SRI SIVASUBRAMANIYA NADER COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KALAVAKKAM- 603110.

FLUID MECHINERY LAB FIRST CYCLE

1. RECIPROCATING PUMP 2. JET PUMP 3. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP 4. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 5. GEAROIL PUMP 6. PELTEN WEEL TUREINE 7. FRANCIS TURBINE

RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM: To conduct a test on Reciprocating Pump and to design the parameters of the pump. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Stop Watch and Meter scale. FORMULAE: H= Hs + Hd + Hc Q= LBY/ t1 IP=( 3600 x n / Ec x t2 ) KW OP= WQH / 1000KW =OP / IP x 100 H = Total head in m Hs= Suction head in m Hd = Delivery head in m Hc = correction head in m Q = Discharge in m 3/sec L = Length of the collecting tank in m B = Breath of the colleting tank in m Y= Rise of water in collecting tank (0.1m) t1 = Time taken for 10 cm rise in seconds IP = Input Power in Kw. N = Number of revolutions (Generally 5) Ec = Energy meter constant (rev/Kwh) t2= Time taken for 5 revolution in energy meter in seconds OP= Output power in Kw. W = Specific weight of water = 9.81x 103 N/m3

Model Calculation for Reciprocating Pump

1. Hs = 180 x 13.6/1000 = 2.448 m 2. Hd = 1 x104 x 9.81 /9810 = 10.00 m 3. Hc = 15 cm = 0.15 m 4. Total head H = Hs + Hd + Hc = 12.598 m 5. Discharge Q = LBY/t1 = 0.3x0.3x0.1 / 20 = 4.5 x 10-4 cu.m/sec. 6. Output power OP = WQH / 1000 = 9810x 4.5 x 10-4 x12.598 / 1000 = 0.0558 kw. 7. Input power IP = 3600 x n/Ec.t2 = (3600x5) / (600x72) = 0.4166 kw 8. Efficiency = OP/IP x 100 = 0.0558/0.4166 x 100 = 13.35%.

Procedure: 1. Note the system details, (a) Details of the pump. (b) Size of the collecting tank. (c) Energy meter constant. (d) Distance between pressure gauge tapings (Hc) 2. 3. 4. Keep the delivery valve fully opened. Switch on the motor. Observe the following. (a) Suction pressure. (b) Delivery pressure. (c) Time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank t1in sec. . 5. 6. (d) Time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter reading t2 in sec. Repeat the experiment for different settings of the delivery valve. Observations are entered in a well-prepared tabular statement and computations are made as explained under model calculation. 7. Plot the graph between discharges, Q on. X axis Vs IP ,efficiency , Total head on Y-axis.

RESULT : A test was conduced on Reciprocating pump and characteristic curves were drawn Maximum Efficiency= -----------------% Corresponding Input= -----------------Kw. Corresponding Total Head = -------------------m. Corresponding Discharge =------------------m3/sec

JET PUMP AIM: To conduct a test on Jet pump and to design the parameters of the pump APPARATUS REQUIRED: Stop watch and meter scale. FORMULA: H = Hd + Hv + Hc Qa = LBY/t1 V = Q/a (a = (/4) x d2, Where d = Dia of delivery pipe) Hv = V2/ 2g IP = 3600 x n / (Ec x t2) Kw OP =WQH / 1000 Kw = OP / IP x 100 H = Total head in m Hv = Velocity head in m Hd = Delivery head in m Hc = Correction head in m Qa = Actual discharge in m3/sec A = Area of the collecting tank in m2 L = Length of the collecting tank in m B = Breath of the collecting tank in m Y = Rise of water in collecting in (0.1m) t1 = Time taken for 10 cm rise in second IP = Input power in Kw N = Number of revolutions (Generally 5) Ec = Energy meter constant (rev/Kwh) t2 = Time taken for revolution in energy meter in seconds OP = Out put power in Kw W = Specific weight of water = 9.81 x 103 N/m3

Model Calculation for Jet Pump 1. Area of the Tank (A) = L x B = 0.4 x 0.4 m2 2. Delivery pressure (Pd) = 1 kg/sq.cm Hd = Pd x 104 x 9.81/9810 = 1x104x9.81/9810 = 10 m 3. Volume flow rate Q = AxY / t1 Q = 0.16 x 0.1 / 23.28 = 6.87 x 10-4 cu.m/sec. 4. Flow velocity V = Q/a = 6.87 x 10-4 /4.91x10-4 = 1.399 m/sec. a = /4xd2 = /4x0.025x0.025 m = 4.91 x 10-4 m2 5. Velocity head = V2/2g m = 0.099 m (g = 9.81 m /sec2) 6. Total head (H) = Hs + V2 /2g + Hc. (Hc = 1.40m) = 10 + 0.099 + 1.40 = 11.499 m 7. Input power IP = 3600xn/Ecxt2 kW = 3600x5/600x15.13 = 1.98 kW 8. Output power OP = WQP /1000 kW = 9810x(6.87x10-4) x11.499 /1000 = 0.077 kW 9. Efficiency = OP/IP x100 = (0.077/1.98) x 100 = 3.8 %

PROCEDURE: 1. Note the system details. (a) Diameter of the pipe (b) Size of the collecting tank in m (c) Energy meter constant in rev /KWH. (d) Correction head in m 2. 3. 4. Close the delivery valve almost fully Switch on the motor Open the delivery valve such that the required pressure in the delivery head may be obtained. 5. Observe the following (a) Delivery pressure in kg. /cm2 (b) Time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank t1in seconds. (c) Time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter reading t2 in Sec 6. 7. Repeat the experiment for different settings of the delivery head Observations are entered in a well prepared tabular statement and computations are made as shown in the model calculation. 8. Polt the graph between discharge Q on X axis Vs Ip, efficiency , Total head on Y axis.

RESULT

A test was conduced on Jet pump and characteristics curves were drawn Maximum Efficiency =-------------- % Corresponding input power = --------------------KW. Corresponding Total head = ----------------------m. Corresponding Discharge =------------------------m3/sec

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP AIM To conduct a test on Submersible pump and to design the parameters of the pump APPARATUSSREQUIRED: Stop watch and Meter scale. FORMULA: H = Hd + Hv +Hc Qs = LBY/t1 V = Q/a ( a = (/4) x d2 , Where d = Dia of delivery pipe) Hv = V2/2g IP =[( 3600 x n) /( Ec x t2 )] kW OP =( WQH / 1000 ) kW = OP/IP X100 H = Total head in m Hv = Velocity head in m Hd = Delivery head in m Hc = Correction head in m Qa = Actual discharge in m3/sec L = Length of the collecting tank in m B = Breadth of the collecting tank in m

Y = Rise of water in collecting tank (0.1m) t1 = Time taken for 10 cm rise in seconds IP = Input power in kW. N = Number of revolutions (generally5) Ec = Energy meter constant (rev/kWH) t2 = Time taken for revolution in energy meter in seconds OP = Output power in kW.. W = Specific weight of water = 9.81x 103N/m3

Model Calculation for Submersible Pump 1. Discharge Q = LBY / t1 m3/sec. = 0.5x0.5x0.1 / 5.32 = 4.69 x 10-3 m3/sec. 2. Velocity V = Q/a m/sec. = 4.69 x 10-3 / 1.96 x 10-3 = 2.39 m/sec. a = /4 x d2 = /4 x0.05x0.05 = 1.96 x10-3 m2 3. Velocity head (Hv) = V2/2g m = (2.39) 2 / 19.6 = 0.29 m 4. Delivery head (Hd) = (Pdx104 x9.81) / 9810 m = (2x104 x9.81) / 9810 = 20 m 5. Total Head (H)=( Hd + Hv + Hc).m =(20 +0.29 + 1.71) = 22 m 6. Input power (IP) = (3600 x n) /( Ec x t2) kW = (3600 x 5)/200x27.5 = 3.27 kW. 7. Output power (OP) = WQH / 1000 kW = (9810 x 4.69 x 10-3 x 22 / 1000 = 1.012 kW 8. Efficiency = OP/IP x100 kW = (1.012 / 3.27) x 100 = 30.94%

PROCEDURE: 1. Note the system details (a) Diameter of the delivery pipe in m (b) Size of the collecting tank in m (c) Energy meter constant in rev/kWH. (d) Correction head in m 2. 3. 4. Close the delivery valve almost fully Switch on the motor Open the delivery valve such that the required pressure in the delivery head may be obtained. 5. a. b. c. 6. 7. Observe the following Delivery pressure in kg/cm2 Time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank t1 in seconds. Time taken fore 5 revolutions of energy meter reading t2 in sec Repeat the experiment for different settings of the delivery heads Observations are entered in a well prepared tabular statement and computations are made as explained under model calculation . 8. Plot the graph between discharge Q on X axis Vs Ip, efficiency , Total head on Y axis.

RESULT: A test was conduced on Submersible pump and characteristics curves were drawn Maximum efficiency = -----------------% Corresponding input power ---------------------kW Corresponding Total head =----------------------m. Corresponding Discharge =----------------m3/sec

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AIM: To conduct a test on Centrifugal pump and to design the parameters of the pump. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Stopwatch and METER SCALE . FORMULAE: H = Hs + Hd +Hc Q = LBY/t1 IP = 3600x n / (Ec X t2) KW OP = (WQH/1000) KW = OP/ IP X 100 H = Total head in m Hs = Suction head in m Hd = Delivery head in m Hc = Correction head in m Q = Discharge in m3/ sec. L = Length of the collecting tank in m B = Breadth of the collecting tank in m Y = Rise of water in collecting tank ( 0. 1m) t1 = Time taken for 10 cm rise in seconds IP = Input power in kW N = Number of revolutions (Generally5) Ec = Energy meter constant (rev/ kWH) t2 = Time taken for 5 revolutions in energy meter in seconds OP = Out power in kW. W = Specific weight of water = 9.8x103 N/m3

Model Calculation for Centrifugal Pump 1. Suction head ( Hs) = 300 x 13.6 / 1000 m = 4.08 m 2. Delivery pressure ( Pd) = 1.2 kg/sq.cm 3. Delivery head ( Hd) = Pd /w m = (1.2 x 104 x 9.81)/9810 = 12 m 4. Correction head (Hc) = 0.47 m 5. Total head (H) = Hs+Hd+Hc m = 4.08+12+0.47 = 16.55m 6. Discharge Q = LBY/t1 cu.m /sec. = (0.7x0.7x0.1)/16.38 cu.m/sec. 7. Output power (OP) = WQH / 1000 kW = 9810x2.99x10x16.55/1000 = 0.4854 kW. 8. Input power (IP) = (3600xn)/Ecxt2 kW = (3600x5)/600x20.65 = 1.453 kW 9. Efficiency = OP/IP x100 kW =(0.4854/1.453) x 100 = 33%

PROCEDURE: 1. Note the system details (a) Details of the pump. (HP and Speed) (b) Size of the collecting tank. (c) Energy meter constant. (d) Distance between pressure gauge and vacuum gauge tapping (HC) 2. Keep the delivery valve almost closed. 3. Switch on the motor. 4. For any desired opening note the following. (a) Suction pressure. (Ps) (b) Delivery pressure (Pd) (c) Time taken for 10cm rise in collecting tank t1 in second (d) Time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter reading t2 in seconds 5. Repeat the experiment for differing settings of the delivery valve. 6. Observations are entered in a well-prepared tabular statement and computations are made as explained under model calculation. 7. After the observations are made, switch off the motor 8. Plot the graph between discharge Q on X-axis Vs Ip, efficiency Total head on Y-axis.

RESULT: A test was conduced on Centrifugal pump characteristics curves were drawn Maximum Efficiency =-----------------% Corresponding input power =-----------------KW Corresponding Total Head = -----------------------m. Corresponding Discharge ------------------------m3 / sec

GEAR OIL PUMP AIM:

To conduct a test on Gear oil Pump and to design the parameters of the pump

APPARATUS TEQUIRED: Stopwatch and Meter scale . FORMULAE: H = Hs + Hd + Hc Q = LBY/ t1 IP = 3600 x n / (Ec x t2) KW OP = WQH / 1000 KW = (OP / IP) x 100 H = Total head in m Hs = Suction head in m Hc = Correction head in m Hd = Delivery head in m Q = Discharge in m3/ Sec L = Length of the collection tank in m B = Breadth of the collecting tank in m Y = Rise of water in collecting tank (0.1) t1 = Time taken fore 10 cm rise in seconds IP = Input power in KW N = Number of revolutions (Generally3) Ec = energy meter constant (rev / kWH) t2 = Time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter in seconds OP = Output power in kw. W = Specific weight of oil = 7.8 x 103 N/m3

Model Calculation for Gear oil Pump 1. Area of the collecting tank (A) = (L x B) m2 = 0.25 x0.25 = 0.0625 m2 2. Suction head (Hs) = (Psx13.6)/800 = 2.465 m of oil 3. Delivery head (Hd) = (Pdx104x9.81) / 7848 = (1x104x9.81)/7848 = 12.5 m of oil *w = g

Specific gravity of oil = o/ w 0.8 = o /1000 o =800 w =800x9.81 = 7848N/m3 4. Correction head (Hc) = 0.18 m 5. Total head (H) = Hs + Hd + Hc . = 2.465 + 12.5 +0.18 = 15.145m of oil. 6. Discharge Q = AY / t1 = (0.0625x 0.1) / 8.72 = 7.1674x 104 cu.m/sec. 7. Out put power OP = WQH /1000KW = (7848x 7.1674 x10-4 x 15.145) /1000. = 0.0852KW. 8. In put power IP = (3600xn)/(Ecxt2)KW = (3600x 2) / (200 x 50.56) = 0.7120KW = OP/IP x 100 = (0.0852 / 0.7120) x 100 = 11. 97 %

9. Efficiency

PROCEDURE: 1. Note the system details. (a) Details of the pump. (HP and Speed) (b) Size of the collecting tank. (c) Energy meter constant. (d) Distance between pressure gauge and vacuum gauge tapping (Hc) 2. Keep the delivery valve fully open. 3. Switch on the motor. 4. For any desired opening note the following. (a) Suction pressure. (Ps) (b) Delivery pressure (Pd) (c) Time taken fore 10cm rise in collecting tank t1 in seconds. (d) Time taken for 2 revolutions of energy meter reading t2 in seconds. 5. Repeat the experiment for different setting of the delivery valve. 6. Observations are entered in a well-prepared tabular statement and computations are made as explained under model calculation. 7. After the observations are made, switch off the motor 8. Plot the graph between discharge Q on X-axis Vs Ip,. Efficiency and Total head on Yaxis.

RESULT:

A test was conduced on gear oil pump and characteristic curves were drawn. Maximum Efficiency =----------------------- % Corresponding input = ---------------------------KW Corresponding Total head =---------------------m. Corresponding discharge =---------------------m3 / sec

PELTON WHEEL TURBIN AIM: To study the characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine at constant head. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Pelton wheel turbine, Pump set, Venturimeter fitted with pressure gauge, Tachometer, Weight, Hanger, Spring balance and pressure gauge.

PROCEDURE: 1. Note the system details, (a) Diameter of the break drum (D) in m (b) Diameter of rope (d) in m 2. Loosen the break wheel so that the needle in the spring balance read zero. 3. Open the gate valve fully 4. Adjust the speed for constant nozzle opening. 5. Start the pump supply. 6. Apply 1 kg load initially and note the following observations (a) Pressure gauge readings (P1& P2) of venturimeter. (b) Pressure gauge readings at entrance of turbine. (c) Reading shown by the spring balance. (d) Tachometer reading. 7. Repeat the observations for at least six different readings. 8. After all observations are made unload the weights gradually and switch off the supply pump motor. 9. All observations are be tabulated

FORMULA:

1. Supply head H = Pd (m). H = head of water (m) 2. Discharge Qa = 39 h Qa = discharge in lit / min (lpm), h= Venture head in m. Input power =(H in meters xQ in Lpm) / 6120 kW.

MODEL CALCULATION FOR PELTAN WEEL TURBINE 1. Venturimeter presser gauge readings P = ( P1 P2) = 0.2 kg / sq.cm. h = ( px104 x9.81) / 9810 = 0.2 x 104 x 9.81 / 9810 = 2 m = 2000mm. 2. Actual discharge Qa = 39 h lit / min. = 39 2000 = 1744 lit /min. 3. Supply head H = Hg = (6.3 x 104 x 9.81) / 9810 = 63m 4. Toque T = W x R kg-m = 6.5 x 0. 165 = 1.0725kg-m. 5. Out put power OP = 2NT / 6120 KW. = (2xx1400x1.0725) / 6120 = 1. 5415KW. 6. Input power IP = Hx Qa / 6120 KW. = (63x 1744) / 6120 = 17.95KW.

7.Efficiency = OP /IP x 100 = 1.5415 /17. 95 x 100 = 8.59 %

GRAPH: Draw graph N (in rpm) on X-axis Vs , IP & H. RESULT: Maximum efficiency =--------------% Corresponding speed=--------------rpm Corresponding input power=--------kW. Corresponding head =-------------m.

FRANCIS TURBINE AIM: To study the characteristics of Francis turbine at constant head. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Francis turbine, pump set, Venturimeter fitted with pressure gauge, Tachometer, Weights, Hanger, Spring balance and pressure gauge vacuum gauge. PROCEDURE: 1. Not the system details, a) Diameter of the brake drum (D) in m b) Diameter of rope (d) in m 2. Loosen the break wheel so that needle in the spring balance reads zero. Open the gate valve fully. 3. Adjust the speed for constant nozzle opening. 4. State the pump supply. 5. Apply 1 kg load initially and note the following observations a) Pressure gauge readings (P1&P2) of venturimeter b) Pressure gauge readings at entrance of turbine. c) Suction gauge reading at exit of turbine. d) Reading shown by the spring balance. e) Tachometer reading. 6. Repeat the observations for at least six different readings. 7. After all observations are made unload the weight gradually and switch off the supply pump motor. 8. All observations are to be tabulated

. FORMULAE:

1. Supply head H = Ps + Pd (m) H = Head of water (m). 2. Discharge Qa = 84.5 h Qa = Discharge in lit/ min (lpm), h = Venturi head in m. 3. Input power = (H in meters x Q in lpm)/6120kW. 4. Break power = 2NT / 6120kW. N= Turbine speed in RPM. T = Torque in kg-m. (Effective radius of the break in meters x brake load in kg.)

GRAPH: Draw graph N (in rpm) on X- axis Vs , IP & H.

RESULT:

Maximum efficiency =---------------% Corresponding head =-----------------m Corresponding input power= ---------kW. Corresponding speed=----------------rpm