Paper-Powered Battery

(GREEN IT)
M.Bhavana, Mamtha Agarwal
IT-3/4, GNITS

ABSTRACT
Green IT is also called as green computing. Green computing is "the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystemssuch as monitors, batteries, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. It describes the study and the usage of computer resources like batteries, printers, servers, peripherals etc in an efficient way. Green Computing is also about finding ways to minimize paper waste. While the battery is already powerful enough to run basic music players, it is still falls far short of commercially sold batteries. The issue that we always have with battery technology is the toxic chemicals that go into making them and recycling batteries is also complicated This paper will take a look at the generation of electricity from waste paper. The uses of paper-powered battery are also discussed here.

INTRODUCTION: Batteries and some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants. Even in developed countries recycling and disposal of e-waste(Electronicwaste) may involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaching of material such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes. These harmful substances permeate into the soil, groundwater and surface water through landfills and also release toxins into the air when they are burnt. Lead can cause several unwanted effects, such as: - A rise in blood pressure - Disruption of nervous systems

- Brain damage - Diminished learning abilities of children - Behavioral disruptions of children, such as aggression, impulsive behavior & hyperactivity. Health effects that can be caused by cadmium are: - Diarrhoea, stomach pains and severe vomiting - Bone fracture - Damage to the central nervous system - Damage to the immune system - Psychological disorders - Possibly DNA damage or cancer development.

(or) A box which is internally connected to anode and cathode. Wires for further connections.

WORKING: The chemical composition of paper will depends on the type or grade of paper. Typically most grades of paper consist of organic and inorganic material. Organic portion consisting of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin and or various compound of lignin may be 70 to 100%. Inorganic portion consisting of mainly filling and loading material such as calcium carbonate, clay, titanium oxide etc may be 0 - 30% of paper. The organic compounds in paper are cellulose and hemi-cellulose are the forms of sugar. It means paper contains sugar which is used for generation of electricity. Electricity can be generated from the hydrolysis of cellulose. Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand linked D-glucose units. Cellulase refers to a class of enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis (i.e. the hydrolysis of cellulose). As the enzyme cellulase decomposes cellulose from paper, a liquid made up of water and enzyme, cellulase is prepared. Into this mixture, waste paper and cardboard are added and shake the mixture. The enzyme cellulase decomposes the materials (paper or cardboard) into glucose sugar. These were then combined with oxygen and further enzymes which turned the material into electrons and hydrogen ions.

Potassium can effect: - When a person breathed in. - Inhalation of dust or mists can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat. - Lungs with sneezing, coughing and sore throat. - Higher exposures may cause a build up of fluid in the lungs, this can cause death. - Skin and eye contact can cause severe burns leading to permanent damage.

To avoid these harmful effects caused by batteries, a technology that generates electricity from waste paper has been developed. Sony has come up with an interesting way to power electronics that uses old cardboard and some enzymes. TOOLS AND MATERIALS NEEDED: Waste Paper or Cardboard The enzyme, Cellulase Water Glass beaker A bulb or a small fan A circuitry arrangement connected to anode and cathode

In the bio cell, sugar-digesting enzymes at the anode extract electrons and hydrogen ions from the glucose. The hydrogen ions pass through a membrane separator to the cathode where they absorb oxygen from the air to produce water as a byproduct. The electrons flow around the circuit outside the device producing the electricity needed to power it. Glucose -> Gluconolactone + 2 H+ + 2 eThe hydrogen ion migrates to the cathode through the separator. Once at the cathode, the hydrogen ions and electrons absorb oxygen from the air to produce water: (1/2) O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- -> H2O Water and the acid gluconolactone, which is commonly used in cosmetics, were created as by-products.

Paper and cardboard are dropped into a liquid made up of water and enzymes. The mixture is shaken. The equipment is connected to a small fan which begins spinning a few minutes later.

USES: One of the first applications of the sugar fuel cell is using it as a portable cell phone recharger, similar to the quick rechargers that allow users to instantly charge their cell phones. Ideally, these rechargers would contain special cartridges that are pre-filled with a sugar solution. These cartridges then could be replaced when theyre used up. The issue that is always there with battery technology is the toxic chemicals that go into making them and recycling batteries is also complicated. Whereas the paper-powered battery does not involve any harmful chemicals and metals. The battery is powerful enough to run basic music players like walkmans.

Because of the usage of paper-powered battery, the amount of potassium, lead, cadmium that is released into the environment can be reduced to a great extent. The issue that we always have with battery technology is the toxic chemicals that go into making them and recycling batteries is also complicated. So paperpowered batteries are better as they do not contain any harmful or toxic elements/metals. Bio-batteries are environmentally friendly as they did not use harmful chemicals or metals. It could be useful for powering small, low-energy devices.

avoided to minimize the adverse effect on environment and utilizing the bio-cells.

GRAPH:

The above graph shows that the effect on environment is negligible, because paperpowered batteries are easily disposable and degradable.

LONG-TERM GOALS: Battery made of paper, which could one day be an environmentally benign replacement for lithium batteries in things like smart cards, RFID tags, and other low power portable devices. The longer-term goal for R&D in this area is to further enhance performance to ultimately develop batteries suitable for notebook computers and other mobile devices.

The above graph shows that as the percentage of lead and cadmium increases in the environment, the effects on environment increases gradually. So these batteries should be

CONCLUSION:

While the battery is powerful enough to run basic music players; it is still falls far short of commercially sold batteries. This battery will put an end to harmful chemicals produced from presently used batteries. In future, paperpowered batteries lead to a device capable of lasting through 40,000 charge-discharge cycles. Scientists and researchers are constantly in search of newer and cleaner ways to our current power production. It is expected that by the current rate of expansion, green technology would bring innovation and changes in daily life of similar magnitude to the "information technology" explosion over the last two decades. In the recent years, Green technology has become synonymous with cost saving technology and therefore, companies have started to adopt Green Technology. The economic recession forced many more companies to welcome the idea. Thus, the need of the hour is to GO GREEN. The paperpowered battery can be used as a stand-alone battery replacement in a wide range of portable electronic devices.

REFERENCES: [1] [2] http://www.treehugger.com http://www.thinkdigit.com/General/Sonydemonstrates-paper-powered-batterytechnology_8266.html [3] http://news.cnet.com