CITATION ANALYSIS OF MASTERS OF ENGINEERING DISSERTAIONS OF DELHI TECONOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY DELHI

INRODUCTION User studies have been denoted by various terms by various authorities. There is not a common agreement over the use of a single term to denote studies of users. The terms used are not only many but varied, namely, the Study of the needs of the Users of Information (Wysooki, 9), Information Use Studies (Fishenden, 163), Literature Searching Studies (Martyn, 43), Use Studies (Paisley, 5) and Information Needs Studies (Fishenden, 173). The terms revolve around information studying its need and its use, or its user or its search process. To avoid the terminological riddle Wysooki suggested that the term Information Needs Studies could be used, for investigation on the influence of information on the development of science and User Studies or Use Studies for denoting information processing activities of the user. (Wysooki, 9) Purpose of User Studies User Studies appears to be conducted for two main purposes: i. ii. Studies to explore the flow of information within a given environment Studies to seek data in the operation of specific services, for example, an SDI service. The practical implications of each type of study vary, and this may partly account for the lack of any coherent pattern within user studies. (Barbara, 140)

Since the method used by the investigator has been subjected to very careful scrutiny and discussion, the justification of the method opted and fully used must occupy considerable space in each survey. All available methods of user studies have been categories differently by various authorities. While (Kunz, 9) classified the techniques of user studies into two broad categories, namely Conventional and Newer Methods, (Guha,55) has more appropriately categorized them as General or Conventional Method and Indirect Methods. General or Conventional Method is also referred to as Direct Method. The former i.e. Conventional methods include Questionnaire Interview, Diary, Observation while indirect method include Operations Research Study, Analysis of Library Records and Citation Analysis. Citation Analysis: Concepts Citation analysis is an indirect method, like the analysis of library records, to determine the actual use of documents or sources. Brittains calls it the systematic approach (Brittains, 439) to study the use of literature. Pitchard In 1963 introduced the term Bibliometrics which he define as quantitative treatment of recorded discourse and behavior appertaining to it (Pitchard, 348). De Sola Price in 1963 and Garfield in 1972 of core journals in a particular subject field or for a particular scientific community in a geographical area. It is a technique of listing of references appended to articles to significant periodicals and counting the frequency with which periodicals are cited.

Citation analysis is an established research tool used by librarians, teachers and information scientists to indicate the relationship that exit between cited and citing document. Different scholars have defined citation analysis in many ways. In one of the studies Citation analysis is defined as an activity involving analysis of citation or references which form a part of the primary scientific communication. Eugene Garfield defined Citation Analysis as Citation Analysis is very general measure to utility of the contribution made by an individual to cognitive progress in a field. Utility is thus not to be equated with importance or impact: A highly cited work is one that has been found useful by a relatively large number of publishing papers.(Garfield, 471) According to Patel, Citation analysis is a technique of listing the references appended to articles in significant periodicals and counting the frequency with which periodicals are cited. (Patel, 123) This method emphasized that most desirable ones in library collections, are likely to be used frequently by the scientists. This also helps librarians and scientific community to select the journals in a particular subject area. Narendra Kumar in his work, Citation Study as a tool for evaluation of Journal Collection Use: A Case Study quotes Vickery established that Citations are good indicators for measuring the library use.(Narendra, 48) Moed and Vriens beautifully highlighted the importance as Citation analysis constituents an important tool in quantitative studies of Science and Technology. Moreover, Citation indexes are used frequently in searchers for relevant scientific documents on a certain topic.(Moed, 95) The main objective of Citation Analysis are to evaluate and to interact citation received by articles, authors, institutions and other aggregates of scientific activities. It is also used as a tool for measuring communication links in the sociology of science. Citation Study is most commonly used technique followed all over the word and is considered today an authentic and accurate tool for journal evaluation. Importance of citation analysis as a method for measuring technique in information sciences and other related discipline has been shown by Herbert Snyder as: Citation Analysis has been identified as one of the new techniques that has been imported from information science into other discipline but the users to which it is put and its importance as an analytical techniques within the host discipline have not been explored.(Synder, 75) In other words, citation analysis is defined as an actively involving analysis of the citations or references which form a part of the primary scientific communication. Citation analysis is a technique of listing references appended to articles in significant periodicals and counting the frequency with which are cited. Citation Analysis reveals interesting information about knowledge producers in terms of their information seeking behaviour and usage of various information sources. It can highlight the familiarity, awareness and usage of knowledge producers regarding the online and print information sources. Citation analysis examines the frequency ,patterns and graphs of citations in articles and books (Garfield, 1983) . Citation in scholarly works are used to establish links to other works. It is one of the most widely used methods of bibliometrics or it is an aspect of bibliometrics and studies references to and from documents (Gooden, 2001).

Citation analysis works because scientists leave an unmistakable trail behind them as they report their work -a trail of footnotes .Today ,a scientific publication is easily recognized by its footnotes ,endnotes and references to other scientific articles or books. Citation analysis reflects on citation practices .Citation analysis is also seen as that which is used to determine competitive position of authors ,to study the structure of literature ,to manage a collection of journals ,to define the structure of science and for scientists to identify useful journals among other thing. From an application point of view , Citation analysis may be considered as a collaborative peer effort to analyze and promote the quality of scholarly publication and research. Johnson pointed out that citation studies must reveal about scholarly communication and can be an effective tool to guide collection development in academic libraries. Studies of scientists use of technical literature have usually been made with the ultimate aim of increasing their effective use of published scientific information. The studies range from internal surveys by individual librarians of their own readers to detailed investigations of every incident in the working days of the scientist of social research experts. Though there has been no dearth of attempts to analyze scientists information needs and literature use, the question of using the results of surveys has not yet become pressing because the data has been considered interest worthy or inadequate so far. What has been lacking is an understanding of the purposes for which the analysis has been done. This failure to describe real purposes and applications has resulted in studies which have been puzzling bits and scraps rather than meaningful entities (Herner, 278). Many of them have produced data but have not used them. Despite of this fact, surveys of all sizes are still being conducted. In view of the importance of finding better ways of keeping the scientists well informed it is a pity that the data amassed by these varied methods do not correlate well and therefore do not provide the basis for a workable theory for increasing the scientists effective use of published information. This dissatisfaction with previous samples methods and questions has contributed to progress in the field but it has left an unfortunate legacy, i.e. no two surveys can ever be directly compared, because each investigator has used different method and has introduced modifications in it. A number of pains taking studies have been made to find out how far the already accumulated data could be made to yield valid deductions, whether the correct survey techniques were utilized, whether the sample of the population chosen was correct and well defined, and so on ultimately to improve user studies. One of the main defects or, rather, set of defects of the user studies that has been pointed out is improper selection of samples, the incorrect selection of techniques of surveys, and paucity of analysis in depth. As a result of incorrect selection of technique, the results of various surveys have remained largely incompatible. To get over this defect, those who intend to carry out user studies must keep in their mind the relative merits of available techniques and choose the correct one in relation to objectives, samples, etc. of survey. The sampling of the scientists population and the choice of method of investigation have to be so meticulously planned that the results obtained from survey may be firm enough to support a theory for increasing the scientists effective use of published information and be bold enough to make scientific suggestion for improvement.

METHOLOGY:Sources of data used are dissertations submitted for master`s degree in the various departments of engineering at Delhi technological university , Delhi covering the period 2005 2009 and available in database of dissertations in the Institutional repository. The sampling procedure for the study has purposive since data is being collected specifying a target period 2005 2009. This sample also represented the total population of the dissertations. Each dissertation was manually examined and citations were extracted from the references section of each of the dissertation..Data extracted from the dissertations included year of publication , year of cited work, year of the oldest materials cited, number of citations, most cited year, title of the project work , volume of project work, type of cited journals, journal type cited and years cited. The citations in each cited title has broken into eight categories namely :journals , books ,conference papers, web resource and technical reports and standards. Others have government documents ( state , federal and foreign ) theses and dissertations and miscellaneous material ( patents, personal communication , product literature, software and software manuals,ETC. The data extracted was entered into MSExcel worksheet . Frequency distributions charts, graphs , and measures of central tendency like mean , mode and median will be obtained using the MS Excel. Journal titles , publication years and titles of journals that were cited were recorded , The title and years of each journal that a faculty member published in as well as each journal cited . If the citations could not be verified, it was included in the other field. Article that were written by more than one author in the study were included once for analysis. Journals titles were evaluated on the basis of the number of times they were cited. Journals that changed over time were included with the information for the most recent title. Journals that had split into multiple titles were analysed using all title information. It is possible for a journal to have a lower ranking based on the original title not being included in one or both of the new titles The study confined to the current work related to engineering technology field .There are 19 communities under which dissertations are arranged in digital library. For the purpose of this study only following communities were considered NAME OF COMMUNITY NO. OF M.E /M. TECH. dissertations MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 36 POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 38 THERMAL ENGINEERING 43 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATION 9 CIVIL ENGINEERING 41 DTU With a history stretching back over 65 years , providing technical education within a modern educational environment and strong academic staff , DTU is strongly identified with engineering education in India . Since its inception and foundation , DTU has constantly lead

the way in reform movements, and in the latter era of the Republic of India , DCE has assumed pivotal roles in the reconstruction , modernization , and administration of the society . The efforts and expertise of DEC graduates have been major contributors in the planning and construction of Indias infrastructure . DCE is an Insitution , Which defines and continues to update methods of engineering and architecture in India . It provides its students with modern educational facilities while retaining traditional values , as well as using its strong industrial contacts to mold young ,Talented individuals who can complete in the global arena . The aim of DCE is to rank among leading universities globally . Consequently , DCE s mission is to educate individuals to be competitive not only in India , but all over the world . Whinin an intensely competitive environment , the college has adopted a dynamic , global , high-quality ,creative and communicative approach in education , as well as research and development . Keeping abreast with modern developments , DCE is constantly restructuring itself and renovating its physical infrastructure as well as its research and education facilities.

DATA ANALYSIS

TABLE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF CITATIONS IN THE DISSERTATIONS MATERIALS Journals REFERENCED NUMBER OF REFERENCE AND % 296 ( 62 % ) Books 133 (27 % ) Web. Reference 52 (11 %) Conference paper Total 481 (100%)

TABLE-2

DISTRIBUTION OF CITATIONS BY YEAR YEARS 2001 47 22 4 3 76 2002 34 14 8 56 2003 25 16 5 46 2004 28 19 6 53 2005 35 10 3 4 52 2006 35 18 7 60 2007 30 05 5 6 46 2008 27 09 8 3 47

TYPES OF REFERENCE MATERIALS 2000 Journals Books Conference Papers Web Resources Govt. Document Theses& Dissertation Total Citations 35 20 6 61

TABLE 4 - AGE OF MATERIAL Age of oldest item (years) 59 48 59 50% of items less than (years ) 8 7 9 80 % of items less than (years) 12 14 17 10 Year old or less ( % ) 60 52 61 5 Years old or less (%) 54 50 57

*All formats *Books *Journals

TABLE 5 TOP CORE JOURNALS CITED IN THE M.E. DISSERTATIONS

RANKS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13

JOURNAL International journal of Refrigeration Thermodynamic Performance evaluation of Combustion gas Turbine Cogeneration System with Heat Journal of Geotechnical & Geo environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Packaging Technology Journal of Engineering Mechanics Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Photonic Band Gaps in two Dimensional Square & Hexagonal Journal of Fluid Engineering International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer International Journal for Numerical & Analytical Method in Geomechanics Applied Polymer Science Advanced concepts in Operating Systems , Distributed , Database & Multiprocessor operating Systems Routing in Ad Hoc Networks using a Spine

NO. OF CITATIONS 28 12 10 09 08 07 07 06 05 04 04 03 02

TABLE -6 STUDY AREAS IN THE DISSERTATIONS FIELD /YEAR 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 * Mechanical Engineering *Polymer Technology *Thermal Engineering *Computer Technology & Application *Civil Engineering * Total 09 18 10 03 08 17 10

2007 05

2008 05

TOTAL 85

04 12

04 14

05 12

06 08

06 09

02 17

03 13

04 14

02 19

36 118

02 04 31

02 03 41

07 02 36

03 06 26

01 02 26

06 42

01 09 36

03 26

01 27

16 36 291

TABLE- 7 CITATION PATTERN AMONG ENGINEERING IN THE DISSERTATION FIELD / FORMAT JOURNALS * Mechanical Engineering *Polymer Technology *Thermal Engineering *Computer Technology & Application *Civil Engineering BOOKS CONFERENCE PAPERS WEB RESOURCES 02 02 04 THESE & DISSERTATION 12 06 15

174 94 280

42 13 09

64

34

10

05

87

57

06

13

DISTRIBUTION OF CITATIONS IN THE DISSERTATION:The Citations in the dissertation totaled 497. The result were presented in Table 1& 2. Table 1 showed the distribution of types of reference materials cited in the dissertations as grouped or categorized in this study. Figure 1 shows the total of all citations by year. From the results presented in Table 1, It can be observed that citations to Journals alone accounted for more than half of the total Citations constituting 62% . This was followed by Citations to books that were 27 % & Web Resources 11%. From table 2 , It can be observed that Journal had highest value through all the years among the reference materials cited in the dissertations . The Journals was highest cited but Web Resources & Books were the least cited . DISTRIBUTION OF CITATIONS BY TYPE OF REFERNCE MATERIALS :Cited reference material were grouped into many categories as follows Journal (Serials other than monographic Serials & Conference proceeding ) , Books , Conference Papers , Web Resources etc. Table 3 also shows that the highest overall citation to journals was recorded in the year 2001 with 47 citations followed by 34 citation in 2002 . The least number of citations was 25 in 2003 . Table 3 also shows that the highest overall citation to books was recorded in the year 2001 with 22 citations followed by 14 citations in the year 2006 with the least being 5 citations in 2007 . For that of web resources , the highest overall citation was recorded in the year 2002 with 8 Citations followed by 5 citations in year 2003 . The least was 3 citations in 2004 . As displayed in Table 3 , Journals & Books were the most cited materials over the years with journals being cited as the foremost cited reference materials all through the years 2000 2008 . Web Resources also followed in this order . AGE OF CITATION :Age of the length of time a reference material has existed & it is usually measured in years . However in this study , % were used to describe reference materials (Item ) to make them more expressive in years . The results on the age if citations are presented in Table 4 . The oldest reference material in the dissertation was a 1948 serial material (Journal ) . Two earlier studies have found that majority of reference materials cited in the citation analysis studies they carried out were less than eight years old . In this studies , 50 % of all reference materials cited in the dissertations has less than eight year old & 80 % within the last 14 years . Journal has the oldest reference material cited . JOURNALS CITATIONS DISTRIBUTION :-

Table 5 shows the frequency of occurrence of journals cited in the field of Technology ( Engineering ) Science as found in the dissertation . International journal of Refrigeration was the most cited journal having a total 28 citations This was found in 15 dissertations . Thermodynamic performance evaluation of cumbustion gas turbine cogeneration system with heat journal ranked as second on the list of most cited journal . Journal of Geotechnical & Geo environmental engineering ranked third in the list of most cited journal. Among the Top thirteen journal used for analysis , the least cited journal were Advanced concepts in operating systems , Distributed , Databases & Multi processor operating System with 03 & Routing in Ad hoc networks using a spine 02 . STUDY AREAS IN THE DISSERTATIONS The results of the analyses performed to find out the distribution of the dissertation in the sub fields of Technology (engineering ) science are presented in Table 6. shows that Thermal engineering is the sub field that is mostly researched between years 2008 with 118. This was followed by mechanical engineering with 85.The least researched subfield were computer technology & applications that were the study area 16 dissertation. Polymer Technology having 35 dissertation. CITATION PATTESN AMONG ENGINEEING SEIENEE DISCIPLINES Journal were the most cited reference materials for the different Technology ( engineering ) science disciplines between year 2000-2008.This was followed by books .Table 7shows citation for the coverage period .It was only in Thermal engineering ,That books were most cited . Web resources were the least cited as it was not cited at all in any of the dissertations . CONCLUSION DISCUSSION Citation analysis is a practical tool to evaluate how a library is meeting the needs of local user .In this case , citation analysis will show that science engineering library at delhi techonology university ,Delhi is already adequately meeting the needs of new material & system or requires improvement. If the need arises to make cut to serial budgets & collection managers are forced to cancel titles , this data can be used to find the least cited materials. It should be compared with a citation analysis from the parent discipline of the material & the department that relates to it .This method may also be used if the library needs money to purchase back issues of more heavily used journals. The methods used & the information obtained in this study can be used as a reference to other research institutions with a newly established interdisciplinary unit composed of faculty from multiple departments . This study contributes to the extensive field of citation analysis but focused on the most up to date information in order to evaluate an existing science collection & its relation to a new institute in a rapidly evolving field . -

CITATION FORMATS

The citation formats used in the dissertations include Journals , Books , Conference papers , Web resources , Technical reports & Standards , Government documents etc . This classification of citation formats is in line with the formats that have been extensively used in various works on citation analysis . Among them were Williams & Fletcher who divided the reference materials ( format ) of their citations study into eight groups . Actually , this study strongly builds on Williams & Fletcher s Citation analysis to relate i the Technology (Enginnering ) Science discipline . Johnson & Gooden also carried out citation studies in wh five groups were clearly identified . This study improve on and added to these groups since Technology (Engineering) Science as an Thermal , Polymer Technology , Computer Application & Technology disciplin utilizes myriads of reference materials. MOST CITED ITEMS , BRADFORD & ZIPF LAWS ?

The most cited items were Journals which accounted for more than half of the total citations 296 (62 %) . Th use of web resources was very low 11 % ( 52 citations ) in the dissertations . Other refernce materials or citation formats Books that ranked 2nd were moderately used in the dissertations .

Many citation analysis buttress the claim in this study Journals are the most used materials in any research fie judging from the fact that they point to currency of research works . It is also in support of Johnson where Journal ranked 1st & Books ranked 2nd as well as that of studies like Dombrowski . In one of the early Citatio studies , Gross & Gross discovered that very few Journals were cited frequently in the Journal of the America Chemical Society , while many journals were only cited once . Their finding concur with Zipf s law . a whic states that while few items occur often , many items occur rarely. MOST FREQUENTLY CITED JOURNAL :-

The most cited Journals in the dissertations were International Journal of Refrigeration Journal (28 Citations Followed by Thermodynamic Performance Evaluation of combustion gas turbine cogeneration system with h journal (12 citations ) , Journal of Geotechnical & Geo environmental engineering (10 citations ) , Fundamentals of packaging technology (09 citations ) . The least cited Journal title includes routing in Ad h networks using a spine ( 02 ) & advanced concepts in Operating systems , Distributed , Database & multiprocessor operating systems (03 citations ) . AVERAGE NUMBER OF CITATIONS PER DISSERTATIONS :-

A total no. of 481 reference materials were cited in 291 dissertations . This gives an average of 60 citations per dissertations . This is in Citation analysis of Delhi Technological University Department of Mechinal Engineering . The no. of citation pattern in terms of no. of materials cited in the engineering science bibliographies . TRENDS IN NUMBER OF CITATIONS :-

The number of citations to journals in the dissertations tended to be highest for every of the coverage period o this study . This is definitely responsible for journals being ranked as the Top most cited material while num of citations to Web Resources tended to be lowest for every year of the coverage period of this study . Values for citations were seen to be constantly changing for all reference materials experiencing lows & highs at different years . However , visible highs were glaring in Journals ,Books etc in the dissertations . Number of citations to web resources experience high in 2008 ( 8 Citations ) This study is in agreement with the studies

Aina & Williams & Fletcher where journals among all reference materials ranked highest throughout all the years of the coverage period of their citation analysis. CHANGING / SHIFTING FOCI OF STUDY AREA :In the dissertations , Thermal engineering is an area that is dwindling greatly having reached in 2008 .Mechanical engineering despite being ranked second in terms of dissertation citation analysis for differenct fields have shown that there would always be changing or shifting focus of study area because of student discretion , faculty area of specialization , available dissertation supervisors & funding . IMPACT OF INTERNET :-

Although the internet was least used in all the cited reference materials nevertheless the use of web resource engineering science research as seen in the dissertations is on the rise . Though in the dissertations , internet sources were not cited in the first three years (2000 2003 ) it however increased in the last 5 years especially achieving a peak of 8 cited reference although its utilization fell sharply to two cited item in 2008 . This finding supports Aina s observation that the web was the least source used . However , Williams & Fletcher had contrary result in their study of master in engineering students . The Web was ranked 3rd behind Journal , Conference papers & Books in following group classification of reference materials used in engineering Web usage from various citation analyses carried out might simply indicated that its thorough utilization would be displine independent & would also anchor on the promotion of information technologies especially the intern by institutions & governments .

REFERENCES ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science. Ed. Young Herstill. Chicago. ALA (1983). Amudhavalli, A. Scientrometric/Informatics: Evolution of its concept and application. Bibliometrics Studies. Ed. G. D. Devarajan. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publication, 1977.14. Barbara, Skelton. Scientists and social scientists as information users: a comparison of results of science user studies with the investigation into information requirements of the social sciences Journal of Librarianship. 5.2(1973):140. Brittain, J.M. Information and its users: a review with special reference to social sciences. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1980: 139 Fisherden, R.M. Information use studies: past results and future needs. Journal of Documentation. 21.3(1965):163. Garfield, E. Citation Analysis as a tool in Journal Evaluation Science. 178(1972): 471-478. Ghose, J.S. Citation Index. IASLIC Bulliten.13.4 (1969). Guha, B. Documentation and Information: Services, techniques and systems. Calcutta: World Press,1978: 55 Guha, B. Information Techniques. Documentation Information Services, Techniques and system. Calcutta: World Press, (1983): 257-259 Guha, B. Techniques of User studies In INSDOC Course Material. 1976: 11.3.6. Gupta, B.M. Citation Analysis and Dynamics of Science: A Review. Library Herald 18.3-4 (1979):174-193. Hayes, R.M. Citation statistics as a Measure of faculty research productivity. Journal of Education for librarianship.23.3 (1983):151. Herner, S. The information gathering habits of American Medical Scientists. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information. Washington D.C. November 16-21, 1958: 278. Jadhav, J.B. Bibliographical Citation. Library Herald. 11.4 (1970): 249-253. Kunz, W. et. al. Methods of analysis and evolution of information needs: a critical review. Verlag Dokumentation. Munchen, 1977: 9. Martyn, J. Report of an investigation of literature searching by research scientists. ASLIB. London(19640):43 Martyn, John. Citation Analysis. Journal of Documentation. 31.4 (1975):290.

Mehawarappa, B.S. Bibliometricd An Overview. Bibliometrics Studies. Ed. G. Devarajan. New Delhi: Ess Ess publication (1997): 1-9. Moed, H.F. and M. Vriens. Possible inacuraries occurring in Citation Analysis. Journal of library and Information Science. 15(1989):95-109. Narendra Kumar.Citation study as a tool for evaluation of journal collection use: A Case Study. Journals of Library and Information Science.9.1(1984): 48-53 Paisley, W.J. Information and Uses. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. 3(1968):5 Patel, D.R. Bibliometrics, Citation Study, Selective Dissemination of Information source using SCI CD-ROM. Journal of Library and Information Science. 16.2(1991):123. Pitchard, A. Statistical, Bibliography or Bibliometrics. Journal of Documentation 25.4 (1969): 348-349. Plotter, W.G. Introduction to Bibliometrics. Library Trends 30.1 (1981): 21-39. Price D.J. De Sola. Network of Scientific Papers. Science. 149(1965): 510-515. Rao, I.K. Ravichandra. Quantitative methods of Library and Information Science. New Delhi: Willey Eastern, 1983.179. Sengupta, I.N. Bibliometrics and Identification of core periodicals. Herald of Library Science. 9.3-4 (1990): 233-239. Smith, L.C. Citation Analysis. Library Trends. 30.1 (1981): 83-106. Subramanyam, K. Criteria for Journal selection. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 35.3: 367-371. Swami and Panagamayya, N.B. Leisure: subject scatter journal description and other characteristics: A citation analysis. Journal of Library and Information Science 6.2 (1981): 28-72. Synder, Herbert and others. What the use of citation? Citation Analysis as a literature topic in selective disciplines of the social science. Journal of Library and Information Science. 21.2(1995):75-82. Vijaya Kumar, K.P. Application of Bibliometrics in Libraries and Information Centres.Bibliometrics Studies. Ed. G.D. Devarajan. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publication. (1977): 19-31. Voverience, Ona and Trumpiene, Audre. Bibliometrics, Scientrometric and Informatics: Their relationship and interaction. IASLIC Bulletin. 39.4 (1994): 176

Wysooki, A. A study of users information needs: subject and methods. In International Federation for Documentation of Theoretical Problems of Information. Moscow,1969:9