EE 3093 - Laboratory Practice V

FAULT STUDY
Semester V

Instructed by: Miss Chenuka Group members:

090524P 090525U 090532M 090542T Thotbaduge U.S. Udageachachi E.H. Undugoda U.A.N.B. Wanniarachchi W.K.C.U.

Name Group Index no Field Conducted on Submission on

: U.A.N.B.Undugoda : G15 : 090532M : Electrical Engineering : 16/03/2012 : 30/03/2012

DISCUSSION
Importance of fault study A severe fault (insulation failure, flashover, physical damage or human error) can have catastrophic consequences on an electrical system. An Electrical Fault Analysis will provide the information required to determine if the interrupting capacities of the power system components, selection of switchgear, settings of relays and stability of system operation are adequate enough to protect the electrical power system. The fault Study can reduce the risk of the utility faces as well as help to avoid catastrophic losses. Electrical systems often go through changes without consideration of short circuit level and equipment rating changes. New buildings and installations aren't immune, and fault levels can vary between systems and locations. Keep in mind that ALL systems will fault at some point! A Fault Analysis Study will help to avoid extensive equipment and system damage, and personnel injury because of under-rated equipment in the event of a fault. Analogue methods of studying the fault flow in a system Symmetrical component method Can be used to study asymmetrical faults by decomposing the phase components in to positive, negative and zero components. Bus component method Can be used for analyzing both symmetrical and asymmetrical faults with the use of busbar impedance of the system. DC Network analyzer Generally, network analysis is any structured technique used to mathematically analyze a circuit (a network of interconnected components). Quite often the technician or engineer will encounter circuits containing multiple sources of power or component configurations which defy simplification by series/parallel analysis techniques. In those cases, he or she will be forced to use other means. Specifically in Electrical fault analysis (symmetrical and asymmetrical fault analysis) we use DC network analyzer method to model and simulate sequence components of electrical transmission lines. This

enables us to analyze the sequence components of a network. The sequential networks, bus bars can be connected independently and the sequential components can be read with means of metering equipment. Values of impedances can be adjusted. The values of the phase voltage and phase current can then be calculated by applying to the matrix equation. When taking measurements the per-unit values are taken. These values are multiplied by a common multiplication factor for the situation.
Importance of using sequence components: Symmetrical components are the name given to a methodology, which was discovered in 1913 by Charles Legeyt Fortescue who later presented a paper on his findings entitled, Method of Symmetrical Co-ordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase Networks. Fortescue demonstrated that any set of

unbalanced three-phase quantities could be expressed as the sum of three symmetrical sets of balanced phases. Using this tool, unbalanced system conditions, like those caused by common fault types may be visualized and analyzed. Additionally, most microprocessor based relays operate from symmetrical component quantities and so the importance of a good understanding of this tool is self-evident. By expanding a one-line diagram to show the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence impedances of generators, transformers and other devices including overhead lines and cables, analysis of such unbalanced conditions as a single line to ground short-circuit fault is greatly simplified.

The relationships between the sequence impedances for generators, transformers and transmission lines Each of the sequence currents (or voltages) will encounter a different impedance in the network. In other words, each network component will present a different impedance as seen be each of the sequences. The network components are: loads, transmission lines, generators and transformers. Generators Since the machine has rotation, the inductances seen will differ depending on the direction of rotation of the armature currents. Thus the negative sequence currents will appear to have twice line frequency. However, zero sequence currents will rotate with the windings, thus here we would see only the leakages. So that the generator has different values for positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence. Transmission Lines The transmission lines present the same geometry to the positive as well as the negative sequence currents. However, the zero-sequence impedance is much larger (in general). But the zero sequence

paths involve the earth wire and or the earth return path. Therefore zero sequence impedance is higher.

Transformers The shunt (magnetization and core losses representation,) is usually neglected since they have a high impedance and they represent less than 1% of the rated transformer power. Also, since the transformer has no rotating fields or components, all the sequence impedances are the same (though sometimes the zero sequence current does not have a path to flow.). In a balanced delta connection and also in a 3wire Y-connection, there will be no zero sequence currents outside the transformer; hence, these impedances will be represented with an open circuit (infinite zero-sequence impedance.) it is the convention to connect Y - D and D - Y transformers so that the high voltage side will lead the low voltage side by 30o (this is for the normal, or positive-sequence voltages.) For the negativesequence voltages, this phase shift would be -30o. The zero-sequence impedance will depend on the connection of the two sides of the transformer. These are shown schematically below; Four-wire Ys:

Four-wire Y-Y: Four-wire Y-Delta:

Y-Delta:

Delta-Delta:

The assumptions made in the fault studies More often for larger harmful currents for the equipment and livestock the need to know the exact values of the faults are unnecessary, they only needed to evaluate any threshold level for switchgear selection and relay co-ordination. Therefore 100% accuracy is needless and for the ease of performance and calculation following assumptions are made.

I.

All sources are balanced and equal in magnitude and phase: although there may be slight differences magnitude and phase of the source voltages that wont take major effect to the results of the calculations.

II. III.

Sources represented by the Thevenins voltage prior to fault at the fault point. Large systems may be represented by infinite bus bars: when comparing with large systems with a small one, effect from the small one will not make much effect on the larger system. Therefore there is not much different taking the large system as an infinite bus bar.

IV.

Transformers are on nominal tap position: if tap changing transformers are there the transformer impedances may change with the change of the tap positions. So there may be some effect to the final result.

V.

Resistances are negligible compared to reactance: if the difference between resistance and reactance is much larger it is okay to neglect resistance. But in our experiment some transmission lines had considerable resistance compared to reactance (i.e. resistance was half of the reactance). That may be affected the final result.

VI.

Transmission lines are assumed fully transposed and all three phase have same impedance : If the transmission lines are not transposed and if there is no equally spacing between conductors, then inductive reactance can be changed and finally result unequal impedances in lines. If the change of reactance is not much this effect can be neglected.

VII.

Loads currents are negligible compared to fault currents: Depending upon the fault level of the point the fault current may vary in kA range. But compared with load currents (in ampere range) this is hundreds of times larger. So there is no significant effect to the final result by ignoring load currents. But in our experiment for the fault in Anuradhapura, the fault current obtained was not high compared with load currents.

VIII.

Line charging currents can be completely neglected: As line charging currents are small compared to load current, ignoring line charging currents completely will not effect significantly for the final result.

OBSERVATIONS
Single line to earth fault (L-G) Fault Current (mA) 11 11 11 Fault Voltage (V) 36.63 9.84 26.75

Sequence Positive Negative Zero0

Line to line with ground fault (L-L-G) Sequence Positive Negative Fault Current (mA) 25.5 -25.5 Fault Voltage (V) 22.98 22.94

Short circuit Fault/ Line to Line Fault (L-L) Sequence Positive Negative Zero0 Fault Current (mA) 29.5 -21.5 -8 Fault Voltage (V) 19.33 19.14 19.3

Base Values kept on the experiment calculations;

Vbase = 50V Zbase = 4000

Sequence Circuits for the transmission system: Positive Sequence

Negative Sequence

Zero Sequence (impedance -

Calculations Theoretical calculations