TRANSPORT SYSTEM

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PREVIOUS LESSON

LECTURE 2

18.1: MAMMALIAN HEART AND ITS REGULATION

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to: Explain cardiac cycle. Explain the factors affecting heart beat.

Cardiac cycle
The sequence of events that makes up one heart beat (about 0.8 seconds). Consists of : Diastole heart muscle relaxed. Systole heart muscle contract

Cardiac cycle
0.15 SEC 0.30 SEC 0.40 SEC SYSTOLE DIASTOLE DIASTOLE DIASTOLE SYSTOLE DIASTOLE

Ventricular Systole

Ventricular Systole
The pressure force open semilunar valve of aorta and pulmonary artery

High pressure forces the blood into aorta and pulmonary artery

Ventricular Diastole

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 42.6

Campbell 9th edition pg 952

 Recording electrical

changes (activity) that occur during cardiac cycle. Electrocardiogram is taken to detect the abnormalities that may confirm a suspected heart attack.

Factors affecting heart beat

The heart rate is the number of times that your heart beats per minute. For a healthy adult at normal resting, such as first thing in the morning, the heart rate is between 60 to 100 beats per minute There are many factors affecting the heart beat, i. Body temperature ii. Blood pH

Body Temperature
High temperatures can increase heart rates When the temperature jumps to 75 from 60 0F, a person's heart rate will increase by two to four beats per minute. If the temperature rises from 75 to 90 0F, heart rate will raise by about 10 beats per minute Body temperature may increase during Fever exersice

Body Temperature increase during exercise

The working muscles produce heat that raises the body temperature. This stimulates the brain to trigger the skin to produce sweat. The blood vessels in the skin dilate to allow a greater volume of blood to flow into the skin to facilitate heat transfer to the sweat. The heart rate increases to push more blood into the skin where the heat will be lifted away through sweat evaporation

Blood pH
When we exercise the level of carbon dioxide in the body increases while the level of oxygen decreases Increase in CO2 level will decrease in blood pH (due to the concentration of H+) Chemoreceptor (at aorta, and the carotid arteries in the neck) signal the brain when CO2 levels are too high in the blood. The brain stimulates the heart rate to increase in order to accelerate processes that remove excess CO2, including blood filtering in the lungs and kidneys.

Conclusion

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Human lymphatic system Transport of lipids from small intestine into the blood stream