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Chapter 18 Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function Chapter 19 Neural Control of Human Movement Chapter 22 Muscular Strength: Training Muscles to Become Stronger (Part 2 Structural and Functional Adaptations to Resistance Training, pp. 539-553)
Chapter 18
Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
Chapter Objectives
Be able to identify the different overall structures/level of organization of muscle Identify the different components of a muscle fiber Understand the influence of muscle pennation on force production and velocity of contraction Understand the Sliding-Filament Model Understand excitation-contraction coupling Understand the different muscle fiber types and the influence on muscle performance
Perimysium
Surrounds a bundle of fibers (up to 150) called a fasciculus
Epimysium
Surrounds all the bundles to form the entire muscle Tapers at both proximal and distal ends to form tendons (connect muscle to bone) Origin: More stable bone Insertion: Moving bone
Basement membrane
Proteins and strands of collagen fibrils that fuse with the outer covering of the tendon
Satellite Cells
Between the plasma and basement membranes Cellular growth, recovery, hypertrophy
Blood Supply
Skeletal muscle has a rich vascular network
200 to 500 capillaries per mm2 of muscle
Flow is rhythmic
Vessels compress during contraction phase Vessels open during relaxation phase
H Zone
Lower density, lack of actin
M Band
Sarcomeres center
I Band (Light)
Lower density
Actin-Myosin Orientation
Actin filaments lie in a hexagonal pattern around myosin. Crossbridges spiral around the myosin where actin and myosin overlap.
Actin-Myosin Orientation
Tropomyosin
Lies along actin in the groove formed by the double helix
Inhibits actinmyosin interaction
Troponin
Embedded at regular intervals along actin
Interacts with Ca2+ Moves tropomyosin, uncovering active actin sites
Actin-Myosin Orientation
Actin-Myosin Orientation
Intracellular Tubule Systems
The T tubular system is distributed around the myofibrils such that each sarcomere has two triads. Each triad contains
2 vesicles 1 T tubule
Actin-Myosin Orientation
http://youtu.be/0kFmbrRJq4w
ExcitationContraction Coupling
IIb fibers
Most rapid shortening velocity Rely on anaerobic energy production
http://youtu.be/6Ts_INXzhzM
http://youtu.be/ewKFGVFtnII
Chapter 19
Neural Control of Human Movement
Chapter Objectives
Review the CNS and peripheral nervous system Understand motor unit anatomy Review the action potential Understand the concept of excitationcontraction coupling Understand the activities of the motor unit as they relate to force production Be familiar with the characteristics of different muscle fiber types Understand proprioception
Pons Midbrain
Sensory neurons
Afferent fibers that enter the spinal cord from the periphery
Interneurons
Motor Neuron Pool: The collection of alpha motor neurons that innervate a single muscle
Gradation of force
Motor unit recruitment
To increase force, more motor units are recruited Motor units are recruited from smaller axons to larger axons (size principle)
Discharge frequency
Muscle Spindles
Provide sensory feedback about changes in muscle fiber length and tension
Pacinian Corpuscles
Small ellipsoidal bodies Located near Golgi tendon organs Embedded in a single unmyelinated nerve fiber Detect changes in movement or pressure
Chapter 22
Muscular Strength: Training Muscles to Become Stronger (Part 2 Structural and Functional Adaptations to Resistance Training, pp. 539-547)
Section Objectives
Understand the mechanisms relating to muscle hypertrophy Understand the mechanisms relating to muscle fiber type alteration
Introduction
Psychologic-Neural Factors
Muscular Factors
Hypertrophy
Autocrine signals (IFG-1, Prostaglandins) Acute immune response (IL-6) Growth factors Early response genes Regulation of myostatin Activation of satellite cells