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1. Definitions and Fundamental Identities y 1 Sine: sin u = r = csc u Cosine: Tangent: 2. Identities sin s -ud = -sin u, sin2 u + cos2 u = 1, sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u, cos2 u = 1 + cos 2u , 2 cos s -ud = cos u sec2 u = 1 + tan2 u, csc2 u = 1 + cot2 u x 1 cos u = r = sec u y 1 tan u = x = cot u
0 y P(x, y) r x y x
tan A + tan B 1 - tan A tan B tan A - tan B tan sA - Bd = 1 + tan A tan B tan sA + Bd = sin aA sin aA + p b = -cos A, 2 p b = cos A, 2 cos aA cos aA + p b = sin A 2
p b = -sin A 2
1 1 cos sA - Bd - cos sA + Bd 2 2 1 1 cos sA - Bd + cos sA + Bd 2 2 1 1 sin sA - Bd + sin sA + Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd cos sA - Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd sin sA - Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd cos sA - Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd sin sA - Bd 2 2
y y x cos x x
sin sA + Bd = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin sA - Bd = sin A cos B - cos A sin B cos sA + Bd = cos A cos B - sin A sin B cos sA - Bd = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
y y sin x
Trigonometric Functions
Radian Measure
Degrees Radians 0 2 2 3 2 2 y sinx Domain: ( , ) Range: [1, 1] 1 90 1 2 4 1 4 1 2 y
0 2 2
3 2
45 s 1 2 45 r
y y tan x y sec x
Un
C ir
it cir cl
cle of
s ra diu
r
30 2 3 2 6 3
3 2
0 2 2
3 2
3 2
0 2 2
3 2
60
90 1
3 1
Domain: All real numbers except odd integer multiples of /2 Range: ( , 1] h [1, ) y
u s s or u = r , r = 1 = u 180 = p radians .
csc x
cot x
1 3 2 2 x 0 2 2 , 3 2 2 2 ,... x
Domain: x 0, Range: ( , )
SERIES
Tests for Convergence of Infinite Series 1. The nth-Term Test: Unless an : 0, the series diverges. 2. Geometric series: gar n converges if r 6 1; otherwise it diverges. 3. p-series: g1>n p converges if p 7 1; otherwise it diverges. 4. Series with nonnegative terms: Try the Integral Test, Ratio Test, or Root Test. Try comparing to a known series with the Comparison Test or the Limit Comparison Test. 5. Series with some negative terms: Does g an converge? If yes, so does gan since absolute convergence implies convergence. 6. Alternating series: gan converges if the series satisfies the conditions of the Alternating Series Test.
x 6 1 x 6 1
x 6 q x 6 q
q s -1dnx 2n + 1 x3 x5 x 2n + 1 + - + s -1dn , + = a 3! 5! s2n + 1d! n = 0 s2n + 1d! q s -1dnx 2n x2 x4 x 2n + - + s -1dn , + = a 2! 4! s2nd! s2nd! n=0
x 6 q -1 6 x 1 x 6 1
ln s1 + xd = x ln
x3 x 2n + 1 1 + x x 2n + 1 x5 + + , = 2 tanh-1 x = 2 ax + + + b = 2a 5 1 - x 3 2n + 1 n = 0 2n + 1
q s -1dnx 2n + 1 x3 x 2n + 1 x5 - + s -1dn , + + = a 5 3 2n + 1 2n + 1 n=0
tan-1 x = x -
x 1
Binomial Series s1 + xdm = 1 + mx + msm - 1dx 2 msm - 1dsm - 2d sm - k + 1dx k msm - 1dsm - 2dx 3 + + + + 2! 3! k! x 6 1,
q m = 1 + a a bx k, k=1 k
The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals 1. Let F = Mi + Nj + Pk be a vector field whose components are continuous throughout an open connected region D in space. Then there exists a differentiable function such that 0 0 0 i + j + k F = = 0x 0y 0z if and only if for all points A and B in D the value of 1A F # dr is independent of the path joining A to B in D. If the integral is independent of the path from A to B, its value is
B
2.
F # dr = sBd - sAd.
Divergence
#F =
0N 0P 0M + + 0x 0y 0z i j 0 0y N 0 0y
2 2
Curl
0 * F = 4 0x M 2 = 0
2
Laplacian
0 + 0z
2
0 4 0z k P
2
Greens Theorem and Its Generalization to Three Dimensions Normal form of Greens Theorem: F # n ds = # F dA F 6
R
Divergence Theorem:
F # n ds = # F dV 6 9
S D
F # dr = * F # k dA F 6
R
Stokes Theorem:
F # dr = * F # n ds 6 F
S
In the identities here, and g are differentiable scalar functions, F, F1 , and F2 are differentiable vector fields, and a and b are real constants. * sd = 0 sgd = g + g # sgFd = g # F + g # F * sgFd = g * F + g * F # saF1 + bF2 d = a # F1 + b # F2 * saF1 + bF2 d = a * F1 + b * F2 sF1 # F2 d = sF1 # dF2 + sF2 # dF1 + F1 * s * F2 d + F2 * s * F1 d # sF1 * F2 d = F2 # * F1 - F1 # * F2 * sF1 * F2 d = sF2 # dF1 - sF1 # dF2 + s # F2 dF1 - s # F1 dF2 * s * Fd = s # Fd - s # dF = s # Fd - 2F 1 s * Fd * F = sF # dF - sF # Fd 2