Pultry Disease

Managing The Cobb Broiler
Andrew Bourne Broiler Specialist (World Technical Support )
Research and Development World Tech Support
Presentation Outline
A. Genetic trends
What to expect in the future?
B. Key Nutrition Requirements?

LEAST COST Way!
C. Chick Start
How To Maximise Feed Intake Brooding Management
A. GENETIC TRENDS
FCR Changes
Progressive Genetics Change
2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
FCR
YEAR
FCR: 1 to 2 points / year
Annual Improvement Rates Cobb 500

Trait Weight Feed Conversion Eviscerated Yield Breast Meat Eggs / Hen Housed Improvement 50 g - 0.02 0.1 % 0.3 % 1
Selection Pressure on Body Wt.

2700 2600 Body W t. (grams) 2500 2400 2300 2200 2100 2000
99
96
98
97
01
20
20
20
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
05
00
02
03
04
Cobb Male Performance

Trait
Wt at 42 Wt at 56 Days - 2kg Days - 3 kg
1994 2076g 3082g 40.9 54.8
2003 2848g 4064g 32.9 43.6
DIFFERENCE 770g 982g < 8 days < 11.2 days
B. THE LEAST COST COBB WAY
Low Density Nutrition

Why consider it?
CONTROL GROWTH 0 21d = GOOD SKELETAL HEALTH Low density = Low Cost nutrition THE KEY to growth control
GROWTH CURVE
3500 3000 B D W IG T OY E H 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 AGE
COBB 500 COBB POTENTIAL
COBB >21 DAYS COMPENSATORY GROWTH
COBB 500 PERFORMANCE

Age Days Male 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 41 170 449 885 1478 2155 2839 3486
Weight For Age

As Hatched 41 164 430 843 1397 2017 2626 3177 Female 41 158 411 801 1316 1879 2412 2867
Low Density Nutrition

The Economics The obvious way to increase profitability is by reducing the cost per kg of live weight produced.
Most companies, however, measure production efficiency with indicators like EPEF/ EEI (Feed Conversion, Mortality
and Average Daily Gain )
A drive to maximise Broiler physical performance is not always the most cost effective business strategy
Response to Amino Acids

Managing Broilers for Maximum Profit Lysine Indicator of the cost of a ration
% Reduction in feed cost OR Reduction in level of Lysine Does not always result in the same % increase in FCR!!! A reduction in nutrient density (essential Amino Acids) MAY not cause performance loss.
Effects of Lysine on BW, FCR & WM yield

110
Responses, % relative to 100%
Optimum Lysine Level
100
90
LEAST COST WAY

80
Body Wt FCR WM Yie ld
70
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145
Lysine level, % relative to NR C
Response to Energy
Effects on FCR
Like all birds, the Cobb bird responds to lower energy by EATING MORE!!. Cobb Energy Specifications are LOWER than the OTHER BREEDS. Reducing consumption by increasing energy to high levels is VERY DANGEROUS - the birds appetite is enormous!
Use Cobb diets for the intended periods. Example: Grower Ration - is NOT intended to go over 22 days. Energy is too low and FCR is lost quickly
The New Index!

Local Change Feed Cost /kg liveweight
FCR is no longer a valid comparative index THE NEW INDEX: Feed Cost/ kg is the index (FCR x Diet Cost) Customers need to be convinced that nutrition requirements are different. Cobb birds are fed cheaper rations than the OTHER BREEDS.
Essential Nutrients
Areas NOT to compromise on Mineral and Vitamin Nutrition
High early growth potential VERY IMPORTANT that levels of several key micronutrients are not compromised. Rapid Growth usually = high feed consumption = more rapid passage of digesta through the gut = shorter period for absorption of some key nutrients. Ca absorption is about 50%, however, this declines with increasing feed intake.
STARTER Calcium % Av. Phosphorus % Vitamin D3 (MIU/t) 1.05 0.50 5.0 GROWER 1.00 0.48 5.0 FINISHER 0.90 0.45 5.0
Mineral and Vitamin Requirements

Disorders associated with deficiency or imbalance
Tibial Dyschondroplasia (TD)
Ca/P imbalances (Normal ratio = 2.1) Normally post 4 weeks of age

Cobb 500 Feed Formulation

Starter FEEDING AMOUNT /bird FEEDING PERIOD days 250 g 0 - 10 Grower 1000 g 11 - 21 Finisher 1 Finisher 2 22 - 42 42 + Protein Metabolisable Energy Lysine Dig Lysine Methionine Dig Methionine Met + Cys Dig M + C Tryptophan Threonine Arginine Calcium Av Phosphorus Sodium Chloride Linoleic Acid Cal:Protein % MJ/kg Kcal/kg % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 21.00 12.50 2988 1.20 1.08 0.46 0.41 0.89 0.80 0.20 0.79 1.26 1.00 0.50 0.20 0.20 1.25 142 19.00 12.90 3083 1.10 0.99 0.44 0.40 0.84 0.75 0.19 0.74 1.17 0.96 0.48 0.17 0.20 1.25 162 18.00 13.29 3176 1.05 0.95 0.43 0.39 0.82 0.74 0.19 0.72 1.13 0.90 0.45 0.16 0.20 1.00 176 17.00 13.29 3176 1.00 0.90 0.41 0.37 0.78 0.70 0.18 0.69 1.08 0.90 0.45 0.16 0.20 1.00 187
Least Cost $!
Balanced Nutrient Density
Reduced BUT WELL BALANCED Energy and Amino Acids Reduced Live Weight Gain (ADG)!! Increased FCR!!
OPTIMAL Cost Per Kg of BW $$$
Define Your Business Nutrition Requirements

3. Net return: KG/M/YEAR Gross Margin
1. Customer Needs Carcass weight
2. Production Parameters: 1. Slaughter weight 2. Slaughter Age 3. Cycle Length
US DATA : Ranked by Least Cost

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cost/lb. 25.15 25.39 25.51 25.66 25.89 25.94 26.22 26.27 26.4 26.44 Weight 2742 2692 2788 2633 2838 2933 2742 2592 2615 2892 Age 49 49 50 49 52 49 53 51 50 52 Livability 97.02 96.31 96.17 95.74 95.45 94.66 95.51 95.41 95.07 95.58 FCR 1.75 1.96 1.90 1.96 1.99 1.93 2.00 1.97 1.98 1.99 EEI 310 270 282 262 262 294 247 246 251 267
US DATA : Ranked By EEI

Cost Rank Cost/lb. 1 25.15 6 25.94 29 35.54 18 27.13 3 25.51 23 27.88 28 30.02 2 25.39 22 27.65 21 27.48 Weight 2742 2933 2574 2538 2788 2470 2406 2692 2397 2797 Age 49 49 44 47 50 45 44 49 46 51 Livability 97.02 94.66 95.86 96.11 96.17 96.65 95.39 96.31 95.63 95.80 FCR 1.75 1.93 1.93 1.84 1.90 1.90 1.91 1.96 1.86 1.96 EEI 310 294 288 282 282 282 274 270 269 268
US Statistical Service 2/04
C. CHICK START MANAGEMENT

How To Maximise Feed Intake
BROILER BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

MEASURE & BENCHMARK YOUR BUSINESS! HOW? Answer: Weigh Each Week. Measure Feed Consumption 1st Week!!! Measure Daily Water Consumption Benchmark performance with the BEST 7d BW = 4 day old weight 160-170grams
CHICK START
Financial Success Chick Start HOUSE PREPARATION
FEED ACCESS + WATER! LITTER TEMP.
Check chicks regularly the day of placement.
7 DAY WEIGHTS - LOW? WHY?

1.LOW FEED CONSUMPTION!! OR 2.FEED QUALITY?
Importance Of Early Feed Consumption

Absorption of yolk - secretion of yolk in the intestine Nutrients : 25% protein, 25% lipids & 50% water + antibodies Internal organ growth liver, intestines, pancreas grow at 2-5 times faster than the body. proper organ growth needed for digestion. spleen and bursa weights relate to body weight = immunity.
Day 1 Yolk Sac Naval Attachments
Day 4 Yolk Sac Attachments
Day 5 Yolk Sac Attachments
Digestive Tract - Early Feed Intake

Post Hatch - Intestinal development quicker than the body development. Max Intestinal Growth for 6 - 10 days post hatch 48HR Post Hatch - Villus Height Increases 200% Villi ESSENTIAL for Absorption
Digestive Tract - Early Feed Intake

Digestion - Need gastric and pancreatic secretions Feed intake stimulates pancreatic secretions
FEED
Additional feeding space for first week
50% brooding area covered with paper 50 - 65g additional feed per chick Supplementary trays 1 per 100 chicks
WATER
Drinkers: 14 16 / 1000 chicks (includes 8 10 bell drinkers)
STARTER FEED MANAGEMENT

Refresh feeders 3 times per day
Automatic or Hand Feeders
Starter Crumb 10 - 12 days Run Automatic Feeders 3 times per day Feed & Water Access
CHICK CHECK PART 2 SAMPLE 100 BIRDS

Morning after placement GOOD RESULT = 95% CROP FULL
Full Feed & Water 95% ?? Full & Hard Only Feed # Full & Soft Only Water # EMPTY
NEVER ALLOW THIS!
C. CHICK START MANAGEMENT

Brooding Management
The Aim of Brooding

Accelerate growth the first 100g of BW Skeletal & Cardiovascular Development Stimulate Early Feed Intake Ensure Flock Uniformity Ensure Temperature Regulation 1st 14 days Good air Quality
Results of Improper Brooding Practices

High mortality late mortality Poor Flock Uniformity Poor Financial Performance Target Body Weights FCR Condemns Cost/Kg
Brooding Phase (1-14 days)

Why the MOST important phase?
Immune system is developing Maternal antibodies in yolk Temperature regulation is not completely functional Feed conversion is most efficient Vaccinations disease protection is starting
Early stressed birds DO NOT have adequate time in production to catch up. Damaged done the first 2 weeks may not appear until later in life.
Litter Temperature
Pre-heat for 48/24 hours Measure litter temperature!! USE Infrared temperature gun Correct litter temperature: Furnace heaters: 32C Brooders: 40.5C (directly under brooders) ALL Thermometers at bird height
INFRA RED GUN
A Mgmt Success Story: Brooding Temperatures

European integrator: Results for 9.5 million broilers 7 day weight = 153.3g slaughter weight = 2023g
CHANGE BROODING MGMT

Results for 5.5 million broilers Increased 7 day weight = 161.6g (+8.3g) slaughter weight = 2080g (same age)
1g at 7 days = 6.7g at kill

Too Cold
Too Hot
Comfort Zone
32C 40C
FLOOR TEMP. VERY COLD!!!!

38C
32C
26C
21C
15C
Pictures courtesy of Dr. Mike Czarick University of Georgia

BROODING AREA - RADIANT BROODERS

38C 32C
26C
21C
15C
Pictures courtesy of Dr. Mike Czarick University of Georgia

Litter Temperature Trial

4.5 million chickens - Holland
Floor Temp C 20 C 22 C 24 C 26 C 28 C 30 C 32 C
FCR 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46
ADG - Grams 50.0g 50.6g 51.2g 51.8g 52.4g 53.0g 53.6g
Diff 12 C
-0.06
-3.6g
CHICK CHECK
Morning after placement Check: temperature of feet against neck or cheek ARE THE FEET COLD???
Revaluate pre-heating temperature
Results of Cold Litter:

1. poor early feed intake 2. poor growth and 3. poor uniformity
THERMOMETER
32-34C
Brooding-partial house
Why Half House? To conserve energy Poorly insulated ceilings & walls (curtain sided) Never compromise temperature for air quality Requires excellent management
Half-House Curtain Management

Well Sealed Curtains - Half house OR Partitions
No holes Sealed from the floor to the ceiling No drafts from the 3/4 or full chamber Extraction Fan needed in both chambers Feed and water space ? (supplementary) Opening program: day 10-14
Brooding Area - Guideline

How & When to Increase Floor Space: Day 1-7: 1/3 to 1/2 of the house. Day 7-10: 1/2 to 2/3 of the house. Day 10 -14: to whole house.
Brooding Area - Guideline

Increasing Floor Space will also depend on the following: House Insulation Climatic Conditions - Outside temperature Feeding space Drinking space Growth Rates Stocking Density
GOOD BROODING
Opening
Cheap & Easy means to tension the curtain!
Well Sealed
Dropped Ceiling Conserve Energy
Internal Curtain Adjustments
Curtains Stored After Brooding
Summary
1. Preparation
Be ready 24 hours before chicks arrive Dont limit performance with poor management Know how your chicks are growing Always give them a good environment More nutrients are not necessarily better!
2. Chick Start 3. Weigh and Monitor 4. Maintain a Good Environment 5. Correct Nutrition
THANK YOU

Pultry Disease

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Managing The Cobb Broiler

Andrew Bourne Broiler Specialist (World Technical Support )

Research and Development World Tech Support

B. Key Nutrition Requirements?

Research and Development World Tech Support

Research and Development World Tech Support

FCR: 1 to 2 points / year

Research and Development World Tech Support

Annual Improvement Rates Cobb 500

Research and Development World Tech Support

Selection Pressure on Body Wt.

Research and Development World Tech Support

Cobb Male Performance

1994 2076g 3082g 40.9 54.8

2003 2848g 4064g 32.9 43.6

DIFFERENCE 770g 982g < 8 days < 11.2 days

Research and Development World Tech Support

B. THE LEAST COST COBB WAY

Research and Development World Tech Support

Low Density Nutrition

COBB >21 DAYS COMPENSATORY GROWTH

Research and Development World Tech Support

COBB 500 PERFORMANCE

Weight For Age

Research and Development World Tech Support

Low Density Nutrition

Response to Amino Acids

Research and Development World Tech Support

Effects of Lysine on BW, FCR & WM yield

Responses, % relative to 100%

Optimum Lysine Level

LEAST COST WAY

Body Wt FCR WM Yie ld

Lysine level, % relative to NR C

Research and Development World Tech Support

Research and Development World Tech Support

The New Index!

Research and Development World Tech Support

Research and Development World Tech Support

Mineral and Vitamin Requirements

Tibial Dyschondroplasia (TD)

Ca/P imbalances (Normal ratio = 2.1) Normally post 4 weeks of age

Cobb 500 Feed Formulation

Research and Development World Tech Support

OPTIMAL Cost Per Kg of BW $$$

Research and Development World Tech Support

Define Your Business Nutrition Requirements

1. Customer Needs Carcass weight

2. Production Parameters: 1. Slaughter weight 2. Slaughter Age 3. Cycle Length

Research and Development World Tech Support

US DATA : Ranked by Least Cost

Research and Development World Tech Support

US DATA : Ranked By EEI

US Statistical Service 2/04

Research and Development World Tech Support

C. CHICK START MANAGEMENT

Research and Development World Tech Support

BROILER BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Research and Development World Tech Support

Check chicks regularly the day of placement.

Research and Development World Tech Support

7 DAY WEIGHTS - LOW? WHY?

Research and Development World Tech Support