Solutions to hydrology questions exam 19 October, 2007-10-19 Problem 1 (10 credits) A lake has an area of 10 km2.

During a specific month the lake evaporation was 90 mm. During the same month the inflow to the lake from a river was on average 1.2 m3/s and the outflow from the lake via another river was on average 1.1 m3/s. Also, for the same month a water level increase of 100 mm for the lake was observed. a) What was the precipitation in mm during that month? (6p). b) What assumption is important for your answer in a)? (1p). c) The concentration of phosphorus in inflow river water was 1.0 mg/L and outflow river water 0.8 mg/L during the month. What was the change of stored phosphorus (kg) in the lake during the month? (3p). Solution: a) Water balance equation in out = P + (Qin Qout) E = M which gives P + (1.2 1.1) 30 24 3600/(10 106) - 0.09 = 10 106 0.1 P = 164 mm b) That is no other inflows and outflows during the period, e.g., lake water exchange with groundwater. c) Qin Concin Qout Concout = Phosphkg = = (1.2 1.0 10-6 1.1 0.8 10-6)/0.001 = 829.4 kg

Problem 4 (10 credits) The below hydrograph from a 4.8 ha catchment was observed after a 15 mm rainfall that fell during 10 min. Calculate the runoff hydrograph from an effective rainfall equal to 10 mm with a duration of 20 min. Time (min) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Q (m3/s) 0.01 0.11 0.11 0.21 0.01 0.01 0.01 Time (min) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Qtot (m3/s) 0.01 0.11 0.11 0.21 0.01 0.01 0.01 Qdir (m3/s) 0 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 QMean (m3/s) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.10 Sum 0.40 m3/s q (m3/s mm) 0 0.02 0.02 0.04 0 0 0 5 q (m3/s) 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 5 q (m3/s) 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0 Q (m3/s) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0 0 Qtot (m3/s) 0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.21 0.01 0.01

Volym Qdir = 0.40 10 60 = 240 m3 Peff = 240/(4.8 104) = 0.005 m = 5 mm

Problem 8 (10 credits) Explain the following a) Combined sewer (1p). b) Snow water equivalent (1p). c) Rainfall return period (1p). d) Unsaturated zone (1p). e) Chemical wastewater treatment (1p). f) -index (1p). g) Transpiration (1p). h) Percolation (1p). i) Stormwater (1p). j) Water divide (1p). a) Stormwater and sewage water in the same drain pipe. b) Equivalent water depth in the snow pack. c) How often a certain amount of rain appears. d) The soil section between ground surface and groundwater table. e) Treatment of sewage water in treatment plant where mainly phosphorus is removed. f) Losses from total rainfall. g) Plants transpiration through the photo synthesis, water returns to atmosphere. h) Deeper infiltration to groundwater. i) Rainfall water that is drained from impermeable surfaces. j) Topographical barrier surrounding the catchment.