Homework #3

Due 05/2/09
2- Write a program implementing the algorithm Bisect given in section 2.1. Use the program to calculate
the real roots of the following equations. Use an error tolerance of =10 -5
a.
b.
c.
d.

3 2 = 0
3 = 2 + + 1
1
= 0.1+ 2
= 1 + 0.3cos
()

Solution (a)

Solution (b)

Solution (c)

Solution (d)

Root1= -0.45897
Root2= 3.733080864

Root= 1.83927917480469

Root=
0.64971923828125

Root= 1.1298828125

Initial Guess
a=4, b=-4
a=4,b=-1
0
1.5
-2
2.75
-1
3.375
-0.5
3.6875
-0.25
3.84375
-0.375
3.765625
-0.4375
3.7265625
-0.46875
3.74609375
-0.453125
3.736328125
-0.4609375
3.7314453125
-0.45703125
3.73388671875
-0.458984375
3.732666015625
-0.4580078125
3.7332763671875
-0.45849609375
3.73297119140625
-0.458740234375
3.73312377929688
-0.4588623046875
3.73304748535156
-0.45892333984375
3.73308563232422
-0.458953857421875
3.73306655883789
-0.458969116210938
3.73307609558105
3.73308086395264

Ramin Shamshiri

Initial Guess
a=2, b=-2
0
1
1.5
1.75
1.875
1.8125
1.84375
1.828125
1.8359375
1.83984375
1.837890625
1.8388671875
1.83935546875
1.839111328125
1.8392333984375
1.83929443359375
1.83926391601563
1.83927917480469

Initial Guess
a=1, b=-1
0
0.5
0.75
0.625
0.6875
0.65625
0.640625
0.6484375
0.65234375
0.650390625
0.6494140625
0.64990234375
0.649658203125
0.6497802734375
0.64971923828125

EGM6341, HW #3

Initial Guess
a=2, b=1
0.5
1.25
0.875
1.0625
1.15625
1.109375
1.1328125
1.12109375
1.126953125
1.1298828125

Due 05/2/09

4- Implement the algorithm Newton given in section 2.2. Use it to solve the equations in problem 2.

Solution (a)

Solution (b)

Solution (c)

Solution (d)

Root1= -0.458962274194841
Root2= 0.910007572548888
Root3= 3.7330790654949

Root=

Root=

Root= 1.1284251543001

1.83928676250499

0.64975084244802

= + +

=
Initial Guess X0=0
-1
-0.586656659702033
-0.469801907724523
-0.459053916955023
-0.458962274194841

Initial Guess X0=1

0.914155281832543
0.910017665783406
0.910007572548888

Initial Guess X0=3

6.31543546409326
5.47414948273021
4.75164606393222
4.20113467567426
3.8687230259069
3.74791688762659
3.73327895349399
3.7330790654949

Ramin Shamshiri

Initial Guess
X0=0
-1
-0.5
0.666666666666667
-1.14814814814815
-0.637079608343976
0.0516071519600516
-0.910874140183681
-0.405089904362404
2.324018083676
1.96143817945071
1.85002218085057
1.83938071768498
1.83928676250499

=
. +

= + .
()

Initial Guess
X0=0

Initial Guess
X0=0

0.763832077797239

1.3

0.665436995401239

1.12952765547397

0.650088831737976

1.1284251543001

0.64975084244802

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

9- Use the secant method to solve the equations given in problem 2.

Solution (a)

Solution (b)

Solution (c)

Solution (d)

Root1= 0.910007571538623
Root2= -0.458962267538054
Root2= 3.73307902863279
=

Root=
1.83928675488903
= + +

Root=

Root=

Initial Guess
X0=1, X1=1
X0=4, X1=0
0.780202717105698 -0.714521757423027
0.902866735744908 -0.349878802434762
0.910623538896086 -0.439082896657181
0.910004960093375 -0.460866176241738
0.910007571538623 -0.458931851237079
0.780202717105698 -0.458962221693513
0.902866735744908 -0.458962267538054
0.910623538896086
0.910004960093375
0.910007571538623

0.649750681680885

. +

= + .
()

Initial Guess
X0=2, X1=1

1.66666666666667
2.125
1.8014938236139
1.83156305015595
1.83953463989082
1.83928516681885
1.83928675488903

Initial Guess
X0=0, X1=1

0.311406831047801
0.496402289269508
0.761987170302371
0.625110291746252
0.646106965788709
0.649879522701252
0.64975002022824

Initial Guess
X0=0, x1=1

1.14244605487164
1.128326304321
1.12842502375615
1.12842509299257

X0=3, X1=4
3.51170436247579
3.68065825616918
3.74559850251939
3.73246065052258
3.73307193240732
3.73307903268198
3.73307902863279

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

Figure 1: Computer Application for Problem 2, 4 and 9. Author Ramin Shamshiri, EGM6341, Homework #3, 5/Feb/2009

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

X0=0.25, c=0.2
1.703125000
0.944278717
1.035261085
0.979598124
1.012489169
0.992600476
1.004472485
0.997328529
1.001607161
0.999037254
1.000578204
0.999653278
1.000208105
0.999875163
1.000074912
0.999955056
1.000026967
0.999983820

X0=0.9,c=0.5
1.014500000
1.000316899
1.000000151

Ramin Shamshiri

X0=0.5,c=0.5
1.312500000
1.161743164
1.041356946
1.002600964
1.000010156

X0=0.7,c=0.5
1.121500000
1.023040182
1.000802390
1.000000966
X0=0.6,c=0.5
1.208
1.069395
1.007391
1.000082

X0=0.8, c=0.9
0.940800000
0.961915801
0.973399024
0.980612830
0.985498534
0.988963873
0.991498738
0.993393570
0.994832438
0.995937926
0.996794832
0.997463573
0.997988214
0.998401492
0.998728089
0.998986837
0.999192240
0.999355553
0.999485564
0.999589166
0.999671788
0.999737721
0.999790363
0.999832409
0.999866003
0.999892851
0.999914312
0.999931469
0.999945188
0.999956159
0.999964932
0.999971949
0.999977561
0.999982050
0.999985641
0.999988513
0.999990811
0.999992649
0.999994119
0.999995296
0.999996237
0.999996989
0.999997591
0.999998073
0.999998459
0.999998767
0.999999013
0.999999211
0.999999369
0.999999495
0.999999596
0.999999677
0.999999741
0.999999793
0.999999834
0.999999868
0.999999894

EGM6341, HW #3

0.5,0.4

1.350000000
1.094150000
0.992140894
1.001645746
0.999674103
1.000065307
0.999986944
1.000002611
0.999999478
1.000000104

X0=0.5,c=0.5
1.3125
1.161743
1.041357
1.002601
1.00001
X0=0.8,c=0.5
1.056
1.004792
1.000034

Due 05/2/09

Prob. 24.a
=2, P=1, c=2
error

x
1.5
1
2
2

0.5
1
0
0

Prob. 24.b
=1.44225, P=2, c=1
x
3
2.111111
1.631784
1.463412
1.442554
1.44225
1.44225
1.44225
1.44225
1.44225
1.44225
1.44225

error
1.55775043
0.66886154
0.18953457
0.02116242
0.00030455
6.4294E-08
2.8866E-15
0
0
0
0
0

Prob. 24.c
=3, P=1, c=0.75
x
2.5
3.428571
2.709677
3.234783
2.833676
3.130155
2.90546
3.072622
2.946505
3.040665
2.969808
3.022816
2.982985
3.012816
2.990419
3.007203
2.994607
3.00405
2.996966
3.002278
2.998293
3.001281
2.99904
3.00072
2.99946

error
0.5
0.42857143
0.29032258
0.23478261
0.16632444
0.13015533
0.09454027
0.07262162
0.05349499
0.04066509
0.03019188
0.02281612
0.01701504
0.01281579
0.00958115
0.00720311
0.00539262
0.00404993
0.00303437
0.00227751
0.00170716
0.00128092
0.00096038
0.00072046
0.00054025

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

pp.117-127 of Atkinsons textbook

#2

Bisection method

Solutions:
f(x) = exp(x)-3x2 = 0

a)
4

50

exp(x)
3*x^2

40

30

0
-1

4 x

20

-2

10
-4

0
-6

-10
-1

-8

Finding r1

x0

x1

f0

f1

x2

f2

|xn-xn-1|

-1

-2.6321206

-0.5

-0.14347

-0.5

-0.1434693

-0.25

0.591301

2.500E-01

-0.5

-0.25

-0.1434693

0.59130078

-0.375

0.265414

1.250E-01

-0.5

-0.375

-0.1434693

0.26541428

-0.4375

0.07143

6.250E-02

-0.5

-0.4375

-0.1434693

0.07142978

-0.46875

-0.0334

3.125E-02

-0.4375

-0.46875

0.0714298

-0.0333957

-0.453125

0.019672

1.563E-02

-0.46875

-0.453125

-0.0333957

0.01967188

-0.4609375

-0.0067

7.813E-03

-0.453125

-0.4609375

0.0196719

-0.006698

-0.45703125

0.006528

3.906E-03

-0.4609375

-0.4570313

-0.006698

0.00652786

-0.45898438

-7.5E-05

1.953E-03

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

10

-0.4570313

-0.4589844

0.0065279

-7.485E-05

-0.45800781

0.003229

9.766E-04

11

-0.4589844

-0.4580078

-7.485E-05

0.00322907

-0.45849609

0.001578

4.883E-04

12

-0.4589844

-0.4584961

-7.485E-05

0.00157775

-0.45874023

0.000752

2.441E-04

13

-0.4589844

-0.4587402

-7.485E-05

0.00075161

-0.45886230

0.000338

1.221E-04

14

-0.4589844

-0.4588623

-7.485E-05

0.00033842

-0.45892334

0.000132

6.104E-05

15

-0.4589844

-0.4589233

-7.485E-05

0.00013179

-0.45895386

2.85E-05

3.052E-05

16

-0.4589844

-0.4589539

-7.485E-05

2.8474E-05

-0.45896912

-2.3E-05

1.526E-05

17

-0.4589539

-0.4589691

2.847E-05

-2.319E-05

-0.45896149

2.64E-06

7.629E-06

Finding r2
n

x0

x1

f0

f1

x2

f2

|xn-xn-1|

-0.2817182

0.5

0.898721

0.5

-0.2817182

0.89872127

0.75

0.4295

2.500E-01

0.75

-0.2817182

0.42950002

0.875

0.102

1.250E-01

0.875

-0.2817182

0.10200029

0.9375

-0.08313

6.250E-02

0.875

0.9375

0.1020003

-0.0831293

0.90625

0.011157

3.125E-02

0.9375

0.90625

-0.0831293

0.01115658

0.921875

-0.03556

1.563E-02

0.90625

0.921875

0.0111566

-0.0355608

0.9140625

-0.0121

7.813E-03

0.90625

0.9140625

0.0111566

-0.0120951

0.91015625

-0.00044

3.906E-03

0.90625

0.91015625

0.0111566

-0.0004425

0.908203125

0.005364

1.953E-03

10

0.9101563

0.90820313

-0.0004425

0.00536378

0.909179688

0.002462

9.766E-04

11

0.9101563

0.90917969

-0.0004425

0.00246234

0.909667969

0.00101

4.883E-04

12

0.9101563

0.90966797

-0.0004425

0.00101036

0.909912109

0.000284

2.441E-04

13

0.9101563

0.90991211

-0.0004425

0.00028405

0.91003418

-7.9E-05

1.221E-04

14

0.9099121

0.91003418

0.0002841

-7.918E-05

0.909973145

0.000102

6.104E-05

15

0.9100342

0.90997314

-7.918E-05

0.00010245

0.910003662

1.16E-05

3.052E-05

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

16

0.9100342

0.91000366

-7.918E-05

1.1636E-05

0.910018921

-3.4E-05

1.526E-05

17

0.9100037

0.91001892

1.164E-05

-3.377E-05

0.910011292

-1.1E-05

7.629E-06

Finding r3
n

x0

x1

f0

f1

x2

f2

|xn-xn-1|

-0.2817182

6.59815003

2.5

-6.56751

2.5

6.59815

-6.567506

3.25

-5.89716

7.500E-01

3.25

6.59815

-5.8971601

3.625

-1.89715

3.750E-01

3.625

6.59815

-1.8971518

3.8125

1.657987

1.875E-01

3.625

3.8125

-1.8971518

1.65798743

3.71875

-0.27446

9.375E-02

3.8125

3.71875

1.6579874

-0.2744588

3.765625

0.650897

4.688E-02

3.71875

3.765625

-0.2744588

0.65089669

3.7421875

0.178278

2.344E-02

3.71875

3.7421875

-0.2744588

0.17827846

3.73046875

-0.05054

1.172E-02

3.7421875

3.73046875

0.1782785

-0.0505415

3.736328125

0.063251

5.859E-03

10

3.7304688

3.73632813

-0.0505415

0.06325148

3.733398438

0.006201

2.930E-03

11

3.7304688

3.73339844

-0.0505415

0.00620129

3.731933594

-0.02221

1.465E-03

12

3.7333984

3.73193359

0.0062013

-0.0222085

3.732666016

-0.00801

7.324E-04

13

3.7333984

3.73266602

0.0062013

-0.0080132

3.733032227

-0.00091

3.662E-04

14

3.7333984

3.73303223

0.0062013

-0.0009083

3.733215332

0.002646

1.831E-04

15

3.7330322

3.73321533

-0.0009083

0.00264587

3.733123779

0.000869

9.155E-05

16

3.7330322

3.73312378

-0.0009083

0.00086861

3.733078003

-2E-05

4.578E-05

17

3.7331238

3.733078

0.0008686

-1.991E-05

3.733100891

0.000424

2.289E-05

18

3.733078

3.73310089

-1.991E-05

0.00042434

3.733089447

0.000202

1.144E-05

19

3.733078

3.73308945

-1.991E-05

0.00020221

3.733083725

9.12E-05

5.722E-06

Need 16, 16 & 19 iterations for the error |xn-xn-1| to reach below tolerance 0.00001 for the three roots.

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

f(x) = x3 - x2 x -1 = 0

b)

10

5
0
-2

-1

-5
-10

x0

x1

f0

f1

x2

f2

|xn-xn-1|

-1

-2

0.5

-1.625

0.5

-1.625

1.25

-1.85938

7.500E-01

1.25

-1.85938

1.625

-0.97461

3.750E-01

1.625

-0.97461

1.8125

-0.14331

1.875E-01

1.8125

-0.14331

1.90625

0.386871

9.375E-02

1.8125

1.90625

-0.14331

0.386871

1.859375

0.111721

4.688E-02

1.8125

1.859375

-0.14331

0.111721

1.8359375

-0.01827

2.344E-02

1.859375

1.835938

0.111721

-0.01827

1.8476563

0.046101

1.172E-02

1.835938

1.847656

-0.01827

0.046101

1.8417969

0.01376

5.859E-03

10

1.835938

1.841797

-0.01827

0.01376

1.8388672

-0.00229

2.930E-03

11

1.841797

1.838867

0.01376

-0.00229

1.840332

0.005723

1.465E-03

12

1.838867

1.840332

-0.00229

0.005723

1.8395996

0.001712

7.324E-04

13

1.838867

1.8396

-0.00229

0.001712

1.8392334

-0.00029

3.662E-04

14

1.8396

1.839233

0.001712

-0.00029

1.8394165

0.00071

1.831E-04

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

15

1.839233

1.839417

-0.00029

0.00071

1.839325

0.000209

9.155E-05

16

1.839233

1.839325

-0.00029

0.000209

1.8392792

-4.1E-05

4.578E-05

17

1.839325

1.839279

0.000209

-4.1E-05

1.8393021

8.37E-05

2.289E-05

18

1.839279

1.839302

-4.1E-05

8.37E-05

1.8392906

2.11E-05

1.144E-05

19

1.839279

1.839291

-4.1E-05

2.11E-05

1.8392849

-1E-05

5.722E-06

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

f(x)=exp(x)-1/(0.1+x2)

c)

6
2

-3

-2

-1

-2 0

x2

f2

-6
-10

x0

x1

f0

f1

|xn-xn-1|

-9

1.809191

0.5

-1.20842

0.5

1.809191

-1.20842

0.75

0.607566

2.500E-01

0.5

0.75

-1.20842

0.607566

0.625

-0.16997

1.250E-01

0.75

0.625

0.607566

-0.16997

0.6875

0.242489

6.250E-02

0.625

0.6875

-0.16997

0.242489

0.65625

0.043119

3.125E-02

0.625

0.65625

-0.16997

0.043119

0.640625

-0.06158

1.563E-02

0.65625

0.640625

0.043119

-0.06158

0.648438

-0.00879

7.813E-03

0.65625

0.648438

0.043119

-0.00879

0.652344

0.017276

3.906E-03

0.648438

0.652344

-0.00879

0.017276

0.650391

0.004272

1.953E-03

10

0.648438

0.650391

-0.00879

0.004272

0.649414

-0.00225

9.766E-04

11

0.650391

0.649414

0.004272

-0.00225

0.649902

0.001013

4.883E-04

12

0.649414

0.649902

-0.00225

0.001013

0.649658

-0.00062

2.441E-04

13

0.649902

0.649658

0.001013

-0.00062

0.64978

0.000198

1.221E-04

14

0.649658

0.64978

-0.00062

0.000198

0.649719

-0.00021

6.104E-05

15

0.64978

0.649719

0.000198

-0.00021

0.64975

-6.2E-06

3.052E-05

16

0.64978

0.64975

0.000198

-6.2E-06

0.649765

9.58E-05

1.526E-05

17

0.64975

0.649765

-6.2E-06

9.58E-05

0.649757

4.48E-05

7.629E-06

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

d)

f(x)=x-1-0.3cos(x)
2

1
0
-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

-1
-2
-3

x0

x1

f0

f1

x2

f2

|xn-xn-1|

-1.3

1.124844

-0.16209

1.124844

-0.16209

1.5

0.478779

5.000E-01

1.5

-0.16209

0.478779

1.25

0.155403

2.500E-01

1.25

-0.16209

0.155403

1.125

-0.00435

1.250E-01

1.25

1.125

0.155403

-0.00435

1.1875

0.075306

6.250E-02

1.125

1.1875

-0.00435

0.075306

1.15625

0.035418

3.125E-02

1.125

1.15625

-0.00435

0.035418

1.140625

0.015517

1.563E-02

1.125

1.140625

-0.00435

0.015517

1.1328125

0.005578

7.813E-03

1.125

1.132813

-0.00435

0.005578

1.12890625

0.000612

3.906E-03

10

1.125

1.128906

-0.00435

0.000612

1.12695313

-0.00187

1.953E-03

11

1.128906

1.126953

0.000612

-0.00187

1.12792969

-0.00063

9.766E-04

12

1.128906

1.12793

0.000612

-0.00063

1.12841797

-9.1E-06

4.883E-04

13

1.128906

1.128418

0.000612

-9.1E-06

1.12866211

0.000301

2.441E-04

14

1.128418

1.128662

-9.1E-06

0.000301

1.12854004

0.000146

1.221E-04

15

1.128418

1.12854

-9.1E-06

0.000146

1.12847900

6.85E-05

6.104E-05

16

1.128418

1.128479

-9.1E-06

6.85E-05

1.12844849

2.97E-05

3.052E-05

17

1.128418

1.128448

-9.1E-06

2.97E-05

1.12843323

1.03E-05

1.526E-05

18

1.128418

1.128433

-9.1E-06

1.03E-05

1.12842560

6.42E-07

7.629E-06

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

#4

Newtons method

Solutions:
f(x) = exp(x)-3x2 = 0

a)

Finding r1
n

r1

|xn-xn-1|

-1

-0.58665666

0.4133433

-0.469801908

0.1168548

-0.459053917

0.010748

-0.458962274

9.164E-05

-0.458962268

6.658E-09

Finding r2
n

xn

|xn-xn-1|

0.91415528

0.085844718

0.91001767

0.004137616

0.91000757

1.00932E-05

0.91000757

6.0179E-11

Finding r3
n

xn
0

Ramin Shamshiri

|xn-xn-1|
3

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

6.315435464

3.315435

5.474149483

8.413E-01

4.751646064

7.225E-01

4.201134676

5.505E-01

3.868723026

3.324E-01

3.747916888

1.208E-01

3.733278953

1.464E-02

3.733079065

1.999E-04

3.733079029

3.686E-08

f(x) = x3 - x2 x -1 = 0

b)
n

xn

|xn-xn-1|

2.3

0.7

1.95170399

3.483E-01

1.84847377

1.032E-01

1.83935569

9.118E-03

1.83928676

6.894E-05

1.83928676

3.925E-09

f(x)=exp(x)-1/(0.1+x2)

c)

xn

|xn-xn-1|

0.58610873

0.41389127

0.645119782

0.059011052

0.649727346

0.004607564

0.649750681

2.33349E-05

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

d)

0.649750682

5.89759E-10

f(x)=x-1-0.3cos(x)
n

#9

xn

|xn-xn-1|

-2

1.953676238

3.953676

1.119933931

0.833742

1.128428782

0.008495

1.128425093

3.69E-06

Secant method

Solutions:
f(x) = exp(x)-3x2 = 0

a)

Finding r1
n

x0

x1

x2

f0

f1

f2

error

-1

-0.2753213

-2.63212

0.5319228

-1

-0.27532126

-0.3971505

-2.63212

0.531923

0.1990472

1.22E-01

-0.2753213

-0.39715054

-0.4699999

0.53192

0.199047

-0.037697

7.28E-02

-0.3971505

-0.46999990

-0.4583999

0.19905

-0.0377

0.0019031

1.16E-02

-0.4699999

-0.45839993

-0.4589574

-0.0377

0.001903

1.653E-05

5.57E-04

-0.4583999

-0.45895739

-0.4589623

0.0019

1.65E-05

-7.37E-09

4.88E-06

Finding r2
n

x0

x1

x2

f0

f1

f2

error

0.78020272

-0.28172

0.3557657

0.78020272

0.90286674

-0.28172

0.355766

0.0211592

1.23E-01

0.78020272

0.90286674

0.91062354

0.35577

0.021159

-0.001834

7.76E-03

0.90286674

0.91062354

0.91000496

0.02116

-0.00183

7.774E-06

6.19E-04

0.91062354

0.91000496

0.91000757

-0.00183

7.77E-06

2.827E-09

2.61E-06

Finding r3

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

x0

x1

x2

f0

f1

f2

error

2.82271483

-4.61094

6.59815

-7.080698

2.82271483

3.43212293

6.59815

-7.0807

-4.396142

6.09E-01

2.82271483

3.43212293

4.43006988

-7.0807

-4.39614

25.060725

9.98E-01

3.43212293

4.43006988

3.58105651

-4.39614

25.06072

-2.560436

8.49E-01

4.43006988

3.58105651

3.65975864

25.0607

-2.56044

-1.329536

7.87E-02

3.58105651

3.65975864

3.74476739

-2.56044

-1.32954

0.2293184

8.50E-02

3.65975864

3.74476739

3.73226200

-1.32954

0.229318

-0.015846

1.25E-02

3.74476739

3.73226200

3.73307027

0.22932

-0.01585

-0.00017

8.08E-04

3.73226200

3.73307027

3.73307904

-0.01585

-0.00017

1.282E-07

8.76E-06

f(x) = x3 - x2 x -1 = 0

b)
n

x0

x1

x2

f0

f1

f2

error

2.517241379

14

43

6.096765

2.517241

2.272275572

43

6.096765

3.296784

2.45E-01

2.517241

2.272276

1.983845303

6.096765

3.296784

0.888218

2.88E-01

2.272276

1.983845

1.87747957

3.296784

0.888218

0.215574

1.06E-01

1.983845

1.87748

1.843390652

0.888218

0.215574

0.022526

3.41E-02

1.87748

1.843391

1.839412969

0.215574

0.022526

0.000691

3.98E-03

1.843391

1.839413

1.839287182

0.022526

0.000691

2.33E-06

1.26E-04

1.839413

1.839287

1.839286755

0.000691

2.33E-06

2.43E-10

4.27E-07

f(x)=exp(x)-1/(0.1+x2)

c)
n

x0

x1

x2

f0

f1

f2

error

0.80082071

1.809191

19.97565

0.8784118

0.800821

0.69966549

19.97565

0.878412

0.3168178

1.01E-01

0.800821

0.699665

0.64259974

0.878412

0.316818

-4.815E-02

5.71E-02

0.699665

0.6426

0.6501283

0.316818

-0.04815

2.522E-03

7.53E-03

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

0.6426

0.650128

0.64975362

-0.04815

0.002522

1.961E-05

3.75E-04

0.650128

0.649754

0.64975068

0.002522

1.96E-05

-8.016E-09

2.94E-06

x2

f0

f1

f2

error

d)

f(x)= x-1-0.3cos(x)

x0

x1

1.1318299

-0.16209

2.296998

0.00432867

1.13183

1.12830271

2.296998

0.004329

-0.0001556

3.53E-03

1.13183

1.128303

1.12842507

0.004329

-0.00016

-2.669E-08

1.22E-04

1.128303

1.128425

1.12842509

-0.00016

-2.7E-08

1.6509E-13

2.10E-08

#13
Newtons method is the commonly used method for calculating square roots on a computer. To use
Newtons method to calculate square root of a, an initial guess x 0 must be chosen, and it would be most
convenient to use a fixed number of iterates rather than having to test for a convergence. For definiteness,
suppose that the computer arithmetic is binary and that the mantissa contains 48 binary bits. Write = 2 ,
< <1. This can be easily modified to the form: = 2 , <b <1. With f an even integer. Then

a b 2 f /2 , < <1. And the number will be in standard floating-point form, once b is known.
This reduces the problem to that of calculating b for < b < 1. Use the linear interpolating formula x0=
1/3(2b+1), <b <1, as an initial guess for the Newton iteration for calculating square root of b.

Solution:
a)

b)

1
x0 (2b 1)
3

1
e0 b (2b 1)
3

maximum e0 occurs at

de0
1
0 , i.e. b (3 / 4) 2 0.5625 . This gives e0, max .
db
24

1 e n2
Since en 1
2 xn

, it is seen that

1 e 20
| e1 |
2 x0

Ramin Shamshiri

1 e 21 1 e 40
| e2 |

2 x1 23 x1x 20

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

e0
1 e 22
1
| e3 |

,
2 x2 2 7 x2 x 21x 40

e160
1 e 23
1

| e4 |

2 x3 215 x3 x 22x 41x 8

0
Since

x0

1
1
, xn b
4
2

| e4 |

for n>0, and

2416 215 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 )8
2 4

| e0 |

1
24

, it follows that

2.12 10 20

<

2 48 = 3.6 10 15

Thus 4 iterations are definitely enough to reduce the error on the 4th iteration to less than machine
epsilon.
On the other hand, since
that

x3 will have only half of the significant digits comparing with x 4 , it is likely

| e3 | will be on the order of O(10 10 ) or a little smaller. (In reality, through trial-and-error, we

can find that the maximum

| e3 | occurs at b=0.5075 with | e3 | = 8.0 10 13 which is higher than

48
the specified tolerance). Thus 3 iterations are NOT enough to bring the error down to 2
level.
Hence 4 iterations are required number of Newtons iteration.

Improvement of x0:

b x0 . In order to reduce the initial error e0 , x0 should be chosen to follow

1
1
b . The guess given by x0 (2b 1) gives correct values at b=1/4 and 1 since x0 (2b 1) is a
3
3
Consider e0

linear interpolation between (b, x0) = (1/4, ) and (1, 1). To improve the initial guess, we can use a quadratic
fit to match three points:
(b, x0) = (1/4, ), ( , 0.70710678), and (1, 1).
The following fit x0

0.5 0.828427125(b 0.25) 0.32352092(b 0.25)(b 0.5)

match those three points exactly.

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

1
sqrt(b)
fit1

0.9

fit2

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.25

0.5

0.75

Of course, you can use different points such as (b, x0) = (1/4, ), (5/8, 0.790569415), and (1, 1) to improve the
initial guess.

#21

Solution:

a)

For

x = x + c f(x) = g(x)

we need

|g(x)| =|1 + c f(x)|<1 in the interval of interest, say, a<x<b.

to converge

In particular, near x=r, we must have |g(r)|<1. This implies

-1<1 + cf(r) < 1 or
b)

-2 < cf(r ) < 0

Since the smaller value of |g(r)| gives faster convergence, the best we can achieve is to set
to 0. This results in
1 + c f(x) = 0
=>
c = -1/f(x)
=>

xn 1 xn

g(x)

f ( xn )
f ' ( xn )

which is the Newtons method

Thus, Newtons method is a special case of fixed point iteration.

#23

The iteration xn1 2 (1 c) xn cxn3 will converge to =1 for some values of c. Find the values of
c for which this is true. For what value of c will the convergence be quadratic?

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

Solution:
First we observe from the given iteration that

g ( x ) 2 (1 c) x cx 3
Thus the first order derivative of g(x) is:

g '( x ) (1 c) 3cx 2
Since the iteration converges to =1, the derivative at the root is

g '( ) (1 c) 3c 1 2c
Convergence requires | g '( ) | 1 so that

1 1 2c 1

Thus

0 c 1

In order to obtain quadratic convergence, we need g '( ) 0 which requires

1 2c 0
so that

c= .

#24

Solution:

a)

g(x) = -16 + 6x + 12/x,

r=2

g(x) = 6-12/x2 =>

g(2) = 6-12/4=3>1

b)

g ( x)

2
1
x
3
x2

g(x) = 2/3 2/x3 =>

=> will NOT converge.

r =31/3
g(31/3) = 2/3- 2/3 = 0 <1 => will CONVERGE.

Furthermore, because g(r)=0, it will converge quadratically (p=2).

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

c)

g(x) = 12/(1+x) r=3

g(x) = -12/(1+x)2 =>

g(3) = -12/16=-0.75.

=> will converge.

Rate of convergence near root is =| g(3)| = 0.75.

Since g(r)<0, the iterated value xn will oscillate near the actual root r.

#25

Solution:

xn 1
a.

xn ( xn2 3a)

We need to prove first that the limit of

First of all, if

(1)

3xn2 a
x n of this iterative scheme must exist.

x0 >0 (which is a reasonable thing to assume for finding square root), we can see that

from (1),

x1 > 0.
Assume it is true for

Second, since

x k (i.e. x k > 0), then xk 1 > 0 follows from (1).

xn 1 a

xn ( xn2 3a)
3xn2 a

( xn a ) 3
3xn2 a

if

x0 a , then x1 a

based on (2). Hence xn

using induction.

If

x0 a

based on (2). Hence xn

using induction.

Third, since

then x1

xn 1 xn

2 xn (a xn2 )
3xn2 a

a xn 1 xn

xn xn 1 a
Thus the limit of

Ramin Shamshiri

we get

if x0

if

(2)

a,

x0 a .

x n exists.

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09

Forth, to find the limit (assumed to be L) we get

L
It can be easily found that L=

b.

(2) =>

en 1

en3
3xn2 a

In the limit n becomes large,

#39

L( L2 3a)
3L2 a

a.
=>

en 1
en3

xn a

1
3xn2 a
en 1

so that

en3

1
.
4a

Thus the order of convergence is 3.

Solution:

Results of the Newtons method using single precision:

n

zn

f(zn)

(2.462611,

4.645821)

(2.810165,

-0.9090271)

(2.470614,

4.640501)

(4.7531128E-03,

1.1505127E-02)

(2.470639,

4.640533)

(-7.6293945E-05,

4.5776367E-05)

(2.470639,

4.640533)

(1.2969971E-04,

4.5776367E-05)

Ramin Shamshiri

EGM6341, HW #3

Due 05/2/09