Introduction to Heat Exchangers

Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Heat exchanger description Parallel flow heat exchangers Counter flow heat exchangers Effectiveness NTU Phase Change Constant specific heat Examples

Reason for Heat Exchangers

A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another (hot and cold fluid).

Common Example
The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows past the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air.

Two Main Types of Heat Exchangers

The two main types of heat exchangers that exist: 1. Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger 2. Counter Flow Heat Exchanger

! ! = ! Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger

In parallel flow heat!exchangers, the two mediums enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one ! !!"!! "# " $!! "!!"!! " " #$! % # ! another to the other side.

! ! !!! !!!
"#

!!

!! ! !!!

! Parallel% Flow% HE%

"!1.! ! ! ! ! ! !

Tci! Thi! Tci!

Tco! Tho! Tco!

Temperature Profile for Parallel Flow

Counter Flow Heat Exchanger

In counter flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. The counter flow design is most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat from the heat transfer % medium.

% Counter% Flow% HE%

Tco! Thi! Tco!

Tci! Tho! Tci!

! ! ! ! !

Temperature Profile for Counter Flow

"# Effectiveness !

! "# =

!" !!

The effectiveness of a heat exchanger is defined as:

Effectiveness% % ! "# % " # "#$% "!! " # ! $! !! !! &' $, ! q is always based on counter flow heat exchanger for all ! max ! & !! &' configurations. " ##$%' !! " # "#$% ", ! ! " # ! is better as it approaches 1. qmax!is!always!based!on!counter!flow!Heat ! ! ! " # = ! ! "# ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
max

!! max ! " ##$%' !! " #!! "#$% " , ! & &' ! "# !! ! " # = ! ! Cont. Effectiveness "# ! ! ! ! ! ! ! q Since, ! max!is!always!based!on!counter!flow!H !! = ! can!be written in terms of heat capacitance rate ! ! ! the effectiveness ! ! " # = ! ! "# ! ! ! [K], ! [W/K], C,!and change in temperature ! ! . ! The heat capacitance rate is defined in terms of mass flow rate !, and specific!heat ! ! c : ! ! ! ! [kJ/(kgK)], [kg/s], Heat%! ! Rate% [W !! = ! ! ! ! ! Capacitance% = ! ! "# ! ! ! ! ! ! %Heat% Capacitance% Rate ! ! =! ! ! ! ! ! % ! ! !! ! !! ! = ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! = ! ! "# !! ! = !! ! !! !! ! ! ! "# ! != ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
p

qmax!is!always!based!on!counter!flow!Heat!Exchanger!for ! "# = ! ! = ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "# ! ! ! ! " # =!! ! "# ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Effectiveness% = ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "# ! = ! !% ! Therefore, effectiveness is then written as: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "# % ! " # $! !! !!"#$% "!! " # ! &' $, ! ! ! & ! !!!"#$% ! &' ! ! ! ! ! max ! " ##$%' !! " # ! ! ! ! !", ! ! " # !!! ! ! = ! ! = ! ! ! "# ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "# ! ! ! ! ! ! Where, qmax!is!always!based!on!counter!flow!Heat!Excha ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! !!"!! " # "$!! "!!"!! " " #$! % "!1.! # ! ! ! " # = ! ! "# ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = ! ! and Ch and Cc correspond to hot and cold fluid heat ! ! "# ! ! ! ! ! ! capacitance!rates, respectively.Parallel% Flow% HE% ! ! = ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!"!! "# "$!! "!!"!! " " #$! % "!1.! # ! ! Tci! Tco! ! ! ! T Tho! ! Parallel% ! ! HE% ! ! ! ! Flow% !hi!! ! =

Effectiveness Cont.

! ! = ! ! !! ! ! Number Transfer Units % ! !(NTU) Method is used to "# The Number of Transfer Units ! of heat transfer in % exchangers. ! = calculate the rate heat ! ! "# NTU can be defined as: % Number% Transfer% of% Units % !" ! "# = ! ! ! "# !

NTU Cont.
UA refers to: U = overall heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K] A = area [m2]

Cmin refers to the minimum value of the heat capacitance rate found from comparing the heat capacitance rate of the hot and cold medium.

Parallel Flow Effectiveness

Effectiveness for a parallel flow heat exchanger is defined as follows:

1 ! " # ! " # 1 + ! ! ! = ! 1+!! ! % %

Tco!

Tci!

Thi! Counter Flow Effectivenessho! T

follows:

Tco! Effectiveness for counter flow heat exchangers is defined as Tci!

! ! ! ! !

1 ! " # ! " # 1 ! ! ! = ! 1 ! ! ! " # ! " # 1 ! ! ! Phase% Change% !

! ! ! = ! ! !! ! ! Heat Capacitance Rate ! C refers to the ratio between the minimumHeat% and maximum value of heat Rate !and = !mediums. Capacitance% capacitance rates of the hot ! cold ! ! ! ! ! % % ! = !Rate% ! ! ! ! The minimum and maximum values are determined from: ! Heat% Capacitance% "# [W/K]% and ! ! = !% ! # Where C% refers to the hot medium and! C "refers to the cold medium. ! ! = ! ! !! ! ! ! = ! !! ! % !of% ! Number% Transfer% Units% ! ! = ! ! !! ! ! ! ! = ! ! ! ! ! !% ! !% " ! ! ! "# ! ! = ! ! !! ! ! ! " # = ! !! ! "# = % % !
r h c

1 ! " # ! " # ! ! = ! Phase Change Phase% Change% 1 ! !"!# # !! " # " 1 1 ! " # ! ! ! ! ! = When a medium undergoes a phase change through the heat ! ! ! as follows: exchanger, the following variables behave " # ! " # 1 ! ! ! = ! ! ! ! ! 1 Phase% Change% ! ! in the following equation: ! Phase% Change% ! = ! "#$% ! ! ;!! 0! ;!! ! must ! ! ! ! Therefore, the following heat equation = ! be used instead with the use!of the latent ! heat transfer coefficient, h : ! ! ! ! = ! ! ! ! = ! ! ! " ! = ! "#$% ! ! ;!! ! ! ! !!!!!!! =" ! ! ! ! ;!! !! " ;!! "# ! "#$% ! ! # "#$% !! ! #$" #!! ! ! ! = ! ! " ! ! ! ! "#
fg

! ! ! = ! "#$% ! ! ;!! 0! ;!! ! = Cont. ;!! Phase Change ! "#$% ! ! ;!! 0 ! ! ! =phase!change: ! "! For a ! = ! ! " ! ! ! ! " # !!!!!!! !! " #! ! "#$% ! " #$" #!! ! "# ! !! ! ! " # !!!!!!! ! " # ! ! "#$% ! " !! ! ! ! ! "# = 0! ! ! "# ! ! "# = 0! ! ! "# ! ! ! = 1 ! " # ! " # !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!for(condenser(and( ! ! = 1 ! " # ! " # !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!f When% %C! % Cr%1% Cmax =% =>% =% min %

! ! ! " # !!!!!!! ! " #! ! "#$ !! ! " #$ #!! % " Phase Change Cont. ! ! ! "# Therefore, effectiveness for a phase change is as follows: ! ! " # = 0! ! Which defines the effectiveness for a condenser and ! = 1 flow. evaporator, parallel or counter ! " # ! " # !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!for(cond ! When% %Cmin% Cr%1% Cmax =% =>% =% % % Parallel% HE% ! 1 ! " # 2! " # ! = ! 2

When% %Cmin% Cr%1% Cmax =% =>% =% ! % ! % max%C % Cr%1% When% % C min% HE% C =% Effectiveness with Constant =>%r%1% % Parallel% When%max =%min =>% =% C C % Parallel% =% HE% % ! % Specific Heat (Cr = 1) % ! Parallel% 2! " # HE% 1 ! " # 2! " # ! " HE% # % Parallel% For parallel flow heat exchangers:! = 1 ! ! = !! ! 2 2# 1! ! " # 2! " ! =1 ! ! " # 2! " # ! ! = !!! " # =2 ! 0.5! ! "# 2 ! For counter flow heat exchangers:!! ! ! ! " # != 0.5! Counter% Flow% HE% ! Flow% ! ! " # = 0.5! Counter% HE% ! !! ! ! Counter% Flow% HE% ! " # Flow% !! = !! Counter% !! HE% = 1+! "# # ! "# !!!! " # ! ! = # ! = 1!!+""!# " !0.5! ! # 0.5! ! ! 1+! "#

Example 1
What is the effectiveness of a counter-flow heat exchanger that has a UA value of 24 kW/K if the respective mass rates of flow and specific heats of the two fluids are 10 kg/s, 2 kJ/(kgK) and 4 kg/s, 4 kJ/(kgK)? Knowns:

Example 1 Soln.

Example 2
In a processing plant a material must be heated from 20 to 80C in order for the desired reaction to proceed, whereupon the material is cooled in a regenerative heat exchanger, as shown in the figure below. The specific heat of the material before and after the reaction is 3.0 kJ/ (kgK). If the UA of this counter-flow regenerative heat exchanger is 2.1 kW/K and the flow rate is 1.2 kg/s, what is the temperature T leaving the heat exchanger?

Example 2 Configuration

4) In a processing plant a material must be heated from 20 to 80 C in order for the desired reaction to proceed, whereupon the material is cooled in a regenerative heat exchanger, as shown in the figure below. The specific heat of the material before and after the reaction is 3.0 kJ/ (kg K). If the UA of this counter-flow regenerative heat exchanger is 2.1 kW/K and the flow rate is 1.2 kg/s, what is the temperature t leaving the heat exchanger?

Example 2 Soln.
Knowns:

References
Professor Jamal Yagoobi (lectures and examples)