BITS, PILANI K. K.

BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

Database Systems and Applications

(IS F243)
by

Mrs. Shubhangi Gawali

Dept. of CS and IS

1/10/2013
Database System Concepts 1.1

BITS, PILANI K. K. 1 BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

Shubhangi G.

Last Class
n Database applications n File system versus DBS H Data redundancy and inconsistency H Difficulty in accessing the data H Data isolation H Integrity constraints H Atomicity H Concurrency control H Security

Database System Concepts

1.2

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Levels of Abstraction
n Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. n Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the

relationships among the data. type customer = record name : string; street : string; city : integer; end;
n View level: application programs hide details of data types.

Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security purposes.

Database System Concepts

1.3

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View of Data
An architecture for a database system

Database System Concepts

1.4

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Instances and Schemas

n Similar to types and variables in programming languages n Schema the logical structure of the database

H e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them) H Analogous to type information of a variable in a program H Physical schema: database design at the physical level H Logical schema (Conceptual schema) : database design at the logical level
n Instance the actual content of the database at a particular point in time

H Analogous to the value of a variable

Database System Concepts

1.5

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Data independence
n Physical Data Independence the ability to modify the physical

schema without changing the logical schema

H Applications depend on the logical schema H In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.
n Logical Data Independence the ability to modify the conceptual

schema without changing the external schema or application program.

Database System Concepts

1.6

Shubhangi G.

Database Users
n Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with

the system
n Application programmers interact with system through DML

calls
n Sophisticated users form requests in a database query

language
n Specialized users write specialized database applications that

do not fit into the traditional data processing framework

n Nave users invoke one of the permanent application programs

that have been written previously

H E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers, clerical staff

Database System Concepts

1.7

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Database Administrator
n Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the

database administrator has a good understanding of the enterprises information resources and needs.
n Database administrator's duties include:

H Schema definition H Storage structure and access method definition H Schema and physical organization modification H Granting user authority to access the database H Specifying integrity constraints H Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements H Periodic backup H Recovery of database in case of crash

Database System Concepts

1.8

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Overall System Structure

Database System Concepts

1.9

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Application Architectures

Two-tier architecture: E.g. client programs using ODBC/JDBC to communicate with a database Three-tier architecture: E.g. web-based applications, and applications built using middleware

Database System Concepts

1.10

Shubhangi G.