Thermodynamic 2-Topic 5: Refrigerant

REFRIGERATION (sv: Kylteknik) 424503 E 2010 #2 - rz sv:
2.
Vapour-compression refrigeration Vapourp p f g processes

Ron Zevenhoven bo Akademi University Thermal and Flow Engineering Laboratory / Vrme- och strmningsteknik tel. (02 215)3223 ; ron.zevenhoven@abo.fi
2.11.2010
bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku
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2.1 The ideal vapourvapour-compression cycle
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Reversed Carnot cycle /1

1-2 and 3-4: reversible and isothermal 2-3 and 4-1: isentropic maximum thermal efficiency th = 1 QH/QL if reversible th = 1-TH/TL liquid-vapour li id saturation dome
Picture: B98
Condensation / evaporation of a fluid can be done at almost any temperature/pressure combination, unlike freezing / melting, and involves greater h t effects (Hvaporisation >> Hmelting) f i l t heat ff t ), for example: water The Carnot power cycle can be executed in a reverse within the saturation dome of a refrigerant fluid
2.11.2010 bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 3/64
Reversed Carnot cycle /2

1-2 and 3-4: reversible and isothermal 2-3 and 4-1: isentropic maximum thermal efficiency th = 1 QH/QL if reversible th = 1-TH/TL
Picture: B98
liquid-vapour li id saturation dome
The (reversed) Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle operating between two temperature levels. But: process 2-3 involves compression of a two-phase mixture, and process 4-1 involves expansion of wet refrigerant
Ideal vapour-compression cycle /1 vapourOperating the Carnot cycle outside the saturation region no isothermal conditions, for heat absorption and rejection j ti
Picture: B98
Expansion step (3-4) can be simplified by (3 4) using a throttling valve (or a capillary tube) This results in a process with 3 reversible steps, and p p, 1 irreversible step
2.11.2010 bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku
QH = 23 Tds QL = 41 Tds
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T,s diagram (here for H2O)

LINES OF CONSTANT ENTHALPY IN THE SATURATION REGION isenthalpic lines
Pictures: SEHB06
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Ideal vapour-compression cycle /2 vapourStep 4-1: boiling of refrigerant at low p and T Step 1-2: compression of saturated vapour to high p and T Step 2-3: high pressure 2 3: superheated gas is cooled to saturated liquid at high T high p T, Step 3-4: expansion to low p, also T down (due to some evaporation)
Picture: B98
g Note: sub-cooling a bit beyond (3) reduces the risk of flashing in the evaporator
For each step: (Qin - Qout) + (Win - Wout) + . mrefr(hin-hout) = 0

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Pressure levels
A freezer at -18C in a room at 21C 21 C Operation pressures for evaporator and condensor are the vapour pressures for Tcold and Th for the ld hot refrigerant Reversible if cold reservoir Tlow = Tcold , hot reservoir Thigh = Thot For R 134a psat = R-134a, 1.44 atm @ -18C, 5.84 5 84 atm @ +21 C +21C
2.11.2010
R-134a
0F = -18C, 70F = 21C, 250F = 121C
Reversible: Trefrigerant = Treservoir Thigh = 21C, Tlow = -18C COPR = 1 / (Thigh/Tlow -1) = 6.6 1)
Picture: T06
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Example: ideal vapour-compression cycle /1 vapourA vapour-compression refrigeration cycle uses refrigerant R-134a at y g pressure levels p1 = 1.4 bar and p2 = 8 bar, respectively, with mass flow = 0 05 kg/s. 0.05 kg/s Calculate:
The rate of heat removal QL and compressor power input Win The rate of heat rejection QH and the COPR of the refrigerator
Source & picture: B98
Answer: data for R-134a gives Tlow = -18.8C, Thigh= 31.3C, g , , for (1) h1 = hg = 236.0 kJ/kg; s1 = sg = 0.932 kJ/(kg.K); for (2) s2 = s1 gives h2 = 272.1 kJ/kg, for (3) h3 = hf = 93.42 kJ/kg, s3 = 0.346 kJ/(kg.K); for (4) h3 h4,
R134a data: saturation pressure

Source http://energ gy.sdsu.edu/testcenter/ /testhome/ Test/so olve/basics/ta ables/tables sPC/pSatR13 34a.html
R134a data: saturation temperature

Source http://energ gy.sdsu.edu/testcenter/ /testhome/ Test/so olve/basics/ta ables/tables sPC/TSatR134a.html
100C
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R134a data: superheated vapour

Source http://energ gy.sdsu.edu/testcenter/ /testhome/ Test/so olve/basics/ta ables/tables sPC/superR134a.html
1.6 MPa
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Example: ideal vapour-compression cycle /2 vapourAnswer (cont.): QL = m(h1-h4) = 7.13 kW Win = m(h2-h1) = 1.80 kW QH = QL + Win = 8.93 kW COPR = QL / Win = 3.96 (h1-h4)/(h2-h1)
. . . .
Source & picture: B98
Comment: Replacing the throttling valve (34) by an isentropic turbine (34s) gives, with h4s = 86.92 kJ/kg a turbine power output of 0.34 kW, reducing the net power input Win to 1.46 kW. The removal of heat from the refrigerated space QL increases from . 7.13 kW to m(h1 h4s) = 7.46 kW. ( COPR increases from 3.96 to 5.11, an increase of 29%.
2.2 Household refrigerators
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Household refrigerator /2
Picture: B98
Picture: T06
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Pict ture & text: http://www. .geo4va.vt.e edu/A3/A3.htm
Four Main Components: Compressor, which increases the pressure of the refrigerant vapour vapour, pushing it through the system, and increasing the vapour's temperature above that of the surrounding kitchen kitchen. Condenser, usually behind the refrigerator, where the refrigerant vapour condenses to a liquid liquid. Expansion valve, which causes a sudden drop in refrigerant pressure, causing it to boil; also called a "metering" metering valve, since it passes only as much liquid as can be completely vaporised in the evaporator. evaporator evaporator, where the latent heat of refrigerant vaporisation is absorbed from the cold box box.
Household refrigerator /1
Irreversible heat transfer

A freezer at -18C in a room at 21C 21 C Heat transfer TO the refrigerant in evaporator and FROM the refrigerant in condensor requires a temperature difference
Tsurr Thot Tcold Tcold space 0F = -18C, 70F = 21C, 250F = 121C Tcold 1C or Thot 1C gives COP by 2 4 % 2-4 R-134a Th t hot Tcold
T, say T = 10C Tcold = -28C ( sat = 0 93 28C (p 0.93 bar),Thot = + 31C (psat = ) 7.93 bar) for the refrigerant
2.11.2010
Irreversible: Trefrigerant Treservoir ; if T =10C Tcold = -28C, Thot = +31C COPR = 1 / (Thot/Tcold -1) = 4 2 4.2
Picture: T06
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2.3 Pressure - enthalpy diagrams
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Pressure, enthalpy diagrams

In a p, h diagram 1. h 1 the vapour-compression i refrigeration cycle gives straight lines for 3 of the 4 steps, and 2. the heat transferred (QH, QL) is proportional to the length of the lines
COPR = QL h h4 = 1 Win h 2 h1 QH h 2 h 3 = Win h 2 h1
also possible isentropic
Picture: B98
COPHP =
h1 = hg @ p1 and h3 = hf @ p3 for the ideal case

The corresponding Carnot cycle
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p,h diagram R-134a R-
Picture: B98
p,h diagram R-134a R-
Picture:96
p,h diagram R-717 (NH3) R-
Picture:96
p,h diagram R-22 R-
Picture:96
p,h diagram R-12 R-
Picture:96
p,h diagram R-744 (CO2) R-
Picture:http://refrigerant.itri.org.tw/thi.htm
2.4 The real vapourvapour-compression cycle
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Real vapour-compression cycle /1 vapourIn a real refrigerator y many irreversibilities reduce the efficiency: Fl id f i ti Fluid friction (gives heat ) Heat exhange with the surroundings
Picture: B98 Pi t
The real process differs a bit from the ideal process: To T ensure complete vaporisation, the refrigerant is slightly l t i ti th fi t i li htl overheated at the evaporator inlet (8) A (long) line between evaporator and compressor gives fluid friction and heat exchange with surroundings (81)
More differences compared to the ideal process: The compression is not isentropic: s > 0 (12) or s < 0 (12) (12 )
Real vapour-compression cycle /2 vapour-
by cooling, decreasing the volume !
Picture: B98 Pi t
There will be some pressure drop between compressor and condensor, in the condensor, between condensor and d i th d b t d d throttling device (2/245) and in the evaporator The saturated liquid will be sub-cooled before going to the sub cooled throttling device, located near the evaporator.
Example: real vapour-compression cycle /1 vapourA vapour-compression refrigeration cycle uses refrigerant R-134a with R 134a mass flow = 0.05 kg/s. Vapour enters the compressor at 10C, 1 4 b 10C 1.4 bar and leaves it at 50C, 8 dl t 50C bar. The vapour enters the condenser at 7.2 bar and is cooled to 26C. The throttling valve reduces the pressure to 1 5 bar 1.5 bar. Calculate:
The heat removal QL and the compressor power Win The adiabatic efficiency of the compressor The COPR value
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Picture: B98
Neglect the heat tranfer and drops i connecting li in ti lines pressure d

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Example: real vapour-compression cycle /2 vapourAt p1,T1: h1 = 243.4 kJ/kg At p2,T2: h2 = 284 4 kJ/kg T 284.4 kJ/k At p3,T3: h3 hf = 85.75 kJ/kg h4 h3 QL = (h1-h4) = 7.88 kW Win = (h2-h1) = 2.05 kW Adiabatic eff. of compressor c = (h2s h1)/(h2-h1) h p2s = 8 bar, s2s = s1, h2 = 281.1 kJ/kg 2s gives c = 0.919 Finally, COPR = QL/Win = 7.88 kW / 2.05 kW = 3.84
Picture: B98
2.5 Refrigerants
for vapour-compression refrigerators vapour-
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Refrigerants, freezing mixtures

Picture http://www e: w.machinerylubrication.com m/article_deta ail.asp?article eid=841
In a refrigeration process, energy is converted into transferred heat using a heat carrier heat, carrier. The heat carrier medium will take up the heat at a low temperature (and pressure) and gives it off at higher temperature (and pressure) at another location A refrigerant (sv: kldmedie, kylmedel) participates in the process by a phase transition and/or pressure changes. It can also be electricity ! A cooling or freezing mixture (sv: kldblandning) can carry or store heat, which can i l a h hi h involve phase transition, but little or no pressure changes. changes Coolant for an engine:
not a refrigerant.....
when contacting water, oil, air when contacting metals, rubber or other polymers at high temperatures (non-flammable !) for the environment: ozone layer depletion, the enhanced depletion greenhouse effect
Most important: the temperature levels of the cold and hot spaces with which the refrigerant exchanges heat Temperatures at the condensor ranges from -20 C -20C (cold winter air) to +85C (heat pumps) At the lowest temperature the refrigerant should have enough pressure to allow for 1) transport to the evaporator (and compressor), 2) proper operation of the throttling d i and ) i f h h li device d 3) avoid air leakage into the system in practice a bit > 1 bar At the highest temperature the pressure should not be so high that expensive pressure vessels and tubing elements are needed in practice below 20 bar.
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cture: http://w www.housenee eds.com/Sho op/Images/win nters_401404 4facemed.jpg Pic Picture: http://www.h hc12ausa.com m/hc12/refpag ge.html
Refrigerants for v-c systems /2 g v- y
Pic cture: www.of fb.net/~epste ein/sl/0401/20 0040111-freon n.jpg
Tcriticall < Tprocess, maximum and Tmelt < Tprocess, minimum iti i lt i i Reasonable pressure levels psat at Tboil and Tcondens Large hvaporisation/condensation per unit volume i ti / d ti Safe handling, non-toxic, no smell Low cost Chemically stable Not problematic
Refrigerants for vapourg vapourp compression (v-c) systems /1 (v-
Used / found in refrigeration systems (see also D03, TW00):

CFCs (chloro fluoro carbons), HCFCs ( y ( ) (hydro chloro fluoro carbons), ) HFCs (hydro fluoro carbons) mostly CFCs: R-11 in water chillers in building air conditioning, R-12 in domestic refrigerators, in automotive air conditioning, R-22 in air conditioning, in industrial R 22 refrigeration, R-134a replaces R-12, R-502 (R-115 / R-22 mix) in supermarket refrigeration Ammonia primarily in food refrigeration; other inorganics (R 7xx) (R-7xx) = ...) (R-6xx) Hydrocarbons (C3, C2, C2 (Non-)Azeotropic mixtures (R-4xx, R-5xx) CO2 (R-744) making a return; used in aircraft Air also used in aircraft; and also: Water
Not used any longer: ethyl ether, MeCl, SO2 ether MeCl
Halogenated hydrocarbon R-code: rightmost digit = no. of F, 10-digit = 1+no. of H, 100-digit = -1+no. of C, 1000-digit = no. of double bonds, a indicates isomer unbalance, the rest is Cl, B = no. of Br.
Refrigerant vapour pressure
Vapour pressures of gases and refrigerants

Picture: S90
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Picture:http://www.hea alth-safety-signs.uk.com/pro oductimages/C Caution-Low-temperature.gif
Refrigerants for v-c systems /3 g v- y
Some refrigerant data

Gas (C2H5)2O SO2 CH3Cl CH2Cl2 NH3 CO2 CH4 C2H6 i-C4H10
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Refrigerant T boil C * R-610 R 610 R-762 R-40 R-30 R-717 R-744 R-850 R-1850 R 1850 R-600a +35 -10 -24 +40 -34 -78 -162 -89 89 -12
Gas CCl3F CCl2F2 CHClF2 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl2F4 C2ClF5 CF3CH2F

CHClF2 + C2ClF5 **
Refrigerant T boil C * R-11 R 11 R-12 R-22 R-113 R-114 R-115 R-134a R-502 R 502 HC-12a +24 -30 -41 +48 +4 -38 -26 -46 46 -33
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hydrocarbon mix
* for pressure = 1 bar
** azeotrope
Refrigerants for v-c systems /4 vBoiling temperatures for 1 bar and 20 bar Ammonia: -33C and +50C R12: -30C and +70C R11: +25C and +140C R114: +5C and +120C R134a: -26C and + 68C Heat of vaporisation and density at 0C: J g, g J Ammonia: 1260 kJ/kg, 3.45 kg/m3 4350 kJ/m3 R22: 207 kJ/kg, 21.23 kg/m3 4400 kJ/m3 ( o et c e t (volumetric heat of vaporisation) po s t o )
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Pic cture: http://im mg.alibaba.com/photo/1132 29547/ Pur re_Brand_Ne ew_R134a_R Refrigerant_In_ _DOT_Or_Normal_Cylind ders.jpg
Note that water causes of the greenhouse effect; the changing amounts of other GHGs cause an enhanced greenhouse effect
Other GHGs d h O h GHG and their global warming l b l potential (GWP, CO2 = 1 by definition)
CH4 ( 22) N2O (~300) (~22), ( 300) HFCs (hydro fluoro carbons) (140-11700) PFCs (per fluoro carbons) (7400) SF6 (23900)
Source: ZK01
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Ozone depleting substances (ODS)

ODS substances do not have a direct global warming effect but influence the formation/ destruction of tropospheric/ stratospheric ozone Most important: CO, NOx, non-methane VOCs CO NOx non methane (volatile organic compounds) Class I ODS (O Ozone D l ti P t ti l, ODP 0.1.10) Depleting Potential 0 1 10)
Carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, halons CnFxClyBrz CFCs are replaced by non-ODS (but non ODS GHG!) compounds: HFCs, PFCs, SF6
Class II ODS (ODP << 1)

HCFCs (hydrogenated fluoro carbons)
chloro
ODP = (definition) 1 for CFC 11 (R 11) f CFC-11 (R-11)

Source: ZK01
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Pictur http://www re: w.geography.h hunter.cuny.edu/~tbw/ wc.no otes/1.atmosp phere/ozone_ _depletion.2.h htm
P Picture: http:// /www.yourdic ctionary.com/a ahd/g/g02584 400.html
Greenhouse gases (GHGs), most importantly carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) trap the outgoing solar radiation that is emitted by the earths surface, earth s which leads to global warming
Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
Refigerant use in Finland

Most important: CFCs R11, R12; HFC R134a (R-22 belongs to HCFC group) Finnish decision 1990: use of CFC f b dd except F hd 1990 f forbidden in special cases g p p p EU legislation: production and import/expert of CFCs forbidden as of 1995, as a well as putting CFC containing products on the market HCFC use (mainly R-22) will decrease, to be phased R 22) out during 2000-2015 Alternatives should be found for HFCs also (mainly R-134a R 134a and R 400 types) R- 400-types) CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs are hazardous wastes p g g Special regulations as to the handling of CFCEnd of life End-of-life containing coolers, freezers, and isolation materials refrigerator handling (R-11 in poly urethane foam !) at Ekokem In the future, more use of iso-butane (R-600a), iso butane (R 600a), propane, propene, CO2 and ammonia Sources: 96, D03, SKL06
2.6 Special vapour-compression vapourrefrigeration systems
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P Pictures: http p://www.ekoke em.fi/main/Fr rontPage.asp?ItemId=7686 6
Cascade vapour-compression system vapourIn industry, efficiency may be more important than simplicity Sometimes the temperature range is too wide for a single v-c cycle use a cascade cycle
Picture: B98
One figure if the same refrigerant used in both cycles
& & h h3 m Q mB (h1 h4 ) & & m A (h5 h8 ) = mB (h2 h3 ) A = 2 ; COPR = & L = & & & mB h5 h8 Wnet,in m A (h6 h5 ) + mB (h 2 h1 )
Two cycles, a bottoming cycle and a topping cycle are connected via a heat exchanger For the heat exchanger without heat losses. or kinetic / . potential energy effects, and mass streams mA, mB :
Example: 2-stage vapour-compression system vapourConsider the system in the Figure: a cascade v-c refrigerator operating between 1 4 and 8 bar with R-134a as b 1.4 d b i h R 134 refrigerant. The heat exchanger operates at 3.2 bar for both streams. (In
Picture: B98
practice p and T are a bit higher in the . bottom cycle.) Mass stream mA = 0.05
kg/s. Calculate .
mass stream mB, the heat stream QL taken from the refrigerated space . compressor power Win the COPR for the process
& & & m A ( h5 h8 ) = mB ( h2 h3 ) mB =
h5 h8 & m A = 0.039 kg/s; h2 h3
& & & & & & Q L = mB ( h1 h4 ) = 7.13 kW; Win = Win, top + Win,bottom = m A ( h6 h5 ) + mB ( h2 h1 ) = 1.60 kW COPR =
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& QL mB ( h1 h4 ) 7.13 7 13 kW = = = 4.46 & & & Wnet ,in m A ( h6 h5 ) + mB ( h2 h1 ) 1.60 kW

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 44/64
2-stage compression refrigeration g p g

In a cascade y g system using one refrigerant, a mixing chamber (flash chamber) can be used instead of a heat exchanger h
Picture: B98
Referred to as multistage compression refrigeration systems t Saturated vapour from the flash chamber is fed to the high pressuire compressor, saturated liquid is fed to the low pressure expansion valve
Example: 2-stage compression refrigeration /1

Consider the system in the Figure: a cascade c-v refrigerator operating between 1.4 and 8 bar with R-134a as refrigerant. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid and is throttled to a flash chamber at 3.2 bar. The vapour product is mixed with the refrigerant leaving the low pressure condenser. Assuming that both compressors are isentropic and that the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as saturated vapour: (continues)
Picture: B98

Calculate The mass fraction, x ( quality ) fraction x, (quality) of the refrigerant that is evaporated when throttled to the flash chamber The amount of heat that is removed from the refrigerated space and the compressor work per unit mass refrigerant flowing through the condenser, qL and w, g , , and The COPR for the system; using the given T,s plot
Picture: B98

The mass fraction, x, of refrigerant evaporated as it is throttled to the flash chamber equals x6 = (h6-hf)/ (hg-hf) =(h6-h7)/(h3-h7) = 0.205 The Th amount of h t removed f t f heat d from the refrigerated space per unit mass equals qL = QL / m = (1-x6) (h1-h8) q ( ) ( = 145.3 kJ/kg Enthalpy h9 follows from h9 = x6 h3 +(1-x6) h2 = 251.9 kJ/kg With s9 = 0 929 kJ/(kgK) = s4 (at 8 bar) it follows from the data 0.929 kJ/(kg K) tables for R-134a that h4 = 271.1 kJ/kg Compressor work win = (1-x6) (h2-h1)+(h4-h9) = 31.8 kJ/kg Picture: B98 COPR = qL/win = 145.3 / 31.8 = 4.56
Multi-p p Multi-purpose refrigeration with a g single compressor

Picture: B98
Refrigeration at more than one temperature (as in an ordinary household refrigerator + f h h ld f i freezer) can b accomplished with one ) be li h d i h compressor by throttling in two steps Using one throttle valve and one cold temperature would give ice g p g in the refrigerator section.
2.7 Real vapour-compression vapourcycles and p,h diagrams
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Real v-c refrigeration process vA real vapourcompression refrigeration process in a p, h diagram: di

1s = throttle valve in 2s = throttle valve out 2i = evaporator in 2u = evaporator out 2k = compressor in 1k = compressor out 1i = condenser in 1u = condenser out
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Includes pressure drop over connection lines 2u-2k and 1k-1i; ; heat exchange with surroundings and in the compressor
Picture: 96
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A commercial v-c refrigerator vPicture: D03
Using a water-cooled condensor and a heat exchanger Temperature, pressure and heat of vaporisation can be optimised
VapourVapour-compression refrigeration process with superheat / subcooling

Picture: D03
Superheating by increased compressor pressure gives no improved efficiency but only results in larger condensor equipment g q g g Subcooling also ensures 100% liquid to the throttling valve and gives either more heat extracted from the refrigerated space, or a smaller required refrigerant mass flow Less attractive if the suction line to the compressor is long, especially when using ammonia as refrigerant h i i fi t
Heat exchange between evaporator outlet and condensor outlet can improve the COPR value. p
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TwoTwo-stage compression refrigeration

Picture: 96
Especially suitable for wide temperature ranges while still using one refrigerant at acceptable vapour pressures (a one-stage +10C/-30C unit
can reach -65C with two stages or -100C with three)
With minimum and maximum pressures p1 and p2 it can be shown that the optimum intermediate pressure level pm = (p1p2) Disadvantages are lower efficiency, higher power input, increased g y, g p p , temperature of refrigerant vapor from first compressor
compre essor
Cascade v-c systems /1 vA two-stage cascade uses two different refrigerants and heat exchange Allows for a lower temperature th t t than with a single-stage system y Typically -150C can be reached Compressor work decreases COP improves
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Picture: D03
Condenser B of system I is cooled y by evaporator C of system 2

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 55/64
Cascade v-c systems /2 vCascade systems are commonly used for CO2 or natural gas l liquefaction
Pictures: D03
Linde-Hampson system
Intercooled compression Picture: B98

2.8 Final remarks
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Defrosting, purging air

Defrosting is necessary from time to time to remove ice (from air humidity) y) An effective method is to use hot refrigerant gas from compressor; otherwise warm air, water or electricity t l t i it can be used
Picture: D03
Air leaking into the system lowers the efficiency (usually being immiscible with the refrigerant it acts as an insulator at heat transfer surfaces, making the condensor smaller) Manual or automatic purging methods can remove this air
Tons of refrigeration Tons refrigeration

Picture: http://histo ory.amedd.ar rmy.mil/books sdocs/wwii/blo ood/ch16fig12 26.jpg
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For refrigerators used for producing ice, one way to express the capacity is as tons of refrigeration tons refrigeration 1 ton of refrigeration = heat needed to freeze 1 short ton ( 2000 lbm = 907kg) water at 0 C to ice at 0C in (= 0C 0C 24 hours g 1 ton of refrigeration = 211 kJ/min = 200 BTU/min = 3.52 kW heat removal from the refrigerated space
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Heat exchanger irreversibilities (vS91)

A simple steady-state p ; heat transfer process; heat is transported from medium 1 to medium 2 by conduction through a material that separates them. them Temperature T1 > T2 Thermodynamic analysis
Energy balance gy & & Q =Q
1 2
Entropy balance & & Q Q1 & + S gen = 2 T1 T2 & & 1 1 & T T2 > 0 S gen = Q1 = Q1 1 T T T1T2 1 2
. Q1 T = T1
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. Q2 T = T2
This shows that Sgen is g g p large for large temperature differences (T1-T2) and low temperatures T1 and T2
2.9 Vapour-compression cycle Vapourheat pumps
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Heat pumps using v-c cycle v-
A heat pump vapour-compression system with reversing valve for summer / cooling (a) or winter / heating operation (b)
NOTE: COPHP = COPR +1
Pictures: KJ05
Heat pumps in Finland

Total capacity (2004) ~ 50 MW + ~150 MW + ~ 550 MW 150
Waste heat Air heat Geothermal
Heat pumps: to be continued

2.11.2010
Source / picture: http://www.sulpu.fi/index.php

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See also: Martinez, I. Lectures on Thermodynamics lecture 18 (English or Spanish) http://webserver.dmt.upm.es/~isidoro/bk3/index.html updated and based on Termodinmica aplicada Ed Dossat, 84 237 0810 1 Termodinmica bsica y aplicada", Ed. Dossat Madrid (1992) ISBN 84-237-0810-1
Pic cture: http://ww ww.azcentral l.com/ent/gifs s3/0809beerfloat09.jpg
CB98: Y.A. engel, M.A. Boles Thermodynamics. An Engineering Approach, McGrawHill (1998) D03: . Diner Refrigeration systems and applications Wiley (2003) g y pp y( ) KJ05: D. Kaminski, M. Jensen Introduction to Thermal and Fluids Engineering, Wiley (2005) SEHB06: P.S. Schmidt, O. Ezekoye, J. R Howell, D. Baker Thermodynamics: An Integrated Learning System (Text + Web) Wiley (2006) S90: A.L. Stolk Koudetechniek A1, Delft University of Technology (1990) SKL06: Suomen Kylmliikkeiden Liitto (2006) http://www.skll.fi/ T06: S.R. Turns Thermal Fluid Sciences, Cambridge Univ. Press (2006) TW00: A.R. Trott, T.C. Welsh Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning 3rd Ed. Butterworths-Heineman (2000) ZK01: R. Zevenhoven, P. Kilpinen Control of pollutants in flue gases and fuel gases Picaset (Espoo), 2001 (Chapter 9) 96: G. hman Kylteknik, bo Akademi University (1996)
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Thermodynamic 2-Topic 5: Refrigerant

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Thermodynamic 2-Topic 5: Refrigerant

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REFRIGERATION (sv: Kylteknik) 424503 E 2010 #2 - rz sv:

Vapour-compression refrigeration Vapourp p f g processes

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku

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2.1 The ideal vapourvapour-compression cycle

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku

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Reversed Carnot cycle /1

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Reversed Carnot cycle /2

liquid-vapour li id saturation dome

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T,s diagram (here for H2O)

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku

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For each step: (Qin - Qout) + (Win - Wout) + . mrefr(hin-hout) = 0

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0F = -18C, 70F = 21C, 250F = 121C

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku

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R134a data: saturation pressure

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R134a data: saturation temperature

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku

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R134a data: superheated vapour

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku

REFRIGERATION (sv: Kylteknik) 424503 E 2010 #2 - rz sv:

REFRIGERATION (sv: Kylteknik) 424503 E 2010 #2 - rz sv:

2.2 Household refrigerators

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku

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bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku

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Pict ture & text: http://www. .geo4va.vt.e edu/A3/A3.htm

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Irreversible heat transfer

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku

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2.3 Pressure - enthalpy diagrams

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku

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Pressure, enthalpy diagrams

also possible isentropic

h1 = hg @ p1 and h3 = hf @ p3 for the ideal case

The corresponding Carnot cycle

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p,h diagram R-134a R-

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p,h diagram R-134a R-

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p,h diagram R-717 (NH3) R-

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p,h diagram R-22 R-

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p,h diagram R-12 R-

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p,h diagram R-744 (CO2) R-

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2.4 The real vapourvapour-compression cycle

bo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku