International Journal of Electronics, Communication & Instrumentation Engineering Research and Development (IJECIERD) ISSN 2249-684X Vol.

2 Issue 4 Dec 2012 17-30 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.,

- CUT FUZZY CONTROL CHARTS FOR BOTTLE BURSTING STRENGTH DATA

1

A. SARAVANAN & 2P. NAGARAJAN

ISSN 22496939

Assistant Professor, Department of Instrumentation Technology, MSRIT, Bangalore, India Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, India

2 Vol.2, Issue 2 (2012) 1-16 Associate

TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.,

ABSTRACT
Quality has become one of the most important consumer decision factors in the selection among competing products and services. Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a technique applied towards improving the quality of characteristics by monitoring the process under study continuously, in order to detect assignable causes and take required actions as quickly as possible. A traditional variable control chart consists of three lines namely Center Line (average value) Upper Control Limit and Lower Control Limit (other two horizontal lines). These limits are represented by the numerical values. The process is either in-control or out-of-control depending on numerical observations. For many problems, control limits could not be so precise. Uncertainty comes from the measurement system including operators and gauges and environmental conditions. In this situation, fuzzy set theory is a useful tool to handle this uncertainty. Fuzzy control limits provide a more accurate and flexible evaluation. In this paper, the fuzzy cut control charts are constructed and applied in bottle bursting strength data.

KEYWORDS: Statistical Process Control, Fuzzy Control Charts, -cutand- Level Fuzzy Midrange INTRODUCTION
Statistical Process Control (SPC) is used to monitor the process stability which ensures the predictability of the process. Control charts are viewed as the most commonly applied SPC tools. A control chart consists of three horizontal lines called; Upper Control Limit (UCL), Center Line (CL) and Lower Control Limit (LCL). The center line in a control chart denotes the average value of the quality characteristic under study. If a point lies within UCL and LCL, then the process is deemed to be under control. Otherwise, a point plotted outside the control limits can be regarded as evidence representing that the process is out of control and, hence preventive or corrective actions are necessary in order to find and eliminate the assignable cause or causes, which subsequently result in improving quality characteristics [7]. The control chart may be classified into two types namely variable and attribute control charts. The fuzzy set theory was first introduced by Zadeh and studied by many authors [2], [3], [4], [5] . It is mostly used when the data is attribute in nature and these types of data may be expressed in linguistic terms such as very good, good, medium, bad and very bad. The measures of central tendency in descriptive Statistics are used in variable control charts. These measures can be used to convert fuzzy sets into scalars which are fuzzy mode, -level fuzzy midrange, and fuzzy median and fuzzy average. There is no theoretical basis to select the appropriate fuzzy measures among these four. The objective of this study is first to construct the fuzzy and control charts with cuts by using and control charts.

-level fuzzy midrange. The following procedures are used to construct the fuzzy

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A. Saravanan & P. Nagarajan

1. First transform the traditional and 2. The cut fuzzy approach. 3. The -level fuzzy

and

control charts to fuzzy control charts. To obtain fuzzy

control charts, the trapezoidal fuzzy number (a, b, c, d) are used. control charts and cut fuzzy control charts are developed by using cut

and

midrange

for

fuzzy

control

charts are calculated by using - level fuzzy midrange transformation techniques 4. Finally, the application of control charts is highlighted by using bottle bursting strength data.

FUZZY TRANSFORMATION TECHNIQUES

Mainly four fuzzy transformation techniques, which are similar to the measures of central tendency, used in descriptive statistics: - level fuzzy midrange, fuzzy median, fuzzy average, and fuzzy mode are used. In this paper, among the above four transformation techniques, the - level fuzzy midrange transformation technique is used for the construction of fuzzy and control charts based on fuzzy trapezoidal number.

- LEVEL FUZZY MIDRANGE

This is defined as the midpoint of the ends of the - level cuts, denoted by all elements whose membership is greater than or equal to. If ( ) and , is a non fuzzy set that comprises , then

are the end points of

In fact, the fuzzy mode is a special case of - level fuzzy midrange when =1.- level fuzzy midrange of sample j, is used to transform the fuzzy control limits into scalar and is determined as follows.

FUZZY

CONTROL CHART BASED ON RANGES

In monitoring the production process, the control of process averages or quality level is usually done by charts. The process variability or dispersion can controlled by either a control chart for the range, called R chart, or a control chart for the standard deviation, called S chart. In this section, fuzzy control charts are introduced based on fuzzy

trapezoidal number. The fuzzy control charts are presented in the next section. Montgomery [7] has proposed the control limits for control chart based on sample range is given below

Where

is a control chart co-efficient and

is the average of Ri that are the ranges of samples. In the case of

fuzzy control chart, each sample or subgroup is represented by a trapezoidal fuzzy number (a, b, c, d) as shown in Fig. 1.

 - Cut Fuzzy Control Charts for Bottle Bursting Strength Data

19

In this study, trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are represented as (

) for each observation. Note that a

trapezoidal fuzzy number becomes triangular when b=c. For the case of representation and calculation, a triangular fuzzy number is also represented as a trapezoidal fuzzy number by (a, b, b, d ) or (a, c, c, d).The center line C mean of the fuzzy sample means, which are represented by ( .Here ) is the arithmetic

are called the overall means and is calculated as follows.

; r =a,b,c,d; i=1,2,3,.n ; j =1,2,3,m.

; r=a,b,c,d; j=1,2,3 m.

=(

)=

Where n is the fuzzy sample size, m is the number of fuzzy samples and is the center line for fuzzy control chart.

Control Limits for Fuzzy By using the traditional

Control Chart control chart procedure, the control limits of fuzzy control charts with ranges based on

fuzzy trapezoidal number are calculated as follows = =( = ( )= ( ) A2 ( + =( ) ) + A2 (

C =(

=(

Where ;

r=a,b,c,d; j=1,2,3 m the proceduce for calculating

is as follows

j= 1, 2, 3,.m. Where ( is the maximum fuzzy number in the sample and

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is the minimum fuzzy number in the sample .

Fig.1: Representation of a Sample by Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers Control Limits for - Cut Fuzzy Control Chart

Introducing the - cut procedure to the above fuzzy control limits, it can be rewritten as follows (the value of can be selected according to the nature of the given problem and the selected value must should lies between0 and 1) =( ) + A2 (

=( = ( ( )= ) - A2 (

=( Where a = a+ (b a) ; d = d+ (d c) The - cut fuzzy control limits based on ranges are shown in fig.2

Fig.2: - Cut Fuzzy

Control Chart Based on Ranges using Fuzzy Trapezoidal Number

 - Cut Fuzzy Control Charts for Bottle Bursting Strength Data

21

- Level Fuzzy Midrange for - Cut Fuzzy

Control Chart Based on Ranges

The - level fuzzy midrange is one of the transformation techniques (among the four) used to transform the fuzzy set into scalar. It is used to check the production process, whether the process is in-control or out-of-control. The control limits for - level fuzzy midrange for -Cut Fuzzy follows. control chart based on ranges can be obtained as

The definition of - level fuzzy midrange of sample j for fuzzy

control chart is

Then, the condition of process control for each sample can be defined as: Process control = {in control; for Out of control; otherwise}

FUZZY

CONTROL CHART

The control limits for Shewhart R control chart is given by UCLR = D4 Where and ; CLR = ; UCLR = D3

are control chart co-efficient [6]. control chart with trapezoidal fuzzy

By using the traditional R control chart procedure, the control limits for fuzzy number is obtained as follows.

Control Limits for Cut Fuzzy The control limits of - cut fuzzy

Control Chart control chart based on trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are obtained as follows

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A. Saravanan & P. Nagarajan

) ) )
- Level Fuzzy Midrange for - Cut Fuzzy Control Chart Control chart based on fuzzy Trapezoidal number can

The control limits of - Level fuzzy midrange for - Cut Fuzzy be calculated as follows

The definition of - level fuzzy midrange of sample j for fuzzy

control chart can be calculated as follows

Then, the condition of process control for each sample can be defined as: Process control ={ in control; for Out of control; otherwise}

FUZZY

CONTROL CHART BASED ON STANDARD DEVIATION

The R chart is used to monitor the dispersion associated with a quality characteristic. Its simplicity of construction and maintenance make the R chart very commonly used and the range is a good measure of variation for small subgroup sizes. When the sample size increases (n>10), the utility of the range as a measure of dispersion falls off and the standard deviation measure is preferred (Montgomery 2002) The Shewhart chart based on standard deviation is given below

Where

is a control chart co-efficient (Kolarik 1995)

The value of

is

= Where is the standard deviation of sample j and is the average of s.

 - Cut Fuzzy Control Charts for Bottle Bursting Strength Data

23

Fuzzy

Control Chart Based on Standard Deviation control chart and fuzzy control chart has been developed by Senturk and Erginel

The theoretical structure of fuzzy (2009). The fuzzy

is the standard deviation of sample j and it is calculated as follows

and the fuzzy average is calculated by using standard deviation represented by the following Trapezoidal fuzzy number

={

}=(

And the control limits of fuzzy = + =(

control chart based on standard deviation are defined as follows )+ )

, = ( ) =(

=(

C -

=(

)-

, Control Limits for Cut Fuzzy The control limits for - Cut Fuzzy =( )+

) =(

control chart based on standard deviation are obtained as follows )

, =( = ( ) =( )

)-

, =(

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A. Saravanan & P. Nagarajan

Where

- Level Fuzzy Midrange for - Cut Fuzzy

Control Chart Based on Standard Deviation control chart based on standard deviation using Level fuzzy

The control limits and centre line for - Cut Fuzzy midrange are

The definition of - level fuzzy midrange of sample j for fuzzy

control chart is

Then, the condition of process control for each sample can be defined as: Process control = {in control; for Out of control;otherwise }

FUZZY

CONTROL CHART
control chart is given by

The control limits for Shewhart

Where

and

are control chart co-efficient . Then the Fuzzy ) ) )

control chart limits can be obtained as follows

- Cut Fuzzy

Control Chart control chart can be obtained as follows: )

The control limits of - Cut Fuzzy

 - Cut Fuzzy Control Charts for Bottle Bursting Strength Data

25

) ) - Level Fuzzy Midrange for - Cut Fuzzy Control Chart control chart can be obtained in a similar way to -

The control limits of - Level fuzzy midrange for - Cut Fuzzy Cut Fuzzy control chart.

The definition of - level fuzzy midrange of sample j for fuzzy

control chart can be calculated as follows

Then, the condition of process control for each sample can be defined as: Decision ={ in control; for Out of control; otherwise }

Application: Different Observation data for Bottle bursting strength have been considered with 10 samples. Fuzzy control limits are calculated according to the procedures given in the previous section. For n=5, A2= 0.577 Where A2 is obtained from the coefficients table for variable control charts Table: 1
Sa mp le no 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 176 187 197 200 205 208 210 214 215 220 2 221 223 228 231 231 234 235 235 235 242 3 242 243 245 246 248 248 250 250 250 251 4 253 254 254 257 258 258 258 260 260 260 5 260 261 262 262 263 263 264 264 265 265 1 265 265 265 267 267 268 269 269 270 271 2 271 272 274 274 274 274 275 276 276 277 3 278 278 280 280 280 280 281 281 283 283 4 286 287 290 293 294 296 298 299 299 300 5 301 307 308 317 318 321 328 334 337 346 1 265 268 197 267 346 300 280 250 265 260 2 205 260 286 281 317 208 242 299 254 308 3 263 234 274 265 242 187 260 258 281 235 4 307 299 243 214 258 264 321 267 294 283 5 220 215 231 318 276 271 228 293 223 277 1 200 276 221 334 221 334 265 280 261 257 2 235 264 176 280 262 274 248 250 278 210 3 246 269 248 260 271 253 260 278 250 280 4 328 235 263 272 245 287 274 254 265 269 5 296 290 231 283 301 258 337 274 270 251

The values for r and

is given below, where r = a, b, c, d

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A. Saravanan & P. Nagarajan

(Note: Refer To Appendices) Fuzzy Control Chart Based on Range and , the control limits of fuzzy control charts with ranges based on fuzzy trapezoidal

By using the above

number are calculated as follows =C + =( ) + A2

=(240.42,287.64,263.1,264.4) + 0.577(31.9, 54.1, 86.8, 96.7) =( )

= (258.82, 318.88, 313.19, 320.19) = ( )= ( ))

= (240.42, 287.64, 263.1, 264.4) C =( ) - A2

= (240.42, 287.64, 263.1, 264.4)- 0.577(31.9,54.1,86.8,96.7) =( )

= (220.02, 256.42, 213.02, 208.61) - Cut Fuzzy Control Chart Based on Ranges

- Cuts in the control limits provide the ability of determining the tightness of the sampling process. - Level can be selected according to the nature of the production process. - level was defined as 0.6 this production process

= 263.62

= d+ (d c) = = = = ( )+

(268.75,287.64 ,263.1,263.62) + 0.577(45.22,54.1,86.8,90.76) ( )

 - Cut Fuzzy Control Charts for Bottle Bursting Strength Data

27

= (294.84,318.85 ,313.19,315.9) = ( ) =( = (268.75,287.64,263.1,263.62) ( ))

= (268.75,287.64,263.1) 0.577(45.22,54.1,86.8,90.76) =( = (242.66, 256.43, 213.02, 211.26)

- LEVEL FUZZY MIDRANGE FOR CUT FUZZY

CONTROL CHART BASED ON RANGES

control chart based on ranges can be obtained as

The control limits for - level fuzzy midrange for - Cut Fuzzy follows

= 266.18 + 0.577[

] = 305.41

= 266.18

= 266.18 - 0.577[

] = 226.95

FUZZY

CONTROL CHART
= (67.46, 114.42, 183.58, 204.52) = (31.9, 54.1, 86.8, 96.7) = (0, 0, 0, 0)

Where Cut Fuzzy

, n =5, and Control Chart

are obtained from the coefficients table for variable control charts.

The control limits of - cut fuzzy

control chart based on trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are obtained as follows

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A. Saravanan & P. Nagarajan

= (95.6, 114.42, 183.5, 191.9) = (45.22, 54.1, 86.8, 90.76) = (0, 0, 0, 0)

- LEVEL FUZZY MIDRANGE FOR - CUT FUZZY CONTROL CHART

The control limits of - Level fuzzy midrange for - Cut Fuzzy Control chart based on fuzzy Trapezoidal number can be calculated as follows = 2.115[ ] = 146.15

= 67.99 =0 The values of and have been calculated by using the formula of - Level fuzzy midrange for - Cut control chart respectively and

Fuzzy control chart based on ranges and - Level fuzzy midrange for - Cut Fuzzy the values are given in Table 2.

Control Limits using - Level Fuzzy Mid Range for -cut Fuzzy Control Chart Based on Ranges and - Level Fuzzy Mid Range for -Cut Fuzzy Control Chart Table: 2 Sample No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 257.44 261.18 253.38 271.64 272.52 264.82 270.96 271.92 268.88 270.6 In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control 82.4 63.6 70 73.4 74.1 71.8 70 50.2 57 67.4 In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control In Control

CONCLUSIONS
This paper shows that this process was in control with respect to and for each sample as

shown in table 2. So, these control limits can be used to control the production process. Since the Plotted values are close to the control limits .Fuzzy observations & Fuzzy control limits can provide more flexibility for controlling a process. The

 - Cut Fuzzy Control Charts for Bottle Bursting Strength Data

29

- Level fuzzy midrange transformation techniques are used to illustrate applications in a production process. The methodology can be extended to variable samples for production processes.

REFERENCES
1. 2. A.Pandurangan,R.Varadharajan. (2011) Cheng, C.B. (2005). Fuzzy Process Control: Construction of control charts with fuzzy number. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 154, 287-303. 3. El Shal, S. M., Morris A. S. (2000). A fuzzy rule -based algorithm to improve the performance of statistical process control in quality Systems, Journal of Intelligent Fuzzy Systems, 9, 20 7 223. 4. Gulbay, M., Kahraman, C and Ruan D. (2004). Journal of Intelligent Systems, 19, 1173-1196. 5. Gulbay, M and Kahraman, C. (2006) . Development of fuzzy process control charts and fuzzy unnatural pattern analysis. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 51, 434-451. 6. Gulbay, M and Kahraman, C. (2006). An alternative approach to fuzzy control charts: direct fuzzy approach.Information Sciences, 77(6), 1463-1480. 7. 8. 9. Kolarik, W.J, (1995). Creating Quality- Concepts, Systems Strategies and Tools, McGraw Hill. Montgomery, D.C., (2002). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, John Wiley and Sons, New York Rowlands, H and Wang, L.R (2000). An approach of fuzzy logic evaluation and control in SPC. Quality Reliability Engineering Intelligent, 16, 91-98. 10. Sentruk, S and Erginel, N. (2009). Development of Fuzzy Sciences, 179(10),1542-1551. and charts using - cuts. Information - Cut fuzzy control charts for linguistic data.International

APPENDIX
The fuzzy ranges for the 1. ; r = a, b, c, d values for the 10 samples are calculated as follows = 253 200 = 53 = 301 - 265 = 36 = 307 -205 = 102 = 328 176 = 152 = 261 235 = 26 = 307 265 = 42 = 299 215 = 84 = 290 187 = 103 = 262 176 =86 = 308 265 = 43 = 286 - 197 =89 = 263 197 = 66 = 262 260 = 2 = 317 - 267 = 50 = 318 214 = 104

2.

3.

4.

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A. Saravanan & P. Nagarajan

= 334 200 = 134 5. = 263 221 = 42 = 318 267 = 51 = 346 242 = 104 = 301 205 = 96 = 263 253 = 10 = 321 268 = 53 = 300 187 = 113 = 334 208 = 126 = 264 248 = 16 = 328 269 = 59 = 321 242 = 79 = 337 210 = 127 = 264 250 = 14 = 334 269 = 65 = 299 250 = 49 = 280 214 = 66 = 265 250 = 15 = 337 270 = 67 = 294 223 = 71 = 278 215 = 63 = 265 210 =55 = 346 271 = 75 = 308 235 = 73 = 280 220 = 60

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.