:

AlBalqaAppliedUniversity
Faculty of Engineering Technology FacultyofEngineeringTechnology
January2011
I i l F lfill f h R i f h D f B h l f InpartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofBachelorof
ScienceinEngineeringTechnology
DESIGNING 400 kVTRANSMISSIONLINE DESIGNING 400 kVTRANSMISSIONLINE
Supervisor:
Dr.IbrahimAbuHarb
P d B PreparedBy
AmmarAmerAbu_Khaled
MohammedK.Hawa
NaelAli Nofal
CONTENT
INTODUCTIONTOTRANSMISSIONSYSTEM.
TRANSMISSIONLINES.
ELECTRICALANDMECHANICALDESGINOFOHTL.
CALCULATIONSANDMATLABFILES.
INTRODUCTIONTOTRANSMISSION
SYSTEM SYSTEM
JordanianTransmissionsystem
Thefigurerepresentsthe
Jordanianmapwiththe
132kVnationalgridand
400kVinterconnection 4
network.
Jordanian Transmission system
Elementsofdesign
Designing 400 kV systems is a difficult job because there are many
factors should be taken in mind when the designing engineers start the
designing procedure designing procedure.
These factors depend on the system standards, economical funds for
the line and availability of technical and professional persons.
Most important factors are:
Type of conductors Type of conductors.
Type of towers.
Type of insulators. yp
Clearance factor.
Sag and tension.
Spacing between conductors Spacing between conductors
I J d th i id th i l d t ll th t hi h f d th In Jordan there is a rapid growth in loads at all the country which forced the
electrical transmission company (NEPCO) to construct new lines to feed
that loads with the electrical power.
shows the peak load development in Jordan
Th fi b l h th t f ti f ll l t The figure below shows the percentage of power generation for all power plants
In the Jordanian Electrical system
TRANSMISSION LINES TRANSMISSION LINES
SingleandDoublecircuitsfor400kV
SingleCircuit DoubleCircuit
Structures may have one of the three basic configurations: horizontal, vertical, or Structures may have one of the three basic configurations: horizontal, vertical, or
delta, depending on the arrangement of the phase conductors.
Fig(21)Latticetowers
The main types of towers are used in designing transmission lines:
SUSPENSION TOWER:
Most of transmission lines towers are of this type (about 80%)
TENSION TOWERS:
This type of towers is used to carry power lines, Two main types are used:
Tension towers with small angles (less than 20) Tension towers with small angles (less than 20 ).
Tension towers with large angles (less than 65).
TERMINAL TOWERS:
Starting and end lines towers are the two types of terminal transmission lines towers,
it i t i t it is a tension tower
CROSSING TOWERS:
Usually this type is used for crossing rivers, valleys and wide high ways.
OVERHEAD OVERHEAD
LINES LINES LINES LINES
CONDUCTORS CONDUCTORS CONDUCTORS CONDUCTORS
Typesofconductors Typesofconductors
1) ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced): 1) ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced):
ACSR is the most common type
f d d d of conductor used today
2) AAC {All Aluminum Conductors}:
AAC conductors are most useful where AAC conductors are most useful where
electrical loads are heavy and where
spans are short and mechanical loads
l AAC d f are low so AAC are used for
power distribution.
BUNDLECONDUCTORS
Twoconductor/phase Fourconductor/phase
EarthWire
Aground conductor is a conductor that is usually grounded (earthed) at the
top of the supporting structure to minimize the likelihood of direct lightning
strikes to the phase conductors strikes to the phase conductors.
The ground wire is also a parallel path with the earth for fault currents in
earthed neutral circuits, Very high-voltage transmission lines may have two
ground conductors.
The ground conductors not only used to protect the lines from the lightning
strikes but also contain a fiber optic, used for communications and remote control
of power system p y
The ground wire that used in 400kV transmission system is
Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) Optical Ground Wire (OPGW).
OPGWhasthreemaintypes
1) Stainless steel loose tube type OPGW.
22)) Non Non--metallic loose tube type OPGW. metallic loose tube type OPGW.
33)) Aluminum spacer type OPGW. Aluminum spacer type OPGW. )) p yp p yp
Typesofinsulators
1)Tensioninsulators:
usuallytheyareusedwhen
h i h 6 thespanismorethan360m
2) Suspension insulators:
usually they are used if the span between tower is 360 m or
less, and with heavy conductors.
3) Ground Wire Insulators
The ground wire insulators are used to suspend the The ground wire insulators are used to suspend the
overhead ground wires on the high-voltage transmission lines.
Materials of Insulator MaterialsofInsulator
A)Porcelain.
) h d l l
has a mechanical strength and a high electrical insulation
its demerit that it is hard to detect the damage on it.
B)ToughenedGlassInsulators.
It Has a high electrical insulation as porcelain insulators
Its advantage that it does not affected by the thermal g y
stresses,
it is susceptible to breakage and more expensive than
porcelain
C)PolymerInsulators
It has a light weight and it still very long time
without polluting with dust.
But it may be damaged by corona effect,
or physical deterioration
which may not be apparent.
ELECTRICALANDMECHANICAL
DESIGNOFOHTL DESIGNOFOHTL
Electrical Mechanical
parameters parameters
Electrical
parameters
Line
resistance
Line
Inductance
Line
Capacitance
resistance Inductance
p
Resistance:
Conductorresistanceisaffectedbythesefactors:
Frequency(skineffect)
Resistance:
Frequency( skineffect )
Temperature
Thematerialofconductor Thematerialofconductor
Thedirectcurrentresistanceofaconductorisgivenby:
L
:Conductorresistivity,.m

A
L
R
DC
=
L:Conductorlength,m.
A:Crosssectionalofconductorarea,m
2
.
Th l i i f d i i b Thealternatingcurrentresistanceofaconductorisgivenby:
) 1 ( R
AC
R
s
y
p
y
DC
+ + =
Ys : skin effect factor
Yp : proximity factor AC s p DC Yp : proximity factor
Theconductorresistanceincreasesastemperatureincreases.Asinthisequation:
t T
R
2
+

t T
t T
R
R
1
2
1
2
O
O
+
+
=
I d t f d bl i it f th h li Inductanceofdoublecircuitofthreephaseline
We use the following equations to find the g q
GMD between each phase group

4
2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
4
2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
c b c b c b c b BC
b a b a b a b a AB
D D D D D
D D D D D
=
=

4
2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
c a c a c a c a AC
c b c b c b c b BC
D D D D D =
TheequivalentGMDperphaseis
) * * ( eg
3
AC BC AB
D D D D GMD = =
Doublecircuitconfiguration
TheequivalentGMRperphaseis
) (
) (
2 b
2 1
4
2
2 1
b
b
a a
b
a a S SA
D D D D D
D D D D D
S
= =
) (
) (
2 1
4
2
2 1
b
2 1
4
2
2 1
b
c c
b
c c S SC
b b
b
S b b SB
D D D D D
D D D D D
S
= =
= =
) (
2 1 2 1 c c c c S SC
S
WhereistheGMRofbundledconductors(D
b
=0 7788*r)
b
S
D
WhereistheGMRofbundledconductors(D
s
=0.7788 r)
,andDsistheGMRoftheindividualconductors.
S
TheequivalentGMR:
The inductance per-phase is
TheequivalentGMR:
m H
GMR
GMD
L
x
/ ln 10 2
7
=
GMR
L
Capacitanceofdoublecircuitofthreephaseline
TheGMRcofeachphaseissimilartotheGMR
L
,withthe
exceptionthat(r
b
)isusedinsteadof(D
s
b
).
This will result the following equations:
b
D r r =
2 1
2 1
b b
b
B
a a A
D r r
D r r
=
=

3
C B A C
r r r GMR =


2 1
2 1
c c
b
C
b b B
D r r
D r r
=
Theperphaseequivalentcapacitancetoneutralisobtainedby:
/
l
2
0
m F
GMD
C
tc
=
ln
GMR
GMD
c
Theequivalentcircuitofshorttransmissionline Theequivalentcircuitofshorttransmissionline
Thesending endvoltageoflineis:
I Z V V +
Thesendingendvoltageoflineis:
R line R S
I Z V V + =
Thesendingendcurrentandreceivingend is:
I I =
Thesending endcurrentandreceiving end is:
R S
I I =
Wecanrepresentthelineconstants asmatrix: p
(
(

(
(

=
(
(

r s
V B A V
A=D= 1
B= Z
line
(

r s
I D C I
line
C= 0
CORONADETERMINATION
F Aff C FactorsAffectonCorona:
Atmosphere
C d i Conductorsize
Spacingbetweenconductors
Linevoltage
Dielectricstrength g
dependson:
h h i
h
theatmospherictemperature.
Theatmosphericpressure.

273
92 . 3
t
b
+
= o
Where:
b: Atmospheric pressure (mm Hg).
t : Atmospheric temperature (
0
C)
273 t +
t : Atmospheric temperature ( C).
CriticalCoronaVoltages
A Disruptive Critical Voltage A. Disruptive Critical Voltage
Itistheminimumphasevoltageatwhichcoronaoccurs:
)
r
D
.r.ln( . m V
equ
o C
o =
r
B. Visual Critical Voltage
l
3 . 0
1 * *
10 3
4
d
eq
|
|

|
o
g
The visual critical voltage V
v
for single &three phase lines be obtained:
ln
*
3 . 0
1 * *
2
10 3
V
V
r
r
m r
eq
v
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
o
o
Where r is the conductor radius in meter
m
v
is the (irregularity factor).
d Th l t di t b t d t d
equ
: The lowest distance between conductors.
Mechanical
Parameters
TOWERS
HEIGHT
LINE
SPAN
CONDUCTOR
CLEARANCE
SAGAND
CLEARANCE
ANDSPACING
CONDUCTOR
SAGAND
TENSION
VIBRATION
Spandefinitions
Basicornormalspan:
The normal span is the most economical p
span for which the line is designed over level ground.
Averagespan: Averagespan:
Theaveragespanisthemeanspanlengthbetweendeadends.
DeadEndSpan:
A dead end span is the one in which the conductor is deadended
at both ends. at both ends.
WindSpan:
Th i d i th t hi h th i d i d t t The wind span is that on which the wind is assumed to act
transversely on the conductors and is taken as half the sum of two
spans.
Weightspan
The weight span is the horizontal
distance between the lowest points of
the conductors the conductors.
Rulingorequivalentspan
Itistheweightedaverageof
thevaryingspanlengths.
......
3 3
4
3
3
3
2
3
1 n
l l l l l
L
+ + + +
=
....
4 3 2 1 n
r
l l l l l
L
+ + + +
=
Sag calculation
) S i l i l l
Sagisdefinedas:theincrementinlengthofoverheadlinesthat
suspendedbetweentwopoints,andtherearetwocases.
1) Symmetricalsuspensionlevel:
when thetwosupportsareatthesamelevel.
T
l w
S
* 8
*
2
=
T * 8
Wh Where:
S:sagatthemiddleofspan(m)
w:conductorsweight(N/m)
l:horizontaldistanceofspan
(m)
T:conductortension(N) ( )
2)Unsymmetricalsuspensionlevel 2)Unsymmetricalsuspensionlevel
Whenthetwosupportsareatdifferentlevel
Conductor Vibration ConductorVibration
AeolianVibration:
Itisahighfrequency(5-100 Hz)lowamplitude(2.5-5 cm)
ill i db l l i ( / ) oscillationgeneratedbylowvelocity(0.5-10 m/sec).
GallopingVibration:
Itisalowfrequency(0.1-1Hz)highamplitude(several
) lf i d ib i hi h ff i l d meters)selfexcitedvibrationwhichcanaffectsingleand
bundleconductors.
Conductor spacing and clearances Conductorspacingandclearances
Conductor spacing and clearances must be maintained Conductor spacing and clearances must be maintained
according to standards.
An empirical formula commonly used for determining the spacing
of aluminum conductor lines is :

150
= Spacing meters
V
d +
Where:
d:issaginmeters
V:islinevoltageinkV
150
Andheresometypicalvaluesofspacingare:
V:islinevoltageinkV
yp p g
TOWERSHEIGHT
The overall height of the tower is:
H = C + So + 3*SA + SB + SC+ SE
Where :
C l d C = statutory clearance to ground
SA = length of suspension insulator set
SB, SC and SE = vertical distances between
cross-arms and conductor above or to earth-
wire
So = sag of conductor (proportional to the g (p p
square of the span).
kVSAMRA kVSAMRA AMMANNORTHCALCULATIONS AMMANNORTHCALCULATIONS 400 400kVSAMRA kVSAMRAAMMANNORTHCALCULATIONS AMMANNORTHCALCULATIONS
LINECALCULATIONS
LINE LINE
CALCULATIONS
ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL
LINES
PARAMETERS
LINES
PARAMETERS PARAMETERS PARAMETERS
ELCTRICAL
PARAMETERS
LINE
LINE
CAPACITANCE
CORONA LINE LINE
RESISTANCE
CAPACITANCE
AND
INDUCTANCE
CORONA
VOLTAGE
LINE
EFFICIENCY
Choice of voltage level &Circuits Choiceofvoltagelevel&Circuits
configuration
Voltage level selection depends on the equation below the Voltage level selection depends on the equation below the
value of power taken from NEPCO 600 MW so the suitable
value:
SelectingthenumberofcircuitsdependsontheSIL(surge
impedanceloading) p g)
Thecharacteristicimpedance=320
R i t l l ti Resistancecalculation
ACSR560/50conductorisusedinthelinewithaR
DC
=0.0514ohmat20C
TheresistanceofACSRatatemperaturerise65
o
C is: p
lineinductanceandcapacitance
Line inductance and capacitance are measured by using the GMD method for the
bundled conductor
Tower spacing (in mm) GMDmethodcalculation
TheGMDandGMRvaluescanbefoundtocalculate
thelineinductanceandcapacitance thelineinductanceandcapacitance
Short transmission line equivalent circuit Shorttransmissionlineequivalentcircuit
Z
line
Z = 3069 . 72 8042 . 5
Theimpedanceoflineperphaseis:
TheReceivingendvoltagelinetolineis:
kV Vr

0 94 . 230 Z =
A . I I
s r
Z = = 84 25 06 . 1345
e peda ce o e pe p ase s:
Thereceivingendandsendingendcurrent:
Thesendingendvoltagelinetolineis:
kV Vs

3718 1 39 236 Z =
e se d g e d vo tage e to e s:
kV Vs 3718 . 1 39 . 236 Z =
Thesendingendactivepoweris:
MW Ps 2934 . 848 =
Voltageregulationandlineefficiency
Voltage regulation :
g g y
Lineeff Lineeff.
Double circuits eff.
Coronaeffectcalculation
Coronastartingvoltage:accordingtotheequationshown
previouslythecoronastartingvoltageequal g g
Visual critical voltage :for polished conductor will equal
Totalcoronalosses:foundbyusinganempiricalformula
MECHANICAL
CALCULATIONS
SPAN
CALCULATION
SAG
CALCULATION
TOWER
HEIGHT CALCULATION CALCULATION HEIGHT
Span calculation
Conductor used in the line (SAMRA-AMMAN NORTH) is ACSR 560/50 mm,
Spancalculation
with cross section diameter = 26.7 mm.
As the spans between the line towers not equal the ruling(equivalent) span is found p q g( q ) p
Sag Calculations SagCalculations
Bytakinganexampleoftwotowerssagatsymmetricalspacingthevalue
ofsagequal ofsagequal
The maximum sag of conductor at bad weather
(15m/s wind velocity and ice thickness about 10mm) :
Towerheight
H = C + So + 3*SA + SB + SC + SE
I l i l h 6515 Insulator string length = 6515 mm
Sag = 3380 mm
Insulator-arm distance ={2470,2635,1985}
mm from upper to lower
Maximum clearance= 15000mm
H= 15+3*(6 515)+3 38+2 470+2 635+1 985 H= 15+3*(6.515)+3.38+2.470+2.635+1.985
=45.015 m
l t th t h i ht f NEPCO (48 ) close to the tower height from NEPCO (48m)
CHAPTERFIVE CHAPTERFIVE
MATLABMFILE
ByusingMATLABallvaluescalculatedintheprojectwere
foundinaprogramthatDesignedforanylinenotonlythisline.
1)Atfirststepthelinepower,voltageandpowerfactoratthe
receivingsidewill: g
2) The outputs of the program will shown like below
3)Ci i fi i ill b l d fi d h li i d d i 3)Circuit configuration will be selected to find the line inductance and capacitance
4) The tower spacing in meter and the conductor radius in millimeter will input 4) The tower spacing in meter and the conductor radius in millimeter will input
5) Then Matlab calculate the value of GMD and GMR
6) The output of the program at the final step is
BycomparingtheresultsthatwecalculatedandthatonesfromMATLAB,the
errorinresultsistoosmall errorinresultsistoosmall..
182kV 182kV
230.5kV
2.13
kW/phase/km kW/phase/km