially for youth Most jobs require unskilled labour, however professional and technical specialists are needed in engineering, geology and operating heavy machinery Multinational mining firms have stated that practical experience and specialised degrees are lacking among the local labour force Companies are compensating for this by providing in-house training themselves. One company is in the process of re-building an on-site training centre equipped with the necessary technology Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies do not currently include a specific focus on youth employment or youth issues
Opportunities In the next 12 to 18 months, the number of new hires is expected to be 1,580 with at least 80% of new jobs likely to be held by the local youth labour force Companies in the sector are still predominantly involved in raw materials extraction with no value-added production. However companies see some future in downstream manufacturing in the mining sector, which would create further jobs
Source: ILO, Promoting Job Creation for Young People in Multinational Enterprises and their Supply Chains: Sierra Leone, 2010
45
Current projects in extractive industries
Africa in the worlds top 10 producers
Decision # 2: Agriculture as the new driver for development? Agriculturally productive countries also rank among those with the largest GDP - Worlds top 10 agricultural producers also rank amongst the worlds largest economies - African countries with highest growth in agriculture also have the highest GDP growth However, less than 2% of African youth are studying agriculture Moving from rural areas to cities does not always create economic growth In rural areas, 53% of occupied rural youth are not in agriculture, but engaged in other activities GDP rank 2nd 9th 1st 18th 7th 3rd 17th 45th 11th 5th Highest agricultural output growth (world rank)* +14.4 (1st) Angola Mozambique +8.2 (3rd) +7.2 (5th) Ethiopia +7.0 (6th) Nigeria Highest GDP growth (world rank)* +11.3 (5th) +8.0 (15th) +8.3 (12th) +8.9 (9th)
Agricultural output world rank China 1st India 2nd United States 3rd Indonesia 4th Brazil 5th Japan 6th Turkey 7th Nigeria 8th Russia 9th France 10th
*% annual increase in real terms, 2002-2010 for agricultural output, 2000-2010 for GDP (world rank) Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013
Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013, data for 2010 and 2011
Rural youth: occupation % of total occupied 7 17 12 11 6 g Agriculture g Sales 47 g Business Owner g Services g Construction & Manufacturing g Professional
Link between economic growth and urbanisation1

Urbanisation rate, % Increased urbanisation = increased economic growth
75 60 45 30 15 0
80
Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2013 1 All data correspond to changes between 1985 and 2010
Liberia Ghana Guinea-Bissau Madagascar Ethiopia
Cameroon Nigeria
Zimbabwe Kenya 800 GDP per capita, $
46
0
Sub-Saharan Africa North Africa Asia Latin America OECD
How to make African agriculture swag? Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in the world where the proportion of rural youth is increasing, and will continue to increase until 2030 or 2040. For many young rural people in Africa, their futures will doubtless lie in one of the continents rapidly growing cities. 16 of the 20 fastest growing cities in the world will be in Africa by 2025. But in sub-Saharan Africa the demographics indicate that a very large number of the rural population will remain in rural areas for at least another generation or longer. The agricultural sector already offers critical employment opportunities for Africas rural youth. Gallup World Poll Data from 2010 shows that 38% of working youth in Africa are in agriculture (compared to 2% in OECD countries). The proportion also changes dramatically from country to country, according to whether it is a low-, lower middle- or an upper middle income country. The poll data also shows that the proportion of young people engaged in agriculture is greater that the number of adults. The good news is that Africa needs human capital now and in the future to drive a home-grown agricultural revolution. The potential for African agricultural growth is extensive. Africa has the world's largest share of arable land and African average yields per hectare are a quarter of those seen in East Asia. Making African agriculture more productive, resilient, and accessible is about much more than simply alleviating hunger or creating shortterm employment opportunities. It is the continent's most effective high-growth investment strategy. The World Bank states that GDP growth originating in agriculture is at least two times as effective in reducing poverty as GDP growth originating outside agriculture. But the bad news is that agriculture still has a terrible image problem. This stems in part from lack of political support and societal recognition of the importance of agriculture. But perhaps crucially, agriculture is still not generally viewed as a business opportunity to build a sustainable and profitable livelihood. As Edwyn Odhiambo Odeny, chairman of the Kenya Youth Foundation stated at the 2012 African Green Revolution Forum, How can we make a farm swag? Without a clear policy strategy for engaging this growing group of rural youth to harness the opportunities in African agriculture, Africas leaders risk creating an economic time bomb for themselves and their populations. Government time and financial investment is needed in training and educating the agri-business entrepreneurs, agricultural scientists, and agricultural economists of the future, and driving economic development through agriculture. If policymakers fail to find finance for, include, and incentivise rural youth in rural policy and development planning processes, their legacy in rural sub-Saharan Africa will be a missed opportunity to transform the lives of this and the next generation. Liz Wilson, Agriculture for Impact
47
% 4
Students that study agriculture
Spotlight: African Agriculture: From Meeting Needs to Creating Wealth" Action Points (2011 Ibrahim Forum) NATIONAL GOVERNMENT Promote agriculture as a primary policy concern Ensure integration of agriculture policy with other public policy sectors: education, research, trade, and infrastructure Promote employment in modern agriculture for the young Fulfil Maputo commitment: 10% of national budget to agriculture Include nutrition, climate change and sustainability in education programs Develop storage, logistics and transportation links Prioritise rural investment (especially in rural roads and electrification) Prioritise irrigation projects and mechanisation of farming practices Address customary land rights, with particular attention to women, small holders and the young Strategically plan land use and address competing uses of land Ensure transparency in all contracts and land deals Establish and boost agriculture-specific training programs Support research and data collection Invest in ICT for data transmission and efficiency Facilitate access to fertilisers, pesticides and bio-technologies REGIONAL COMMUNITIES Establish regional value chains that integrate processes across country borders Identify comparative advantages in production and strategically direct national policy according to these Establish a regional fund of funds to direct capital into a specific agriculture pool of resources Unlock barriers to trade and enable free movement of goods Establish trading standards to be implemented through regional bodies Establish a free-trade zone for staple goods Establish a commodity exchange to address price instability and ensure regulated and transparent markets Incorporate environmental sustainability into the agricultural agenda and cooperate with governments to establish a continental voice for negotiations regarding climate change Build a regional body dedicated to land investments and land grabbing that supports transparency and fairness of deals within Africa and outside Establish a database of land data and statistics that brings together regional statistical authorities Establish a regional food security net INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY Ensure a stronger share of aid towards agriculture and agriculture-linked policies (agro-education, research, infrastructures) Build and shape specific partnerships: education and training in agriculture and agricultural universities Promote partnerships that focus on sound administration and best practices (land surveys, legal frameworks) Create a level playing field, especially where EPAs are concerned, including dealing with distorting agreements, protectionism, subsidies and tariffs Address sanitary and phytosanitary standards as a constraint to trade PRIVATE SECTOR Establish and strengthen links with multilateral institutions, private equity funds and development banks to focus on connecting national producers to regional and global markets Devise specific support for, and enable access to, affordable finance for farmers, specifically small holders, women and youth Ensure transparency and accountability in all contracts and land deals ADVOCACY LEVEL Promote research at the academic level on the following linkages: agricultural growth/global economic growth, food security/social safety, nutritional security/health Incorporate land in natural resource transparency advocacy programs Strengthen capacities to collect data on agriculture and infrastructure and promote sharing of this data to all stakeholders to improve development and productivity
Policy
Infrastructure
Land
Research, Information and Technology
Policy
Trade
Land
Food Security
Aid Education Land Trade
Finance
Land
Policy Land Data
48
Tertiary-educated people have the highest migration rate More than 1/2 of the tertiary-educated population in Cape Verde (67%), Gambia (63%), Mauritius (56%), Seychelles (56%) and Sierra Leone (52%) leave their country Between 1/3 and 1/2 of the tertiary-educated population in Ghana (50%), Mozambique (45%), Liberia (45%), Kenya (38%) and Uganda (35%) leave their country Within Africa, Rwanda has the highest attractiveness - ability to retain and attract talented people Remittances: sub-Saharan African received $21.5 billion in 2010, increased from $8 billion in 2004 Highly-skilled migrants Highly-skilled immigration, % of highly-skilled labour force
Highly-skilled labour emigration, % of highly-skilled native labour force
% 0-4.99 5.00-9.99 10.00-19.99 20.00-29.99 30.00-100 no data

Country attractiveness* 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Switzerland United Kingdom Sweden Rwanda Germany Brazil India China Botswana South Africa Nigeria Liberia France Ghana Morocco Pakistan Gabon Mauritius Kenya Zambia Benin Senegal Mozambique Cte d'Ivoire Namibia Seychelles Malawi Ecuador Cameroon Cape Verde Tanzania Uganda Guinea Mali Zimbabwe Chad Burkina Faso Madagascar Ethiopia Mauritania Libya Swaziland Sierra Leone Egypt Lesotho Burundi Algeria
*1= no, the best and brightest normally leave to pursue opportunities in other countries; 7= yes, there are many opportunities for talented people within the country. Question: Does your country retain and attract talented people? Source: World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report, 2012-2013 49
Decision # 3: Brain drain or brain retain?
Sector brain drain: The example of physicians Between 20% and 30% of physicians trained in sub-Saharan Africa have left the region, mainly to work in OECD countries In 2000, the proportion of country-trained physicians who emigrated reached 54% for Cape Verde, 35% for Liberia, 25% for Ethiopia and Somalia, more than 20% for Ghana, and between 12% and 20% for Uganda, Zimbabwe, Gambia, Angola, Malawi, South Africa and Togo In 2000, South Africa lost 4,400 physicians, and Egypt lost 3,000 Country brain drain: The example of Cape Verde More than 1/3 of the population leaves the country They mainly go to the African continent (Mozambique, Angola, Senegal, Nigeria) and Portugal, France, USA, Netherlands, Italy and Spain 2/3 of the tertiary-educated population leaves the country More than 1/2 of physicians and 40% of nurses leave the country Remittances Top 10 recipients $ bn, 2010 Nigeria Egypt Morocco Sudan Algeria Tunisia Kenya Senegal South Africa Uganda Top 10 recipients % of GDP, 2009 Lesotho Togo Cape Verde Guinea-Bissau Senegal Gambia Morocco Liberia Sudan Nigeria
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
10.0 7.7 6.4 3.2 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.5
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
25.0 10.3 9.1 9.1 9.1 7.8 6.6 6.2 5.6 5.6
Source: World Bank, Migration and Remittances Factbook, 2011
Inward remittance flows $ millions 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2003
Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Lesotho Mauritius Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan Tunisia Uganda
2004
2005
2006
2009
2008
2009
2010
Source: World Bank, Migration and Remittances Factbook, 2011
50
The African youth are currently more unemployed than their parents, but this is also the case in OECD and East Asian countries Youth unemployment rate is higher in North and Southern Africa - Youth unemployment is around 50% in South Africa and Namibia - Youth unemployment is above 30% in Lesotho and Tunisia Almost 40% of the continent's youth is "occupied" in agriculture, with important differences between countries - In most of North Africa, less than 10% of youth work in agriculture - In most Sahelian countries, more than 60% of youth work in agriculture Many of them hope to work in government or be self-employed - 20% are dissatisfied with farming - In North Africa, where unemployment is highest, many hope to work in government or be self-employed - After prolonged unemployment, 61% of youth are willing to re-train and 48% are willing to relocate within the country % 60
IG H
ES A
TH
RE
ET
IM
50
TW South Africa
IC
AS
SH
HI
GH
AL EQU
Youth unemployment
40 Lesotho 30 Egypt 20 OECD Ghana 10 East Asia Tanzania 0 10 20 30 Adult unemployment Tunisia Ethiopia
Namibia
40
50
60%
Source: AfDB OECD UNDP UNECA African Economic Outlook, 2012
% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
pt Alg eri a
Youth and adult unemployment rates Youth Adult
ia Mo roc co
ica
oth o
an a
Sen ega l Tan zan ia Zim ba bw e Sie rra Leo ne
Sey che lles
aga sca r
ibia
Fas o
isia
ia
eri a
Na m
Ma uri
Zam b
Afr
Tun
Gh
Eth i
Les
Lib
th
na
Sou
Source: ILO, KILM, latest data available 2000-2010
51
Bu
Ma d
rki
Be nin
Egy
Nig e
op
tiu
What is the current employment situation for African youth?
% 40 30 20 10 0
Agriculture Services
African youth by occupation
Business owner
Sales
Construction & manufacturing
Professional worker or manager
Other
Source: AfDB OECD UNDP UNECA African Economic Outlook, 2012
% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Where do young Africans work?
g Farming, fishing or forestry g Construction, manufacturing & installation g Transportation

% 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Egypt g Government Tunisia g Private business
Source: Silatech Index, based on Gallup World Poll, data for 2009
Burkina Faso Burundi Togo CAR Niger Guinea Mali Madagascar Benin Rwanda Lesotho Tanzania Malawi Liberia Sierra Leone Congo Uganda DRC Cameroon Ghana Chad Kenya AFRICA TOTAL Nigeria Senegal Comoros Sudan Botswana Zambia Zimbabwe Swaziland Egypt Gabon Mauritania South Africa Angola Morocco Djibouti Mauritius Algeria Tunisia
g Professional & clerical g Sales g Other
g Business owner g Service
Where would young Africans like to work?
Djibouti g Self employment
Mauritania g Non-profit organisation
Sudan
Algeria
Morocco
52
High unemployment in Brazil, low paid work in Cameroon Comparing a middle income country such as Brazil with a low income one such as Cameroon illuminates how youth disadvantage in the world of work can take different forms. In Brazil, youth unemployment is a big problem. Of the 63% of youth who participate in the labour market, nearly 1 in 5 is unemployed. Youth unemployment is around 3 times that of adult unemployment. Female and urban youth are particularly affected, as are those with less education. In Cameroon the story is quite different. Most young people are working, including many who are still in education. In rural areas the unemployment rate is only around 1%, although it rises to 9% for urban males and 14% for urban females. It is particularly high among youth with higher levels of education. Those who are unemployed are generally among the better off in Cameroon. While they face real difficulty in finding work, they can afford to wait for what they consider acceptable work. For survival reasons, the poor can rarely choose to wait. The bigger issue in Cameroon is working poverty, as it is for many youth in low income settings. Agriculture provides jobs for large numbers of young people with lower levels of education, but many are poorly paid. Two-thirds of rural youth with no education work for less than US$1.25 per day, with rural, uneducated young women worst off. Even though education makes a difference, around 40% of those with secondary education in rural areas are in working poverty. Urban residents do better, whether they have education or not 1 in 5 of those with no education are in working poverty, compared with 1 in 10 of those with secondary schooling. In Brazil, by contrast, working poverty is much less of a problem. Very few youth with at least secondary education work for less than US$1.25 per day. But here, too, there are around 1/3 of rural youth with no more than primary education, mostly working on farms, whose earnings are not enough to take them out of poverty.
Youth unemployment Male Female Urban Rural Primary Secondary 0 g Brazil 10 20 30% 0 10 20
Youth working poverty
30
40
50
60%
g Cameroon
Source: UNESCO, Education for all Global Monitoring Report 2012
53
Spotlight: The poor (s) choice unemployed or badly paid
BOX: Starting a business (Gallup World Poll findings) In the next 3 years, 34% of youth who do not own a business are planning to start one1 50% of youth who have thought about starting a business are planning to start one in the next 12 months2 23% of youth who already own a business have formally registered it3 Young business owners were more likely than adults to say that a very important reason they started their business was that they could not find suitable work (66% compared to 59%); while adults were more likely to say that they had seen an opportunity to make more money (70% compared to 66%)4 To become a young entrepreneur, access to professional finance is the main obstacle How many businesses have you started? 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50%
Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2009, 2010, 20115
Access to start-up capital for African youth Proportion of youth who have access to the money they need to start a business % 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
Algeria Mauritius Botswana Liberia Tanzania Swaziland Chad Tunisia South Africa Malawi Kenya Somaliland Mauritania Angola Mozambique Morocco Lesotho Uganda CAR Nigeria Comoros Ghana Zambia Congo Gabon Cameroon Egypt Congo Dem. Rep. Niger Guinea Sierra Leone Mali Rwanda Burundi Burkina Faso Djibouti Togo Madagascar Senegal Benin
Imagine you wanted to start a business and needed money to do so. Where would you primarily go?
12% 16% 65% 7%
g Friends & family g Savings group g Banks g Others
1 Questions: "Do you currently own a business?" and "Are you planning to start a business in the next 3 years?" 2 Questions: "Do you currently own a business?" and "Are you planning to start your own business in the next 12 months, or not?" 3 Questions: "Do you currently own a business?" and "Have you formally registered your business, or not?" 4 Questions: "Please tell me if the following was a very important reason why you started this business: "You could not find a suitable job" and "You saw an opportunity to make more money." 5 Question: "How many businesses have you ever started? Please also include any that no longer exist." 6 Question: Do you have access to the money you would need if you wanted to start a business?
54
The main obstacles to opening a business are access to finance, lack of electricity and red tape - African companies cite limited access to finance and lack of energy infrastructure as the main obstacles - Risk factors and corruption aside, all companies (including foreign), cite administrative red tape and living costs or conditions - Of the 15 countries in the world with most delays to register a company, 6 are African - Renting an office in Lagos is more expensive than in Manhattan or Dubai1 - 10 African cities feature in the worlds 20 worst for city liveability: Lagos (3rd), Harare (4th), Algiers (5th), Tripoli (7th), Douala (8th), Abidjan (9th), Dakar (11th), Lusaka (14th), Nairobi (16th), Cairo (19th) The main obstacles to hiring a "young, valuable candidate" are cost, experience and job readiness2 - The most cited obstacles are too expensive, lack of work experience, job readiness (particularly in Nigeria, Kenya and Egypt), and technical skills (particularly in South Africa and Senegal)
African enterprises citing factor in their top 3 obstacles for growth 0 Macroeconomic conditions & instability Political instability Limited access to financing Lack of electricity Expensive labour Limited space to expand High costs to operate (excluding labour) Lack of business support services No opportunities for growth Poor transport infrastructure Insufficient skills or education of employees Regulatory & administrative obstacles Lack of telecom Tight labour laws Other legal obstacles
Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, 2012
20
30
40
50
60%
2012 IIAG results in Access to Electricity 22 countries score 0: Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, So Tom & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe. Only 3 countries score 75 (the highest for the indicator): Lesotho, Seychelles, Tunisia
Source: Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2012 IIAG
Difficulty of doing business: Number of days taken to register a new company World rank 2nd 4th 10th 12th 14th 15th Number of days 161 135 90 84 68 66 Country DRC Equatorial Guinea Zimbabwe Eritrea Angola Namibia
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business Survey, 2012
1 Source: The Economist, Pocket World In Figures, 2013 2 For example, punctuality and dependability
55
The main obstacles to employment
Obstacles to recruitment as cited by employers (%)

African average Good candidates too expensive Lack work experience Lack job readiness1 Lack technical skills Lack education South Africa Lack technical skills Good candidates too expensive Lack work experience Tight labour laws Lack job readiness1 Nigeria Good candidates too expensive Lack job readiness
1
Senegal
56 33 28 27 21
Good candidates too expensive Lack technical skills Lack work experience Lack job readiness Lack education Egypt
1
68 38 38 29 28
24 22 18 16
Good candidates too expensive Lack job readiness1 Lack work experience Lack technical skills Lack education Kenya
56 34 32 31 28
16
61 39
Good candidates too expensive Lack work experience Lack job readiness1 Lack education Lack technical skills
75 42 27 20 17
Lack work experience Lack technical skills Have high turnover2
34
24
23
Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, 2012
Key labour market barriers for youth Supply Mismatch in technical skills Mismatch in non-technical skills Demand
Job skills
Slow job-growth economy Employer discrimination
Aggregate and labour demand
Search
Inadequate job matching Poor signalling
Lack of access to capital (financial, physical or social)
Start-ups
Source: ILO, Global Employment Trends for Youth, 2010
1 For example, punctuality and dependability 2 Reduces employer willingness to invest in hiring/training new employees
56
ParticiPation: towards new democratic tools
Less than a 1/4 of African youth surveyed by Gallup think their country is a full democracy, and less than 1/2 are satisfied with their democracy1 Less than 1/2 of the youth have confidence in the honesty of elections Since 2000, youth voter turnout has declined in most countries, except Tanzania, Uganda and Malawi In some African countries, youth have more confidence in the military than in government While a majority believe that violence is not justified in politics, youth are in general more likely to believe that it is than adults (South Africa, Lesotho and Nigeria are exceptions) Youth confidence in elections
Gabon Chad Morocco Angola Comoros Kenya DRC Zambia Congo Zimbabwe Mauritania Swaziland Madagascar Sierra Leone Uganda Senegal Tunisia Malawi Liberia Mozambique Lesotho Algeria Tanzania Togo Burkina Faso Cameroon Nigeria Mali CAR Benin Egypt Mauritius Djibouti Niger Guinea Ghana South Africa Botswana Burundi
0
20
40
60
80
% 100 80 60 40 20 0
Youth voter turnout

Botswana Ghana Lesotho Malawi Mali Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Source: Afrobarometer, Afrobarometer Round 1 - 4, data for 2001, 2004, 2005, 20083
1 Questions: In your opinion how much of a democracy is your country today? and Overall, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in your country? 2 Question: In your country, do you have confidence in the honesty of elections? 3 Question: With regard to the most recent election, did you vote?
57
a failing belief in democracy
Young africans confidence in... Government Judiciary Police Military 0 20 40 60%

Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth
can violence be justified in politics? Botswana South Africa Lesotho Malawi Ghana Zimbabwe Senegal Nigeria Zambia Kenya Tanzania Namibia Uganda Mali Mozambique Cape Verde
g Yes g Neutral g No
Young africans are rather optimistic, and more interested in the economy than in freedom 56% of African youth are interested in current affairs. Urban youth have a higher level of interest than rural youth Across a majority of countries, the economy is perceived as the most important national priority, followed by freedom
economic conditions Youth 0 20 40 60 80 100%
g Better g Same g Worse
living conditions Youth 0 20 40 60 80 100%
interest in current affairs Female Male 0-8 9-15 Years in education 15+ Rural Urban Youth Level of interest
g Low g High
First priority Youth 0 20 40 60 80 100%

g Order g Giving people power g Freedom g Economy
second priority Youth 0 20 40 60 80 100%
4 Questions: In your country, do you have confidence in the national government?, In your country, do you have confidence in the judicial system and courts?, In your country, do you have confidence in the local police?, In your country, do you have confidence in the military?. 5 Question: Which of the following statements comes closest to your view: The use of violence is never justified in politics; or, it is sometimes necessary to use violence in support of a just cause. 6 Questions: Looking ahead, do you expect the economic conditions in your country to be better or worse in twelve months time? and Looking ahead, do you expect your living conditions to be better or worse in twelve months time?. 7 Question: With respect to how much attention you pay to current affairs, would you say that you... Do not pay much attention, , Pay a lot of attention. 8 Questions: What is the most important national priority? and What is the second most important national priority? 58
radio: much more influential than newspapers - In the countries surveyed by Gallup, radio is the preferred source of information with a 70% preference, followed by TV with 19%. Internet remains far behind with only 2% of young users relying on it as a primary source of information - South Africa is the only country in which radio is not the preferred option, as 61.2% of youth prefer TV as the primary source of information - TV is the secondary source of information for most youth. In Zimbabwe 39.3% of the youth use it as a primary source of information; 37.7% in Cameroon; 30.2% in Ghana and 27.9% in Senegal Youth media consumption newspapers No attention Some attention A lot of attention No attention television Some attention A lot of attention
0
radio No attention Some attention A lot of attention
Days of newspapers per week
Days of television per week 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7 654 3 2 1
internet: still limited by bandwidth - Cyber cafes are youths most frequent internet connection locations in the following surveyed countries: Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda. In Senegal, almost 40% of youth use cyber cafes - The workplace is widely used as an internet connection location in South Africa international internet bandwidth 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 50,000 0 87,395
Bits per internet user
Africa
Arab States
Asia & Pacific
Days of radio per week 6 5 4 3 2 1
World
Europe
Source: ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database, 2011
% 50 40 30 20 10 0
Fas o R Ma li
Have you used the internet in the past 12 months?
g Adult
g Youth
ne
ad
roo n
Tan zan ia
ria
ica
tsw an a
Ken ya
Nig e
ega
eri
an
Ca me
Sen
Sou th
rra
rki
Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2010 9 Questions: With respect to how much attention you pay to current affairs, would you say that you... Do not pay much attention, , Pay a lot of attention, In a typical week, how many days in a week do you read daily newspapers?, In a typical week, how many days in a week do you listen to the radio? and In a typical week, how many days in a week do you watch TV?
Bu
Sie
59
Bo
Ug an d
CA
Ch
Leo
Nig e
na
Lib
Gh
Afr
a highly connected generation
mobile phones: a striking rise, especially in mobile-banking - The extraordinary rise in mobile cellular subscription continues - Mobile phone ownership remains higher among adults, except in Mauritius where youth ownership exceeds that of adults by 25% - However, ownership might mask household usage, and mobile ownership and subscription are not necessarily related - Of the top 20 countries using mobile banking, 15 are African - In Kenya, Sudan and Gabon, more than 1/2 of the population use mobile banking Fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular subscriptions
Per 100 inhabitants
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
Mobile-cellular subscriptions, developed regions Fixed-telephone subscriptions, developed regions Mobile-cellular subscriptions, developing regions Fixed-telephone subscriptions, developing regions
Source: UNDP, MDG Report 2012
% 25 20 15 10 5 0
mobile phone ownership: Youth vs. adults
Mauritius Lesotho Sierra Leone Ghana CAR Gabon Nigeria Guinea Botswana Burundi Swaziland DRC Mali Malawi Angola Cameroon Togo Kenya Mozambique Madagascar Rwanda Tanzania Senegal Chad Benin Congo Niger Zambia Uganda
Sierra Leone
Niger
Ghana
Uganda
Liberia
Kenya
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
g Youth is higher
g Adult is higher
g 2 mobile phones
g 3 or more mobile phones
mobile banking users world rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 13th 15th 20th country Kenya Sudan Gabon Algeria Congo Somalia Uganda Angola Tanzania Swaziland Liberia Mauritania Chad Nigeria % Population 68 52 50 44 37 34 27 26 23 20 19 19 18 13
sms: a modern weapon? Many analysts consider hate text messages to have exacerbated ethnic violence during the Kenyan 2007 elections Political parties in Kenya now require the approval of state regulators in order to send bulk text messages to voters
Source: BBC News Africa
60
Nigeria
Mali
Chad
CAR
% Proportion of mobile phone owners with more than one phone 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Global heatmap of twitter users

morocco 745,620
number of tweets (top 20 african countries)

tunisia 61,920 libya 3,096 egypt 1,214,062
algeria 103,200 mali 34,916
niger 7,052 nigeria 1,646,212 cameroon 30,444 Gabon 2,322 angola 14,620
sudan 25,284 ethiopia 6,450 Kenya 2,476,800
Burkina Faso 6,536 Ghana 2,150
congo 2,408
rwanda 92,880
Source: Beevolve
namibia 12,384 south africa 5,030,226
Facebook: world's lowest penetration Facebook statistics World rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Continent Users (millions) Penetration (%) Europe 241.8 29.8 Asia 234.4 6.1 North America 227.8 43.1 South America 129.3 32.6 Africa 44.2 4.7 Australia & Oceania 14.1 40.5 africa: User age distribution on Facebook egypt nigeria drc south africa
Source: Portland Communications and Tweetminster, How Africa Tweets, 2012
Age g 13-15 g 16-17 g 18-24 g 25-34 g 35-44 g 45-54 g 55-64 g 65+

Source: Socialbakers
61
twitter: african users younger than elsewhere - The majority of Africas Tweeters are younger than elsewhere 60% are 21-29 years old (average worldwide is 39) - 22% of Twitter users in Africa rely on Twitter as a primary source of information on employment opportunities - 76% use it for international news - At world level, Arabic is the fastest growing language on Twitter. Its message volume has multiplied by 22 in the past year. It is now the 8th most used language on Twitter, and Arabic messages represent 1% of all public tweets
Spotlight: The median age of African leaders is 3 times the median age of the population The gap between the leaders age and the median age in his country is highest for Zimbabwe (70 years), Kenya (61 years), Cameroon (60 years), Zambia (58 years) and So Tom (57 years) It is the lowest for Madagascar (20 years), DRC (21 years), Swaziland (24 years), Togo (27 years), Gambia (28 years), Lesotho (26 years) and Morocco (22 years) age and tenure of african leaders and prominent global leaders MUGABE Zimbabwe KIBAKI Kenya BIYA Cameroon POHAMBA Namibia BOUTEFLIKA Algeria DA COSTA So Tom and Prncipe SATA Zambia CONDE Guinea JOHNSON SIRLEAF Liberia AL-MAQARYAF Libya DOS SANTOS Angola OUATTARA Cte d'Ivoire OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO Eq. Guinea TRAORE Mali ZUMA South Africa GUEBUZA Mozambique SASSOU-NGUESSO Congo MICHEL Seychelles AL-BASHIR Sudan MUSEVENI Uganda MARZOUKI Tunisia BOZIZE Central African Republic ISAIAS AFEWERKI Eritrea RAMGOOLAM Mauritius GUELLEH Djibouti FONSECA Cape Verde BANDA Malawi KIKWETE Tanzania COMPAORE Burkina Faso MORSI Egypt KIIR South Sudan YAYI Boni Benin DEBY Chad ISSOUFOU Niger KHAMA Botswana KOROMA Sierra Leone MAHAMUD Somalia ABDEL AZIZ Mauritania KAGAME Rwanda NHAMADJO Guinea-Bissau JONATHAN Nigeria BONGO ONDIMBA Gabon DRAMANI MAHAMA Ghana DHOININE Comoros SALL Senegal LETSIE III Lesotho MOHAMMED VI Morocco NKURUNZIZA Burundi HAILEMARIAM DESALEGN Ethiopia JAMMEH Gambia Length of tenure (to 2012) GNASSINGBE Togo MSWATI III Swaziland Median age of population KABILA Congo, Dem. Rep. RAJOELINA Madagascar MUKHERJEE India JINTAO China ROUSSEFF Brazil PUTIN Russia OBAMA USA CAMERON UK 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
62
Source: CIA, CIA World Factbook
Young CoMMiTMenTs
goal 1. goal 2. goal 3.
Millenium Development goal "eradicate extreme poverty and hunger" "Achieve universal primary education" "Promote gender equality and empower women"
goal 4. goal 5. goal 6.
"Reduce child mortality" "improve maternal health" "Combat HiV/AiDs, malaria and other diseases"
goal 8.
"Develop a global partnership for development"
Direct or indirect youth-specific target Indirect Target 8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds Target 9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Target 10. Ratio of literate women to men, ages 15-24 Indirect Indirect Target 18. HIV prevalence among pregnant women ages 15-24 years Target 19. % of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive and correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS Target 20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years Target 45. Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years, by sex
Source: World Bank, World Development Report, 2007
Rio+20 un Conference on sustainable Development - 2012 Rio+20 statement in the Future We Want: We stress the importance of the active participation of young people in decision making processes as the issues we are addressing have a deep impact on present and future generations, and as the contribution of children and youth is vital to the achievement of sustainable development. We also recognise the need to promote intergenerational dialogue and solidarity by recognising their views.
African Youth Charter - 2006 The African Youth Charter is a political and legal framework for youth empowerment and development activities at continental, regional and national levels. The Charter was informed by research commissioned by the African Union Commission (AUC) on the state of African youth. Following consultations with member states and youth organisations, the charter was adopted by youth, experts and ministers and finally endorsed by Heads of Government in July 2006. Key issues affecting youth in the areas of employment; sustainable livelihood; education; skills development; health; youth participation; national youth policy; peace and security; law enforcement; youth in the diaspora and youth with disabilities, among others, are addressed. The Charter calls on state parties to ensure freedom of movement, expression, private life and property. The Charter outlines a number of shared responsibilities for the AUC and youth. The AUC will: collaborate with governmental, non-governmental institutions and developmental partners to identify best practices on youth policy formulation and implementation, encourage the adaptation of principles and experiences among States Parties, and invite States Parties to include youth representatives as part of their delegations to the ordinary sessions of the African Union and other relevant meetings of the policy organs, in order to broaden channels of communication and enhance the discussion of youth-related issues. Youth will: contribute to the promotion of the economic development of their countries and the continent by placing their intellectual and physical abilities at its service. The Charter is a unique opportunity to unite the youth movement in Africa to speak the same language and move along the same strategic programming lines.
Source: African Union
African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) 2 Youth focused questions: What concrete measures have been taken to promote and protect the rights of the youth? What policies and strategies are put in place for combating unemployment, particularly among the youth?
Source: African Union, Revised Country Self-Assessment Questionnaire for the African Peer Review Mechanism, 2012
63
Young CoMMiTMenTs
Millennium Development goals - 2000
Young CoMMiTMenTs
Ratification of the African Youth Charter
Madeira
MOROCCO
Canary Is.
TUNISIA A L G E R I A
L I B Y A E G Y P T
M A U R I TA N I A SENEGAL GAMBIA GUINEA BISSAU G U I N E A SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA
M A L I N I G E R BURKINA FASO
CHAD
ERITREA S U D A N DJIBOUTI SOMALIA ETHIOPIA
BENIN GHANA IVORY TOGO COAST
NIGERIA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
CAMEROON EQUATORIAL GUINEA

So Tom & Principe
GABON CONGO
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO RWANDA
UGANDA K E N Y A
BURUNDI
SEYCHELLES
TANZANIA A N G O L A Z A M B I A NAMIBIA MALAWI MOZAMBIQUE ZIMBABWE BOTSWANA
Aldabra Is. Farquhar Is.
COMOROS
MADAGASCAR
Runion
Mauritius
SWAZILAND
g Ratified and deposited (30 member states) g Signed (39 member states) g Not signed (5 member states)
Source: African Union
LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA
64
Cape Verde has the youngest Minister with responsibility for this portfolio (33) The oldest Minister with responsibility for this portfolio is in Burundi (63)
Ministry portfolio Youth, Industry and Human Resource Development Youth Youth and Sports Youth Development, Indigenization, and Empowerment Youth and Sport Youth Development Youth and Civil Service Promotion Civic Education and Youth Education, Culture, Youth, and Sports Youth and Sports Youth and National Service, Sport, and Culture Youth, Training, and Employment Youth, Sport and Culture Youth and Sports Grassroots Development, Crafts, and Youth Employment Youth and Sports Youth and Sports Youth and Sport Youth and Sport Employment, Professional Development, and Youth Youth, Employment, and Sports Information, Youth, Culture, and Sports Women, Youth, Children, and People with Disabilities Youth and Sports Youth, Sport and Culture Youth and Civic Education Youth, Sports, and Culture Culture, Youth, and Sports National Education, Research, Culture, Arts, Youth and Sports Youth, Sports, Recreation and Tourism Youth and Sports Youth Youth and Sports Women, Children, and Youth Affairs Youth and Youth Employment National Education, Culture, Science, Youth, and Sports Gender, Youth, Sports, and Recreation Youth and Leisure Youth, Sports, and Civic Education Youth and Sports Culture, Youth, and Sports Youth and Sports Youth and Sport Youth, Sports, and Culture Youth and ICT Press, Youth, and Sports Youth and Sports (Somalia, Federal Republic of) Culture, Youth, and Sports Youth and Sports Sports, Culture, and Youth Affairs Youth and Sports Youth and Sport Minister Janira Isabel Fonseca Hopffer Almada Jessica Alupo Fathi Tarbil Savior Kasukuwere Mohammed Ouzzine Bolaji Abdullahi Alain Michel Lobognon Anatole Collinet Makosso Seraphin Moundounga Didier Aplogan-Djibode Kazenambo Kazenambo Aly Koto Ndiaye Shaw Kgathi Sheriff M. L. Gomez Victoire Sidemeho Tomegah-Dogbe Mohamed Tahmi Helen Jepkemoi Sambili S. Tornorlah Varpilah Gonalves Manuel Muandumba Achille Marie Joseph Tapsoba Paul Kamara Fenella Ephraim Mukangara Lulu Xingwana Kofi Humado Jean-Jacques Nyenimigabo Ismasl Bidoung Kpwatt Desire Kolingba Djibert Younous Mohamed Issimaila Hasna Daoud Barkat Banza Mukalayi Sungu Osama Yassin Francisco Pascual Obama Asue Zenebu Tadesse Sanoussy Gbatama Sow Artur da Silva Thesele 'Maseribane Jacques Randriatiana Enoch Chakufwa Chihana Hameye Foune Mahalmadane Cisse Mint Cheikh Ould Boide Satyaprakash Rittoo Pedrito Fuleda Caetano Kounou Hassane Jean Philbert Nsengimana Maria De Cristo Da Costa Carvalho Mohamed Jirte Hussein Cirino Hiteng Ofuho Al-Fatih Tag-Alsir Abdullah Hlobsile Ndlovu Tarik Diab Chishimba Kambwili Age of minister 33 38 40 41 43 43 44 47 48 49 49 49 50 52 52 53 53 53 55 56 56 56 57 59 63 unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
Country CAPE VERDE UGANDA LIBYA ZIMBABWE MOROCCO NIGERIA CTE D'IVOIRE CONGO GABON BENIN NAMIBIA SENEGAL BOTSWANA GAMBIA TOGO ALGERIA KENYA LIBERIA ANGOLA BURKINA FASO SIERRA LEONE TANZANIA SOUTH AFRICA GHANA BURUNDI CAMEROON CAR CHAD COMOROS DJIBOUTI DRC EGYPT EQUATORIAL GUINEA ETHIOPIA GUINEA GUINEA-BISSAU LESOTHO MADAGASCAR MALAWI MALI MAURITANIA MAURITIUS MOZAMBIQUE NIGER RWANDA SO TOM SOMALIA SOUTH SUDAN SUDAN SWAZILAND TUNISIA ZAMBIA
Source: Birmingham University, Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC)
65
Young CoMMiTMenTs
Youth ministries
Young CoMMiTMenTs
Best practices... Rwanda: Raise the HAPPi generation government portfolio: Ministry of Youth and ICT This ministry aims to promote youth development and to integrate and disseminate ICT through policy, strategy and action to empower both public and private sectors. Major youth programmes Agaciro Kanjye: a mobilisation pilot programme for the 2012-2013 financial year to make youth go back to the traditional practice of Kwiharika, whereby each young person will have to own a productive asset (such as a small business, a couple of fruit trees etc.) and to be encouraged to learn about saving at an early age. Neighbours Eye: a campaign with a mission to empower communities, to create a safe country, responding to crises, drug abuse and violence prevention, ensuring the health and wellbeing of the youth and promoting development of good character and citizenship. Youth Access to Finance: a programme based on 2 pillars that address financial and non-financial barriers respectively. Provides enhanced financial access and improve financial literacy through capacity building and training. Youth Empowerment for Global Opportunity (YEGO): an integrated approach to tackle youth socio-economic development issues, with a special focus on youth employment promotion. Vision for the youth sector: to raise a HAPPi generation H: Healthy A: Attitude, Aptitude P: Patriotic P: Productive i: innovative
Source: Republic of Rwanda: Ministry of Youth & ICT [accessed October 2012]
ghana: The 2010 national youth policy The 2010 national Youth Policy is oriented around 11 key principles: patriotism, self-reliance, honesty and integrity, participation, equity, access, leadership, good-governance, gender mainstreaming, respect, coordination and collaboration. it provides a policy framework prioritising action in 19 separate areas, including education and skills training; ICT; employment; entrepreneurial development; youth in modern agriculture; gender mainstreaming; environment; Health, HIV and AIDS; networking and partnership; mentoring; arts and culture; governance, democracy and leadership; sports and recreation; youth in conflict prevention and peace building; national youth week; youth and vulnerability; youth patriotism and volunteerism; and, finally, nationalism and conscientisation of youth. It emphasises 9 priority groups for concern: post-basic and secondary school drop-outs; students in tertiary institutions; out-of-school, unemployed and under-employed youth; female youth; pregnant adolescent youth and education; youth in crime and violence related problems; youth at risk; youth with disability and health challenges; youth with special talents.
Source: Birmingham University, Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), 2012
African economic outlook (Aeo) recommendation on how to promote youth employment Governments must improve their response. They are showing a lot of activity to confront the youth employment challenge but many government programmes are dysfunctional and unlikely to have a significant impact on youth employment given the size of the employment problem and the barriers faced by the private sector in Africa. AEO country experts consider programmes to promote youth employment to be dysfunctional in 21 countries and well-developed only in Morocco. Initiatives providing training and promoting entrepreneurship are the most frequent government interventions. Several governments engage in temporary job creation through public works programmes. But there is little evidence of their impact on longer-term jobs. Among the big shortcomings of youth employment interventions is a general lack of knowledge on what works well and what does not, which is closely linked to the extreme paucity of employment data available for Africa. A second obstacle is a frequent lack of co-ordination between government agencies leading to scattered, sometimes even competing, efforts that are not integrated into an effective strategy.
66
All African countries increased their e-Government performance in 2012 but declined in comparative performance around the world, with the exception of Kenya and Morocco, which gained in world rankings Countries with government websites that include Follow us on Facebook or Twitter Africa Cte d'ivoire DRC eq. guinea ethiopia ghana guinea Bissau Morocco nigeria somalia south Africa sudan Tunisia Latin & Central America Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Belize Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Honduras Mexico Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Azerbajan Bahrain Georgia Iraq Israel Japan Malaysia Mongolia Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Korea Saudi Arabia Singapore Thailand UAE Uzbekistan
government websites providing a statement that promotes open government data initiative Europe Asia World Americas Oceania Africa 0 10 20 30 40 50 60%
e-government development Top ranked countries in Africa

e-gov. development index* Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Country Seychelles Mauritius South Africa Tunisia Egypt Cape Verde Kenya Morocco Botswana Namibia Regional Average World Average 2012 0.5192 0.5066 0.4869 0.4833 0.4611 0.4297 0.4212 0.4209 0.4186 0.3937 0.2780 0.4882 2010 0.4179 0.4645 0.4306 0.4826 0.4518 0.4054 0.3338 0.3287 0.3637 0.3314 0.2733 0.4406 World e-gov. development ranking 2012 84 93 101 103 107 118 119 120 121 123 2010 104 77 97 66 86 108 124 126 117 125
e-government development index 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2003 2004 2005 Africa 2008 2010 2012 Americas Asia World average Oceania Europe
Source: UN, UN e-Government Survey 2012 * The UN e-Government development index (EGDI) is a composite indicator measuring the willingness and capacity of national administrations to use information and communication technology to deliver public services. The assessment conducted by UNDESA rates the e-government performance of countries relative to one another as opposed to being an absolute measurement
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Young CoMMiTMenTs
Spotlight: e-Government
AnnEx 1: Annex: R REGIOnAL ECOnOMIC COMMUnITY (REC) FACTCARDS
AnnEx
REC Summary REC (number of countries) CEN-SAD COMESA EAC ECCAS ECOWAS IGAD SADC AMU (29) (19) (5) (10) (15) (6) (15) (5) Total youth population (millions) 109 91 28 28 59 44 56 17 Median age (years) 19 17 18 18 19 18 19 27 Total GDP ($billion) 847 455 83 208 364 140 655 339 Average GDP per capita ($) 1533 1206 584 1501 1178 663 2338 3812
Community of Sahel-Saharan States CEn-SAD Total population Youth population (age 15 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%) 552.8 million 108.6 million 19 62 52.9 847.2 billion 1532.5 + 3.3
29 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Rep., Chad, Comoros, Cte dIvoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, niger, nigeria, So Tom & Prncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence No No (not operative) No
Protocols affecting students Holders of diplomatic passports are exempt from visa obligations within the CEN-SAD zone. To be extended to students Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA Total population Youth population (age 15 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%) 443.8 million 90.7 million 17 61 42.5 455.4 billion 1026.0 + 3.5
19 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Burundi, Comoros, DRC, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence No Yes - http://www.comesa.int/ 274 likes on Facebook @comesa_lusaka
Protocols affecting students The COMESA Treaty, although not operative, has provision for students: encourage technical and student exchange programmes among the Member States
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Total population Youth population (age 15 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%)
141.9 million 28.2 million 18 63 13.6 82.8 billion 584.0 + 5.0
5 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence Yes - EAC Youth & Children Strategic Plan http://www.gender.eac.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=127&Itemid=93 Yes - http://www.eac.int/ 581 likes on Facebook @jumuiya
Protocols affecting students Free Movement of Persons of the EAC Common Market: student pass shall be issued free of charge and renewed annually over the duration of the study EAC countries have agreed to develop a framework for mutual recognition of professional qualifications Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS (CEEAC) Total population Youth population (age 15 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%) 138.6 million 27.5 million 18 63 13.3 207.9 billion 1500.6 + 3.9
10 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Rep., Chad, Congo, DRC, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, So Tom & Prncipe REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence Protocols affecting students Students are guaranteed freedom of movement Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS (CEDEAO) Total population Youth population (age 15 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%) 308.7 million 59.2 million 19 60 29.6 363.7 billion 1178.3 + 3.9 No Yes http://www.ceeac-eccas.org/ No
15 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cte dIvoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, niger, nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence Yes - Youth Programme under the Department of Gender Development, Youth/Sports, Civil Society, Employment and Drug Control http://www.comm.ecowas.int/dept/stand.php?id=e_e2_ brief&lang=en - The ECOWAS authority has created a Youth Centre which is currently based in Burkina Faso Yes - http://www.ecowas.int/ 967 likes on Facebook @ecowashr (not active since 2010)
Protocols affecting students Given the existence and the operational status of the ECOWAS passport, ECOWAS students have mobility within the region In 2001, ECOWAS signed the Protocol on Education and Training to harmonise education certificates
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AnnEx
East African Community EAC
AnnEx
Intergovernmental Authority on Development - IGAD Total population Youth population (age 15 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%) 211.0 million 44.3 million 18 64 20.2 139.8 billion 662.6 + 3.9
6 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence Protocols affecting students No Yes - http://igad.int/ 54 likes on Facebook @icpac_igad, @igaddata, @igadsecretariat (inactive since 2010) None
Southern African Development Community - SADC Total population Youth population (age 15 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%) 280.0 million 55.5 million 19 63 26.8 654.8 billion 2338.3 + 3.6
15 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Angola, Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence No Yes - http://www.sadc.int/ 220 likes on Facebook @sadcwater @sadc2010 (not active since 2011)
Protocols affecting students The SADC Protocol on Education and Training: to work towards the relaxation and eventual elimination of immigration formalities in order to facilitate freer movement of students and staff within the Region for the specific purposes of study Regarding access to universities, Member States agree to recommend to universities and other tertiary institutions in their countries to reserve at least 5% of admission, for students from SADC nations
Arab Maghreb Union AMU (UMA) InACTIVE Total population Youth population (age 15 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%) 88.9 million 17.4 million 27 64 8.5 338.8 billion 3811.9 + 2.1
5 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence Protocols affecting students No Yes - http://www.maghrebarabe.org/en/ 25 likes on Facebook @sg_uma None
Source: UNECA, AU & AfDB 2012; WDI, data for 2010, 2011; UNDESA, data for 2010
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AnnEx 2: EMPLOYMEnT DEFInITIOnS
Employment Working age population = persons aged 15-64 as a % of the total population. Labour force = persons who work or are unemployed during a reference period. Also known as current economically active population. Usually economically active population is measured over a longer reference period (not equal to labour force). Participation rate = share of the working age population that is in the labour force as a % of the working age population. Employed population = people in paid employment or self-employed. Persons above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of goods and services and are either in: paid employment continued receipt of wage/salary, apprentices, Armed Forces. self-employment employers, own-account workers, unpaid family workers, people producing goods/services for family consumption. temporarily not at work but have a formal attachment to a job. informal sector. Includes all persons who had a job or enterprise but were absent from that job or enterprise during that period on a temporary basis, e.g. maternity leave, strike etc. Students/homemakers who satisfy the above criteria. Youth employment-to-population ratio = ratio of the number of young employed persons to population. Own-account worker = a person who operates his or her own economic enterprise, or engages independently in a profession or trade, and hires no employees. Unpaid family worker = a person who works without pay in an economic enterprise operated by a related person living in the same household. Contributing family worker = a person who holds a self-employment job in an establishment operated by a related person living in the same household, who cannot be regarded as a partner, because their degree of commitment is not at a level comparable to that of the head of the establishment. Working poor = workers who are members of households living in extreme poverty. Informal employment rate = share of informal employment in non-agricultural employment as a % of total employment. Informal employment includes employment in informal sector enterprises and informal jobs in formal firms. Informal employment in agriculture is generally measured separately. Vulnerable employment rate = share of own-account workers and contributing family workers as a % of total employment. Decent work = opportunities for men and women to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity. Unemployment Unemployed population = persons not working but available to work and looking for work. Persons above a specified age who are available to, but do not, furnish the supply of labour for the production of goods and services. Persons temporarily absent from their jobs with no formal job attachment. Persons not in employment who would have accepted a suitable job or started an enterprise during the reference period if the opportunity arose, and who had actively looked for ways to obtain a job or start an enterprise in the near past. Students/homemakers who satisfy the above criteria. Unemployment rate = share of the labour force that is unemployed as a % of the labour force. Youth unemployment rate = share of the labour force age 15-24 that is unemployed as a % of the youth labour force. Ratio of youth-to-adult unemployment rates = ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult unemployment rate. Inactivity Inactivity rate = share of the working-age population that is not in the labour force as a % of the working age population. By definition, the inactivity rate and the labour force participation rate will add up to 100 %. Inactivity rate of youth = share of all young persons who are neither employed nor unemployed as a % of total youth population. Youth not in school or at work = persons age 15-24 not engaged in education, employment or training. NEET = Not in employment, education or training. Youth discouraged worker rate = share of all young persons who are without work and available for work but did not seek work (and therefore could not be classified as unemployed) because they felt that no work would be available to them as a % of the youth labour force. According to the standard classification system, the discouraged worker is counted among the inactive, although many analysts would like to see the number of discouraged workers added to the unemployed to give a broader measure of the unutilised supply of labour.
Source: ILO
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ACROnYMS
AC AEO AfDB APRM ASEAN ATS AU AUC BRICS CAR CIA CODESRIA CSR DDR DRC DFID EC EGDI FAO FIFA GEM GHI GSDRC GSHS GYTS HRW ICT IIAG IRIN IFAD IFPRI IMF ITU KILM MIF MDG OECD REC UAE UIS UN UNAIDS UNCDF UNCTAD UNDESA UNDP UNECA UNESCO UNFPA UN-HABITAT UNICEF UNODC VE WB WHO
Africa Commission African Economic Outlook African Development Bank African Peer Review Mechanism Association of Southeast Asian Nations Amphetamine-Type Stimulants African Union African Union Commission Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa Central African Republic Central Intelligence Agency Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa Corporate Social Responsibility Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Congo, Democratic Republic Department for International Development European Commission E-Government Development Index Food and Agriculture Organization Fdration Internationale de Football Association Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Global Hunger Index Birmingham University Governance and Social Development Resource Centre Global School-based Student Health Survey Global Youth Tobacco Survey Human Rights Watch Information and Communication Technology Ibrahim Index of African Governance Integrated Regional Information Networks International Fund for Agricultural Development International Food Policy Research Institute International Monetary Fund International Telecommunications Union Key Indicators of the Labour Market Mo Ibrahim Foundation Millennium Development Goals Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Regional Economic Community United Arab Emirates UNESCO Institute for Statistics United Nations Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS United Nations Capital Development Fund United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Development Programme United Nations Economic Commission for Africa United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Population Fund United Nations Human Settlements Programme United Nations Childrens Fund United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Vulnerable Employment International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: The World Bank World Health Organization
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DYNAMICS. Government programmes to promote youth employment are dysfunctional in 21 countries More than 1/2 of tertiary educated people in Cape Verde, Gambia, Mauritius, Seychelles and Sierra Leone leave their country More than 20% of children under 15 take drugs in Ghana, Namibia and Zambia Agriculture is currently the main employer in Africa The main obstacles to opening a new business in Africa are finance, electricity, red tape and city liveability Employment in agriculture is the most vulnerable In some African countries, the youth have more confidence in the military than in government Wage employment accounts for less than 15% of youth employment in most African labour markets Less than 2% of African youth are studying agriculture Eritrea, Angola and Central African Republic spend more on defence than on education Job creation is the new currency of all leaders North African youth mainly hope to work in government or to be self-employed Less than 1/4 of African youth think their country is a full democracy The majority of Africas Tweeters are 10 years younger than elsewhere Almost 2/3 of young people living with HIV/AIDS in the world are in Africa In Kenya, Sudan and Gabon, more than 1/2 the population use mobile banking Arabic is the fastest growing language on Twitter In at least 13 countries, more than 15% of girls have sex before 15 The average pupil-teacher ratio in Africa ranges from 13 pupils in Seychelles to 81 in Central African Republic Youth voter turnout has declined in most countries, except Tanzania, Uganda, and Malawi Newspapers are the youths least preferred source of information Of the top 20 countries using mobile banking, 15 are African In Mozambique and Mali, almost 60% of 18 years old girls are pregnant or mothers More than 10% of boys under 15 currently smoke in at least 12 African countries African countries with the highest growth in agriculture also have the highest GDP growth Africas share of social sciences and humanities graduates is the highest in the world In Africa, tertiary educated people have the highest migration rate Remittances from sub-Saharan diaspora reached $21.5 billion in 2010 Of the 15 countries in the world with the highest % of households with 6 or more occupants, 4 are in North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is the worlds 2nd fastest growing region in GDP terms, after Asia Youth is a transient state
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African Youth: Fulfilling The Potential

Dakar, November 2012

2012 Ibrahim Forum Facts & Figures

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Africa's youth map

SenegAl BurkinA fASo

niger chAD SuDAn eritreA

gAMBiA guineA-BiSSAu guineA

DjiBouti cte D'iVoire ghAnA togo Benin

SierrA leone liBeriA

centrAl AfricAn rePuBlic

ugAnDA DeMocrAtic rePuBlic of congo

AngolA zAMBiA MAlAWi coMoroS

ziMBABWe BotSWAnA MozAMBique

SWAzilAnD South AfricA leSotho

Au Au Age 80 30 40 50 60 70 Varying age brackets 10 20 0 un Age 35 20 25 30 Life expectancy

Source: CIA, CIA World Factbook, data for 2011

Youth age brackets: institutional vs. domestic definitions

Median age of population

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

if end of youth = beginning of marriage Female Male

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2011

Source: Afrobarometer, Afrobarometer Round 4, data for 2008

Several entry points into adult life

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

Youth population trends (15-24) Projected 4

Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013

Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Millions g Africa g Asia g Europe g Latin America g North America

2000 164 670 101 101 44

2050 391 631 75 92 55

2100 505 502 76 73 61 Africa 41%

Youth total 2050 1,245 million

Youth total 2000 1,080 million

Youth total 1950 459 million Africa 9%

Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

Millions 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1970

Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Child dependency ratio

Old-age dependency ratio

Total dependency ratio

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4

Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4

Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4

Among African countries, maturing regional powerhouses South Africa

Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4 30 20 10

Age 90-94 75-79 60-64 45-49 30-34 15-19 0-4

Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth