Question 1

Discuss the concept of environmental sustainability. Discuss the challenges to sustainability faced by developed, emerging, and survival economies. Do you think the green movement is a fad, or is it here to stay?
Answer

Environmental sustainability is the ability of an organization or a country to protect the use of future resources by properly maintaining and protecting the resources that are currently being used (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2009:95) Social sustainability refers to the response to better local communities; ensuring responses are tailored to local country contexts; and promoting social inclusion, cohesion and accountability (Rossouw and van Vuuren, 2010: 210). Sustainable development may be conceptualized simply as: ".paths of human progress which meets the needs and aspirations of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Grafe-Buckens and Beloe define sustainability as having three major components (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2009: 95): A system to ensure the sustainable management of earth's natural resources: How to protect the use of resources in the future by maintaining and protecting the resources currently in use": - set up sustainable governance system resources (legal, financial institutions); - formation of institutional arrangements for implementation of the management system (eg: the NGOs, Agencies rangers, environmental police); - changing economic framework (ecoefficiency coefficient, green products, organic products) The development of social and institutional structures that would support sustainable management of natural resources Changes in the economic framework so it would support the sustainable management of earth's natural resources For business to be sustainable there must be a shift in priorities and values from the traditional growth-centred, profit-making and consumer-driven philosophy, to one which values nature, promotes conservation, minimizes waste, reduces consumption and protects the environment. Major challenges to sustainability Hart (1997) indicates that different countries address sustainability differently (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2009: 95). Hart (1997) classifies countries based on their stage of development and has identified three types of economies and each type faces major challenges based on sustainability issues. Pollution Depletion Green house gases Scarcity of materials Developed economies Use of toxic material Insufficient reuse and recy Industrial emissions Overexploitation of renew Emerging economies Contaminated water Overuse of water for irrig Lack of sewage treatment

 Dung and wood burning Deforesting Lack of sanitation Overgrazing Ecosystem destruction due to development Soil loss Source: Hart, S.L. (1997) "Beyond greening: Strategies for a sustainable world", Harvard Business Review, 75 (1997): 70 "Green" movement is not a fad. Because fad is the trend going strong then lost in a very short time. Meanwhile, this movement formed slowly, but a widespread and stronger due to the common sense of mankind on the environment increasing, especially in the context of climate change (the result of the process human exploitation of nature) affect all nations and individuals. Green movement, not only is there a scientific consensus on the cost is not green, but a lot of green technology is becoming more affordable and effective than before The numbers of ads about "green product" are increasing and new green product announcements from hundreds of manufacturers. Green awareness has permeated the building industry from top to bottom. However, to be successful, it is necessary to make people see that there is a demand for it, perform actions, and actions lead to positive results, a benefit and people continue to listen to its good news. While media fads can quickly come and go, gearing up a manufacturing companys production to make a new product that meets greener specifications takes time, money and effort. Suppliers and producers of these materials wouldnt be making these products and attempting to compete on their merits unless they believed there was a market for them. And, even if it is a fad in the wider community, the products are in these manufacturers catalogs, and will be available for years to come. urvival economies

Question 2

Assume you are the ethics officer for a waste management company. The CEO has asked you for a memorandum addressing the major concerns the company should consider with regard to the environment. Create the memorandum.
Answer

Memorandum addressing the major concerns the company of waste management company CEO should include the benefits and obligations of all stakeholder. For recyclers - Establish recycling infrastructure and environmentally sound technologies to manage - waste - Ensure that dismantling is done in an environmentally safe manner. - Provide recycling processes to be approved and licensed - Ensure that revenue generated through sales of the materials recovered will support the administrative, plant and machinery and other overheads For consumers - Separate the waste to facilitate collection, treatment and recycling - Dispose waste generated to the waste collection centres - Sell or donate waste to licensed refurbishers - Take back equipment to the manufacturer, if they allow it

- Be responsible for following recommended disposal methods or procedures

especially dates of expiry or end of usage period of the product For learning institutions - Create awareness and conduct sensitization campaigns on responsible waste management - Develop and mainstream waste education in curricula For transporters - Ensure waste is properly stored - Ensure vehicles transporting waste obtain a waste transport license. For disposal - Develop disposal standards for each type of toxic waste, including procedures for - disassembling and recycling - Provide efficient transport for waste - Develop proper infrastructure for waste collection and disposal - Set manageable fees to sustain waste management For informal sector waste collectors - Informal sector waste collectors will only need to acquire a license if they collect waste from various sources For people living near dump sites - People living near dump sites need to be educated on how to detect potential health hazards, through organised workshops by the waste management stakeholders and environmental health practitioners For employees: - Training Staff and Certification: to identify hazardous and unacceptable materials. Trained personnel at all times while the facility / site is open for operation - Facilities are to be provided, to satisfy occupational health and safety regulations and provide for worker comfort. - Employees have detailed knowledge information for the part of the facility where they work . - All personnel shall be equipped with Personal Protective Equipment. appropriate to their assigned tasks - Emergency response equipment and exits shall be conveniently located and clearly marked. - Prohibited Activities Open burning and scavenging are strictly prohibited. There shall be no smoking at any waste management facility, with the exception of a location designated for the use of employees who smoke. For Monitoring - The owner/operator shall prepare and propose a program which satisfactorily addresses, where applicable: surface/storm water management, surface water and groundwater monitoring, leachate collection/management, and

landfill gas management. Environmental monitoring requirements also include air quality and nuisance factors such as litter and rodents with respect to problem prevention and control. - Information contained in the annual report: changes to facility or systems operations; problems or complaints and the resolution; an estimate of remaining facility operating life or landfill capacity. description of any environmental incidents / contingency plan implementation; the inspection reports and summary of findings/recommendations; updates to operations plans, contingency plans, and decommissioning plans a summary and evaluation of environmental monitoring data/reports and facility performance in terms of regulatory compliance and environmental protection

Question 3 What part should the government take in ensuring that corporations are environmentally friendly? Fully discuss your answer.
Answer

To make corporations are environmentally friendly", government should using the tools of government environmental management: - Legal and policy tools - Economic Tools - Engine management techniques - Educational tools to raise awareness Established legal system and environmental protection policies. - Based on the international law tobuilt environment national law, environmental policy include: - General rules - Fair use laws environmental components or specific environmental protection at a local branch. - Documents guiding the implementation of the contents of the environmental laws. - Approval of advanced waste management technology ... - Environmental standards: norms, limits used as the basis for environmental management. For example: Standard water (surface water, groundwater, wastewater, etc.) Standard air (smoke, dust, gases, etc.) Standard use of chemicals in production. Plant protection standards, use of pesticides, herbicides ... Standards relating to the protection of the natural landscape, historical and cultural. Standards related to the environment caused by mining activities in the earth, the sea. Establish policies related to economic environment Royalties: land use tax, use tax water, forest tax, consumption tax, energy, mineral

resource extraction tax production for the purpose of: - Limit the urgent needs no resource use. - Limit the loss of natural resources - Create Budget revenues and balance the interests of all classes of the population the use of resources. Environmental tax: take environmental costs into the product on the principle of "the polluter pays" for the purpose of: - encourage manufacturer reduce pollutants discharged into the environment and increase revenue to the budget. Environmental subsidies: to help the industry, agriculture and other sectors of environmental pollution in conditions when environmental pollution is too heavy or the financial ability of the business does not stand for the pollution treatment. Building evaluate environmental systems, environmental auditing, environmental monitoring systems, waste treatment, recycling and reuse of waste. Those is the key action tools of organizations in the protection of the environment. Environmental education and communication Environmental Education - Provide environmental education in schools - Provide information for people who have the authority to decide Training specialist environmental Communications environment to Information for people affected by the status of environmental issues them. - Mobilization of experience - Negotiating Reconciliation - Socialization of environmental protection

Question 4
Needs Grading

Discuss in depth the advantages and disadvantages of online pharmacies. What ethical dilemmas do they pose? Would you consider purchasing medication from an online pharmacy?
Answer :

The cost of increasing drug sales locations, many people decide to use the internet to sell their drugs online. As many people are looking for ways to save on healthcare costs, online pharmacies are becoming more and more popular. online pharmacies can certainly be cheaper and convenient, but also carry many disadvantages over the local brick and mortar pharmacy. Before a person chooses to use an online pharmacy they should carefully consider how this will affect their health and their life: Advantages: Low cost and convenience Online pharmacies can offer substantial savings on many name brand and generic drugs. - Simply shopping and paying for your prescriptions and then having them shipped directly to your home - Not have to waiting in line at a local pharmacy for a prescription that may or may not

be ready. - Privacy of not seeing face to face (There is a reduced level of intimidation when patients obtain what they perceive as embarrassing or sensitive medications) - Customer can check medical information and advice that the customer online before and after purchasing their medications. - Available 24 hours/1day, 7 days/1week - Made available to patients who have disabilities that do not easily go by themselve to pharmacies get their medication. Disadvantages - Many online pharmacies sell drugs that are manufactured in other countries: medication you receive from an online pharmacy will meetmaybe not the same quality or be the same medicinal strength as medication purchased from your local pharmacy. - Problem with people using counterfeit drugs. This can lead many consumers to waste their money on drugs that are ineffective. Also this can pose many health dangers for those consumers who use the counterfeit drugs. Online pharmacies have become a place where illegal drug trafficking takes place. - Some online pharmacies do not require a prescription to purchase medication: many medications can cause serious or life-threatening side effects if they are given for the wrong purpose or are not monitored. - Your personal information, including medical and personal information, may be shared with other people or companies. - Some online pharmacies are untrustworthy and unsafe. - Some third-party may limit participation in INternet pharmacies - There may not be a pharmacist available to answer question when a patient submit prescriptions. - Question about the integrity of the drug shipped to patient may arise. - Question may arise about quality of drug information that the Internet pharmacy provide to patient Some time, i bought some drugs in online pharmacy, but before buy, i always: - consult my doctor. Only take medications prescribed for me by my doctor or another health care professional who knows me. - Only use a licensed pharmacy. - insist on access to a registered pharmacist. - Read the privacy and security policies. - Compare prices. If online prices are significantly lower than your local pharmacy, may be the site is not legitimate. - Don't use any medicine that arrives in altered or unsealed packaging. Return it back to pharmacy store, warned them and ask them destroyed immediately