Elec 3202 Chap 5

UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou

Capacitors and Inductors
Chapter (5)
Capacitors :
A circuit element that is composed of two conducting plates or
surfaces separated by a dielectric (non conducting) materials
A
+
-
+
-
C
circuit symbol
UAE University
Let A : surface area of each plate
d : distance between the two plates
Capacitance
Capacitance
As Area
As distance
d
A
C
d
A
C
0
=
It is found that
Where :
Permittivity of free space
UAE University
If a voltage source (v) is connected to the capacitor , +ve
charge will be transferred to one plate while ve charge will be
transferred to the other plate.
m
F
10 * 8.85
12
0

Let the charge stored at the capacitor q

q v
If v
q
,
v c q =
It has been found that
UAE University
v
q
c =
C is the capacitance
Current in capacitor :
We know that
( )
t d
(t) dv
C (t) i
) ( v c
t d
d
(t) i
t d
q(t) d
i(t)
c
c
c c
=
=
=
t
UAE University
(t) dv C dt (t) i
t d
(t) dv
C (t) i
c c
c
c
=
= Q
Voltage of capacitors
(t)dt i
C
1
(t) v d
c c
=
d ) ( i
C
1
) (t v (t) v
t
t
c 0 c c
0
=
=
+ =
Where t
0
: initial time
UAE University
The capacitor is a passive element
and follows the passive sign convention
Capacitors only store and release
ELECTROSTATIC energy. They do not create
Linear capacitor circuit representation
) ( ) ( t
dt
dv
C t i =
Note:
UAE University
Power of the capacitors :
dt
(t) dv
(t) v C
t d
(t) dv
C (t) v (t) P
(t) i (t) v (t) P
c
c
c
c c
c c c
= =
=
( )
(
(
+ =

=
=
t
t
c 0 c c c
0
d i
C
1
) (t v (t) i (t) P
or
UAE University
Energy of capacitor
( )
( )
( )
d
d
dv
v C
d P (t) w
t
c
c
t
c c
=
=
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) =
=
=
2
c
2
c
(t) v
) (- v
2
c
c
(t) v
) ( v
c
v C
2
1
t v C
2
1
v C
2
1
dv v C
|
c
c
c
c
UAE University
Assuming
( ) 0 v
c
=
(t) v C
2
1
(t) w
2
c c
=
( ) (t) q
2C
1
t w
C
(t) q
C
2
1
(t) w
C
(t) q
(t) v
2
c
2
2
c
c
=
=
=
UAE University
Example:
The following voltage is imposed across the terminals of a 0.5 F
capacitor.
( )
<

=

t 1 V, e 4
1 t 0 , V t 4
0 t , V 0
(t) v
1 t
c
1
4
2 3
v (t)
t
UAE University
Find the following:
1. i
c
(t)
2. P
c
(t)
3. w
c
(t)
( ) ( )
( )
| | ( )( )
= =
= =
=

t 1 A e 2 e 1 C 4 e 4
dt
d
C
1 t 0 A 2 C 4 t 4
dt
d
C
0 t 0
t i
1) (t 1) (t 1 t
c
dt
(t) dv
C (t) i
c
c
=
(1)
UAE University
(2)
( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
< < =
< =
=
=
=

t 1 W e 8 e 4 e 4 F 0.5
1 t 0 W t 8 4 t 4 F 0.5
0 t W 0
dt
t dv
0 F 0.5
dt
(t) dv
(t) v C (t) P
1 t 2 1 t 1 t
c
c
c c
A 2
A 2 -
i
C
(t)
t
UAE University
A 8
A 8 -
P
C
t
supplied power
absorbed power
1
( )( )
( )
( )
| |
( )
< =
=
=
=

t 1 J 4e 4e F 0.5
2
1
1 t 0 J t 4 t 4 F 0.5
2
1
0 t 0
(t) w
(t) v C
2
1
(t) w
1 t 2
2
1 t
2
2
c
2
c c
(3)
Charging Power
Discharging Power
UAE University
) 1 ( 2
4
t
e
w
C
(t)
t
4 t
2
1
J 4
Example :
The voltage at the terminals of a 0.5 F capacitor is
=

0 t V t) sin(40000 e 100
0 t 0
(t) v
20000t
c
UAE University
Find:
1. i(0)
2. Power delivered to the capacitors at t = /80 m S.
3. Energy stored in the capacitor at t = /80 m S
dt
(t) dv
C (t) i
c
=
UAE University
( ) | |
| | ) e 10 * 2 ( t) sin(40,000 t)(40,000) (40,000 cos e 100 C
t 40,000 sin e 100
dt
d
C
20,000t 6 20,000t
t
20,000

+ =
=
| |
A 2 (0) i
0 (40,000) (1) (1) 100 10 * 0.5 (0) i
c
6
c
=
+ =

|
.
|
\
|
m
80
P
C (2) Find
?
( ) ( ) ( )
| | ) e 10 * 2 ( t) (40,000 sin (40,000) t) (40,000 cos e 100 *
t 40,000 sin e 100 F 0.5
0 t ,
dt
(t) dv
(t) v C (t) P
20,000t 6 20,000t
20,000t
c
c c

+
=
=
UAE University
ng) (dischargi W 20.79 m)
80
( P
C
=
| |
J 519.2 m)
80
( W
t) (40,000 sin 100e C
2
1
(t) v C
2
1
(t) W
C
2
20,000t
2
C C
=
= =

m)
80
( W
C
(3) Find
?
UAE University
Inductors :
Inductors are circuit elements that consist of a conducting wire in
the shape of a coil
Circuit representation
for an inductor
UAE University
If a current is flowing in the inductor, it produce a
magnetic field ,.
The direction of () depends on the right-hand rule.
As the current increases or decreases, the magnetic
field spreads or collapse
The change in magnetic field induces a voltage across
the inductor.
dt
(t) di
L (t) V
dt
(t) d
(t) V
L
L
L
=
=
Li(t) ) ( = t
Where L is the inductance and measured in Henry [H]
UAE University
Current in inductors :
dt (t) v
L
1
(t) di
dt
(t) di
L (t) v
L L
L
L
=
=
( )d v
L
1
) (t i (t) i
t
t
0 L L
0
=
=
+ =
Integrate both sides as before
UAE University
UAE University
(
=
=
dt
(t) di
L (t) i
(t) i (t) v (t) P
L
L
L L L
Power in inductor :
( )
(
(
+ =
=
=
=
t
t
0 L L L
L
L L
0
d v
L
1
) (t i (t) v (t) P
dt
(t) di
(t) i L (t) P
UAE University
Energy in inductors:
( )
( )
( )
(t) i L
2
1
(t) w
before As
d
d
di
i L
d P (t) w
2
L L
L
t
L
t
L L
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
UAE University
Example :
The current flow through an 100 m H inductor
=

0 t A e t 10
0 t A 0
(t) i
t 5
L
( ) ( ) ( )
| |
sec 0.2 t
0 10 t 50 e
0 10 e 5e t 10
0
dt
(t) di
let
max
t 5
t 5 t 5
L
=
= +
= +
=

Find :
(1) Maximum value of current.
(2) v
L
(t) , (3) P
L
(t) , (4) w
L
(t)
First, find t
max
t
i
L(max)
i
L
(t)
t
max
UAE University
( ) ( )
( )
A 0.736 e 2
e 0.2 10 0.2 i i
1
0.2 5
L Lmax
= =
= =
( ) | |
( ) ( )
( ) t 5 1 e
10 t 50 e 0.1
e t 10
dt
d
H 0.1
dt
(t) di
L (t) v (2)
t 5
t 5
t 5
L
L
=
+ =
=
=
>
<
=

0 t , t) 5 (1 e
0 t , 0
(t) v
t 5
L
UAE University
( ) ( ) ( ) | | 0 t , 10 t 50 e e t 10 0.1 (t) P
0 t , 0 (t) P
dt
(t) di
(t) i L (t) P
? (t) P (3)
t 5 t 5
L
L
L
L L
L
+ =
=
=

( )

=
=
0 t , t) 5 (1 e t 10
0 t , 0
(t) P
t 50 10 e t (t) P
10t
L
10t
L
UAE University
( ) ( )
=
=

0 t , e t 5 e t 10 0.1
2
1
0 t , 0
(t) i L
2
1
(t) w
? (t) w (4)
t 10 2 2 t 5
2
L L
L
UAE University
w (t)
P (t)
i (t)
v (t)
Inductor Capacitor
( )
=
=
+
t
t
c 0 C
0
d i
c
1
) (t v
dt
(t) di
L
L
dt
(t) v d
c
C
( ) d v
L
1
) (t i
t
t
L 0 L
0
=
=
+
dt
(t) dv
(t) v c
C
C
dt
(t) di
(t) i L
L
L
(t) v c
2
1
2
C
(t) i L
2
1
2
L
Summary of results :
UAE University
Notes on capacitor :
1. If v
C
(t) = constant , i
C
(t) = 0
Capacitor will be open circuit
2. v
C
(t) cannot change instantaneously ( no sudden change)
( ) 0 d i because
t
t
C
0
=
=
=
3. Capacitors can store energy
(t) v c
2
1
(t) w
2
C C
=
UAE University
Notes on inductors :
1. If i
L
(t) = constant , v
L
(t) = 0
Inductor will be short circuit
2. i
L
(t) cannot change instantaneously ( no sudden change)
( ) 0 d v because
t
t
L
0
=
=
=
3. Inductors can store energy
(t) i L
2
1
(t) w
2
L L
=
UAE University
C
1
+
-
V
1
(t)
C
N
C
3
C
2
V
N
(t) V
3
(t) V
2
(t)
V(t)
Capacitors and Inductors combinations :
1. Series capacitors :
+ -
C
S
V(t)
UAE University
For each capacitor ,
(t) v (t) v (t) v (t) v (t) v
N 3 2 1
+ + + + = L
( )
N 2 1
t
t0
k
0 k k
v v v v(t)
d i
c
1
) (t v (t) v
+ + + =
+ =

=
=
L
( ) d i
c
1
) (t v v(t)
t
t
N
1 k
k
N
1 k
0 k
0

=
=
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
=
The equivalent capacitance C
S
is
N 2 1
N
1 k
k S
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
+ + + = =
=
L
UAE University
dt
(t) dv
C
dt
(t) dv
C
dt
(t) dv
C
(t) i (t) i (t) i (t) i
N 2 1
N 2 1
+ + + =
+ + + =
L
L
dt
(t) dv
C C
dt
(t) dv
(t) i
P
N
1 k
k
=
(
=

=
Parallel capacitors :
N 3 2 1 P
C C C C C + + + + = L
The equivalent capacitance ,C
P
C
1
+
-
C
N
C
2
V(t)
i
1
(t) i
2
(t) i
N
(t)
i(t)
C
P
UAE University
Series Inductors :
(t) v (t) v (t) v (t) v
N 2 1
+ + + = L
dt
(t) di
L
dt
(t) di
L
dt
(t) di
L
N 2 1
+ + + = L
dt
(t) di
L
dt
(t) di
L (t) v
S
N
1 k
k
= |
.
|
\
|
=

=
N 3 2 1 S
L L L L L + + + + = L
L
1
+
-
V
1
(t)
L
N
L
2
V
N
(t) V
2
(t)
V(t)
UAE University
Parallel Inductors :
(t) i (t) i (t) i (t) i
N 2 1
+ + + = L
( ) d v
L
1
) (t i (t) i where
t
t
k
0 k k
0
=
=
+ =
L
1
+
-
L
N
L
2
V(t)
i
2
(t) i
N
(t)
i(t)
i
1
(t)
L
P
UAE University
N 2 1 P
L
1
L
1
L
1
L
1
+ + + = L
The equivalent inductance , L
P
( )
( ) d v
L
1
) i(t (t) i
d v
L
1
) (t i (t) i
t
t
P
0
t
t
N
1 k
k
N
1 k
0 k
0
0

=
=
=
=
= =
+ =
(
+
(
=
UAE University
a
b
L
1
= 2 H
L
7
= 8 H
L
6
= 30 H
L
5
= 10.4 H
L
4
= 5 H
L
3
= 6 H
L
2
= 15 H
L
8
= 16 H
Example:
Find the equivalent inductance with respect to the terminals a ,b?
L
89
=L
8
in parallel with L
9
H 9.6
L9 L8
L9 L8
L
89
=
+
=
L
9
=24H
UAE University
L
589
=L
5
in series with L
89
L
6589
=L
6
in parallel with L
589
H 20 9.6 10.4 L L L
89 5 589
= + = + =
H 12
L L
L L
L
589 6
589 6
6589
=
+
=
L
476589
=L
4
in parallel with L
76589
L
76589
=L
7
in series with L
6589
H 20 12 8 L L L
6589 7 76589
= + = + =
H 4
L L
L L
L
76589 4
76589 4
476589
=
+
=
UAE University
H 10 4 6 L L L
346589 3 3476589
= + = + =
H 6
L L
L L
L
3476589 2
3476589 2
23476589
=
+
=
L
3476589
=L
3
in series with L
476589
L
23476589
=L
2
in parallel with L
3476589
L
ab
=L
1
in series with L
23476589
H 8 6 2 L L L
2346589 1 ab
= + = + =
UAE University
a
b
C
1
= 5 F
C
3
= 10 F
C
2
= 4 F
C
6
= 48 F
C
5
= 3 F
C
4
= 30 F
C
7
= 16 F
Example :
Find the equivalent capacitance at the terminals a and b ?
C
67
= C
6
in series with C
7
F 12
C C
C C
C
7 6
7 6
67
=
+
=
UAE University
C
567
= C
5
in parallel with C
67
C
4567
= C
4
in series with C
567
F 10
C C
C C
C
567 4
567 4
4567
=
+
=
F 15 F 12) (3 C C C
67 5 567
= + = + =
C
34567
= C
3
in parallel with C
4567
C
ab
= C
1
in series with C
34567
in series with C
2
F 20 F 10) (10 C C C
4567 3 34567
= + = + =
F 2 C
4
1
20
1
5
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
ab
2 34567 1 ab
=
+ + = + + =
UAE University
L
1
L
2
L
6
L
5
L
4
L
3
a
b
in all inductors
are 4 mH
Example :
Find the equivalent inductance at a,b
L
36
= L
3
in parallel with L
6
H m 2
L L
L L
L
6 3
6 3
36
=
+
=
UAE University
L
24
= L
2
in parallel with L
4
H m 2
L L
L L
L
4 2
4 2
24
=
+
=
a
b
L
5
L
4
L
1
L
2
L
36
X y
y
a
b
L
5
L
4
L
1
L
36
X y
L
24
UAE University
L
1245
= L
124
in parallel with L
5
H m 2.4
L L
L L
L
5 124
5 124
1245
=
+
=
L
124536
= L
1245
in series with L
36
H m 4.4 L
H m 2) (2.4 L L L
124536
36 1245 124536
=
+ = + =
L
124
= L
1
in series with L
24
H m 6 H m 2) (4 L L L
24 1 124
= + = + =
UAE University
Example :
Find the equivalent inductance at a , b if all L are 6 m H
a
b
L
5
L
4
L
2
L
3
L
1
L
6
L
12
= L
1
in parallel with L
2
H m 3
L L
L L
L
2 1
2 1
12
=
+
=
UAE University
L
123
= L
12
in parallel with L
3
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
H m 2 H m
6 3
6 3
L L
L L
L
3 12
3 12
123
=
+
=
+
=
a
b
L
5
L
4
L
12
L
3
L
6
a
a
X
y
UAE University
L
1234
= L
123
in series with L
4
H m 8 6 2 L L L
4 123 1234
= + = + =
b
L
5
L
4
L
12
L
6
a
a
X
y
L
123
UAE University
L
12345
= L
1234
in parallel with L
5
L
ab
= L
6
in series with L
12345
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
H m 42 . 3 H m
6 8
6 8
L5 L
L L
L
1234
5 1234
12345
=
+
=
+
=
H m 9.429 H m 3.429 6
L L L
12345 6 ab
= + =
+ =
UAE University
Example:
Find the equivalent capacitance w.r.t. a, b if all Cs are 4 F
C
45
= C
4
in parallel with C
5
= C
4
+ C
5
= 8 F
a
b
C
5
a a
b b
b
X
C
4
C
3
C
2
C
1
UAE University
a
b
C
45
X b
b
a a
C
3
C
1
C
2
C
23
= C
2
in parallel with C
3
= C
2
+ C
3
= 8 F
UAE University
C
123
= C
1
in series with C
23
( ) ( )
F
3
8
F
12
32
F
8 4
8 4
C C
C C
C
23 1
23 1
123
= =
+
=
+
=
a
b
C
45
C
1
C
2
X
C
23
UAE University
Cab = C123 in parallel with C45
F
3
32
F
3
24 8
F 8 F
3
8
C C C
45 123 ab
=
+
= + = + =
UAE University
a
b
C
1
= 3 F
C
3
= 4 F
C
2
= 2 F
C
4
= 12 F
C
6
= 2 F
C
5
= 3 F
X X
Z
Example :
Find the equivalent capacitance w.r.t a, b ?
C
23
= C
2
in parallel with C
3
= C
2
+ C
3
= 6 F
UAE University
C
2356
= C
235
in parallel with C
6
= C
235
+ C
6
= (2+2) F= 4 F
Cab = C1 in series with C2356 in series with C4
F 1.5 C
12
1
4
1
3
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
ab
4 2356 1 ab
=
+ + = + + =
C
235
= C
23
in series with C
5
( ) ( )
F 2 F
3 6
3 6
C C
C C
C
5 23
5 23
235
=
+
=
+
=

Elec 3202 Chap 5

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Elec 3202 Chap 5

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UAE University

Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou

Let the charge stored at the capacitor q

You might also like