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INTRODUCTION
In earlier days people used mechanical ON and OFF switch, but now are the days of touch. The circuit of TOUCH SENSITIVE MUSICAL BELL WITH TIMER helps us to decrease the effort. It consists of the following components: melody generator IC UM66, CMOS NAND gates IC CD 4011, transistors SL 100, diodes 1N 4148, resistors, capacitor, touch plates and a loud speaker. In this circuit touch plates act as ON switch and OFF switch. When the plates are not being touched, the circuit is OFF and melody is not generated. When touch plates are bridged by hand, music is generated. The output of UM66 is amplified by SL 100 transistor and given to loud speaker. The loud speaker is responsible for generating the sound. The resistor R2 provides a discharging path to the transistor and together they are responsible for the time period of the melody. The three PN junction diodes 1N 4148 are used to reduce the supply voltage by providing a drop and giving it to the pin 2 i.e. the VCC of UM66. IC CD4011 contains four two input CMOS NAND gates, When both the inputs to the NAND gate are logic 1s only then the output is logic 0. Even if one input is logic 0, the output is logic 1. In this three of the NAND gates act as inverter.
2. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
2.1 MELODY GENERATOR IC UM66
UM66T is a melody integrated circuit. It is designed for use in bells, telephones, toys etc. It has an inbuilt tone and a beat generator. The tone generator is a programmed divider which produces certain frequencies. These frequencies are a factor of the oscillator frequency. The beat generator is also a programmed divider which contains 15 available beats. Four beats of these can be selected. There is an inbuilt oscillator circuit that serves as a time base for beat and tone generator. It has a 62 notes ROM to play music. A set of 4 bits controls the scale code while 2 bits control the rhythm code. When power is turned on, the melody generator is reset and melody begins from the first note. The speaker can be driven by an external npn transistor connected to the output of UM66. Many versions of UM66T are available which generate tone of different songs. For example, UM66T01 generates tone for songs Jingle bells, Santa Claus is coming to town and We wish you a merry Xmas. 2.1.1 PIN CONFIGURATION OF UM66
Pin No 1 2 3
62 note ROM memory 1.3 to 3.3 operating voltage and low power consumption Dynamic speaker can be driven with an external npn transistor OSC, resistor is built in Power on reset, melody begins from first note
2.2.1 FEATURES OF CD4011 Propagation delay time = 60 ns Buffered inputs and outputs Standardized symmetrical output characteristics
switches in most electronic devices. Membranes require only very slight pressure for their operation and no dirt can enter the sealed switch, but a touch pad is a very good way to show how the resistance of your skin changes with pressure and moisture content.
Figure 9 SL 100
2.5 RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element .
The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:
Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits. The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a
maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or preamp, the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and the position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them
Figure 10 Resistor
2.6 CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called plates, referring to an early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power
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supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes.
Figure 11 Capacitor
FEATURES:
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VRRM = 100 V (maximum repetitive reverse voltage) IO = 200 mA (average rectified forward current) IF = 300 mA (maximum direct forward current)
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VF = 1.0 V at 10 ma. IFSM = 1.0 A (pulse width = 1 sec), 4.0 A (pulse width = 1 sec) (non-repetitive peak forward surge current)
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3.2 DESCRIPTION
CD 4011 is a 14 pin CMOS NAND gate IC. Pin 14 is given to VCC and pin 7 is grounded. It consists of four two input NAND gates, N1, N2, N3, N4. N1 acts as an inverter with pins 1 and 2 as inputs and pin 3 as output. Here 1 and 2 pins are shorted. These input pins are given to touch plate. NAND gate N2 has 5,6 pins as inputs and 4 as output. The input to pin 5 is the output of inverter N1.Output of NAND gate N3 is given as input at pin 6 of N2. N3 is used as inverter with pins 8 and 9 as inputs and pin 10 as output. The input to N3 is output of capacitor C1. NAND gate N4 acts as inverter with 12, 13 pins as inputs and pin 11 as output. Input to N4 is the output of N3. When N2 is ON the capacitor C1 (22 micro F) is charged to +3v exponentially. It can be discharged through resistor R2 (1M ohm) to ground. Output of N4 drives the transistor T1 (SL 100), which acts as a switch.
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When the output of N4 is 0, T1 acts as OFF switch. When output of N4 is 1, T1 acts as ON switch. T1 provides the ground path for melody generator IC UM66. Pin 3 of UM66 is connected to ground through T1. Pin 2 of UM66 is connected through diodes (1N4148) to VCC. Three silicon diodes connected in series between pin 2 of UM66 and positive 3 volt rail keep voltage applied to pin 2 of UM66 below 3v because of drop across them. Pin 1 of UM66 is the output pin which is given to loud speaker through the amplifier T2 (SL 100) By changing values of R2 and C1, the time period of melody can be generated.
3.3 WORKING
The working of the circuit TOUCH SENSITIVE MUSICAL BELL WITH TIMER can be divided into two parts: 1. When touch plates are left untouched 2. When touch plates are bridged by hand
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Input to N4 is 1 and output is logic 0. So transistor T1, which acts as a switch is OFF and the melody signal does not find the closed path. Hence output is not generated.
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ADVANTAGES
1. We can adjust the time period of the melody by changing resistance R2 and capacitance C1. 2. It is cheaper 3. The circuit is very simple 4. The components are readily available in the market 5. Noise is very less.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Moisture must be present on the hand to make the touch plates work 2. Because of direct application of supply, melody is automatically generated once 3. All the components are temperature sensitive
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6. APPLICATIONS
Instead of conventional switch we use touch plates, where just have to touch the plates in order to make the circuit work. The following are the applications of TOUCH SENSITIVE MUSICAL BELL: It can be used in toys where children just touch the plates and melody can be generated. We can change the melody by changing the IC. The circuit can also be used in musical greeting cards. It can be used as door bell where the visitors just have to touch the plates instead of using a mechanical ON and OFF switch.
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7. CONCLUSION
The circuit for TOUCH SENSITIVE MUSICAL BELL has been constructed, successfully implemented and desired results have been obtained. This circuit works using touch plates which are used in place of mechanical ON and OFF switch. The major advantage is that time period of melody can be adjusted and the type of melody can be adjusted. So several melodies can be generated using same circuit. This is a commercially viable product. This product finds great scope futuristically, as part of an environment where human restricts mechanical actions and performs day to-day activities on a touch basis.
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REFERENCES
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